When it comes to code reviews, the return on investment faces the Law Of Diminishing Returns. While many of the comments made in code reviews might be interesting, they are not so interesting that they pay for themselves. If you put some dollar value on the time invested, you'll find that the vast majority of this process is simply burning money. And not only money, but also, as this article says, morale.

A curious fact about the politics of modern tech teams is that some of the same people who consider themselves "anti bureaucracy" are strongly in favor of this type of bureaucracy, even when it brings no measurable benefits.

My opinion of code reviews has become more negative over time, mostly due to the fact that I have not seen it achieve reliable positive outcomes.

I'll give specific examples:

https://www.futurestay.com had the worst code that I'd ever seen. When I joined the company I was horrified at the level of tech debt. And yet, for years, they had a rule that at least two engineers had to review every PR. So this terrible code, the worst I'd seen in my 24 years of coding, had been approved by two engineers.

And likewise:

https://openroadmedia.com also had very bad code, and also had a rule that nothing could be pushed to production until at least 2 engineers had reviewed the PR.

In both companies the code review slowed down the deployments, slowed the down the team, and created a culture of internal sniping, while leading to no improvements.

But how can I say the code was objectively bad? Because many bugs were found in production. And what would reduced the number of bugs in production? More tests, especially end-to-end tests. And so I eventually came to this conclusion: it is best to skip code review, and instead have the team invest that same time in writing more tests, especially high level tests. For the most part, if the engineers on a team are bad then the code reviews will also be bad, but if the engineers on the team are good, the the code reviews will not be needed. And in both cases, the path to improvement comes from writing the kinds of tests that ensure no bugs get into production.

As I've grown in my career, and taken on higher level management jobs, I've also realized that code reviews do not scale to large-scale leadership, but tests do. Code review seemed like a good idea when I was leading a team of 3 engineers, but not when I was leading a team of 30. When I was leading a team of 30, the only tool-of-oversight that worked for me was automated testing. And so I've concluded this is where the effort should be made. Sitting at my own computer, I cannot review the work of 30 engineers, but I can still run the tests on the various software, to see if they are passing. In particular, I can look at API interfaces and then change the dummy test data to break the tests, and this lets me see quickly thorough the test coverage is, and how prepared we are for unexpected shocks.

When I am running a team I will assign software developers the task of writing various tests, including high-level end-to-end stress tests. These tests sometimes reveal problems. We then respond to the problems. But we don't waste time responding to problems that have not been proven by a test, which is to say we do not do code reviews. Code reviews are all about predicting what might be a problem. But much of the concerns are phantoms. It is better to respond to real problems that have been revealed by tests.

I've also come to realize that software developers, quite naturally, develop strong opinions about questions of style, and yet these questions have no long-term impact on the health of the tech in the company. Other than enforcing the rules of some automated linter, the time spent on issues of style are 100% wasted. If you allow the team to spend even one minute discussing issues of style, then you are setting money on fire. But I know this opinion is unpopular, because software developers enjoy enforcing their own opinions about style. But it is all bikeshedding, it has no real-world impact.

I have the impression that there is some middle era, in the career of a software developer, where concerns about issues of style and organization tend to peak. The junior developer does not know enough to care about such issues, but somewhere between 4 years of experience and 10 years of experience, these issues feel important. I think you need more than 10 years of experience to see the waste. In particular, you need to run one large project where the team invests a lot of time into code reviews, and you need to notice how much tech debt builds up, despite the code reviews, to realize that code reviews do not offer a path forward.

On recent projects I've told the team there will be no code reviews, but instead we will focus on building tests. I get a surprising amount of pushback on this. Less experienced software developers get angry with me and tell me that I'm being unprofessional. In some sense they are correct, in the sense that "professional" refers to "standard norms that are accepted by a profession" -- I am deviating from those, clearly.

The most reasonable criticism I get is that code reviews could catch not just problems of style but problems of algorithms. What if, they ask, some junior developer introduces code that is ignorant of the implications of Big O Notation? What if they introduce code that runs in polynomial time? But I would ask, how do we know if it is running slowly? We can only know that through tests. So lets build tests that measure time, and stress test with large loads. Big O Notation offers an excellent example of where software developers can worry about the wrong thing: what if a junior level software developer writes code that runs in polynomial time but on data that will only ever have a few hundred records? While the algorithm might be sloppy, the code will run quickly because there are few records? In that case, any time invested to find a different algorithm will be a poor investment. Once I'm running a team of 30, the only thing I care about is whether code is actually slow, and I discover that through end-to-end stress tests, not code reviews.

Kent Beck, when he invented Xtreme Programming, also popularized the phrase "Do not write a comment, instead, write a method with an easy-to-understand name that communicates what the comment was going to communicate."

I've come to a similar conclusion. Do not write a comment in a code review, instead, write a test that would catch whatever danger you want to warn about. And if you cannot find a way to express your concern as a test, the return-on-investment of worrying about that concern is probably zero, so we should ignore it.