skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
That’s not how IQ tests are made as can be found by reading how they’re actually made via Google scholar. And it would be spectacularly hard to do what you describe.

How they’re actually made is a batch of questions thought to take some form of reasoning are curated, then ALL of those questions are used in the test. It is an empirical fact the percentages of decent sized groups of people will score a bell curve, in exactly the same way humans do on hard calc exams, on hard writing items, on chess problems, and across a bewildering amount of mental tasks, none of which are preselected and fidgeted with to fake a Gaussian.

A simple example: see how many simple arithmetic problems people can do in fixed time. What do you find? Gaussian. No need to fiddle with removing pesky problem. Do reading. Do repeat this sequence for length. Just about any single class of questions has the same bell curve output in human mental ability. The curve may bend based on some inherent difficulty, say addition versus calculus, but there will be a bell curve.

Now take plenty of types of questions to address various wobbles in people’s knowledge, upbringing, culture, etc, giving a host of bell curves per category (and those also correlated by individual). Then the sum of gaussians is gausdian. All IQ tests do is shift the mean score to be called 100 (normalized) and the std dev to match a preset amount of people so such tests can be compared over time.

And the empirical evidence is these curves do strongly correlate over time, so scaling a test to align with this underlying g factor is well founded.

This latter fact, that score on one form of intelligence seems to transfer well to others, forms the basis of modern intelligence research on the g factor. IQ tests correlate well with this g factor. And across all sorts of things the results are bell curves.

For anyone wanting to hear all this and a ton more, Lex Fridman has an excellent interview with a state of the art intelligence researcher at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hppbxV9C63g. The researcher goes into great depth on what researchers do know, how they know it, what they don’t know, and what has been proven wrong. This is all there.
What Makes a Good Changelog?
This MIT-licensed model is 500 times smaller than GPT-4o and claims to outperform it in some benchmarks. Seems useful for tasks requiring extraction of data to JSON.
I bit the bullet and am trying it out. I'll let anyone who is interested know how it goes.
Governments invent things, endlessly. The infrastructure you are communicating with me was invented by a government research department. The encryption we are using to ensure we're actually communicating with HN, is a government research project.

Similarly, the solar systems on most farms, was a government research project. The satellite recon to analyse the farm - provided by the government to all farmers, including the tiniest hobby farm, is 100% government researched, deployed, and maintained.

Governments do a lot more science than you are giving them credit for.
Thanks! I put a lot of effort into making it happen :)
Another team building Skynet, in the name of Jarvis?
They say it’s Jarvis, but all I see is a Chrome extension and an app that listens to you. Didn’t we already solve this with dictation tools? How is this different from reinventing Clippy with more buzzwords?

Not saying it’s a bad idea, just wondering if we need more teams claiming they’re solving personalization when they’re really just doing better tracking.
I find their user experience to be exceptional. The only flake I’ve encountered is in uptime and general reliability of services I don’t interface with directly. They’ve done a stellar job on the stuff you actually deal with, but the glue holding your services together seems pretty wobbly.
I wanted to plug `pls`[1], a tool that I wrote and maintain. It does a few things that `eza` (another great tool nonetheless, and a massive inspiration) cannot do[2].

[1]: https://pls.cli.rs
[2]: https://pls.cli.rs/about/comparison/
Pretty much all other S3 implementations (including open source ones) support this or equivalent primitives, so this is great for interoperability with existing implementations.
This is a really impressive find. And opens a big can of worms. I understand better now why Apple won't allow JIT compilers. Though i still think it's up to the user.
You've obviously never been passed by a straight piped Dodge Ram while riding a bike.
99.99+% SLA typically means you get some billing credits for the downtime exceeding 99.99+ availability. So technically do get a "99.99+% SLA", but you don't get 99.99+% availability.

Other circles use "SLO" (where the O stands for objective).

(Anyone know what the details in fly.io SLA are?)
It's right there: "Monthly Cost"
It's hard for a world class software engineering company to do large software projects. It seems straight up impossible to throw together a large organization in a non-software company and pull off some large project.
China did not support North Korea's invasion.

I don't see how to read China's dispatch of 1.5M combat troops, taking on some 110,000 battle deaths (thus saving the invasion from imminent collapse) other than as "support" for the invasion.
Why not use GraphQL instead of inventing a whole new protocol?
Every PaaS and IaaS I’ve ever used has had some amount of downtime, often considerably more than 5 minutes, and I’ve run production services on many of them. Plenty of random issues on major cloud providers as well. Certainly plenty of situations with dozens of Twitter posts happening but never any acknowledgement on the AWS status page. Nothing’s perfect.
> Sure buddy. Two police officers told you to "move on". You watch too many movies.

Even having read the article, I'm shocked by the cynicism in this comment.
Regarding PABA, I have been taking 500 mg/day for years, and it hasn't done anything at all for restoring my hair color or even for freezing further change. A much higher dose of it can be risky and it's not worth the gamble.

I have also been taking B5 as both calcium pantothenate at 500 mg/day and also as pantethine at 300 mg/day for years, neither of which has done anything either in this context.

Similarly, B12 hasn't visibly helped either.

I suspect that copper is the issue with me.

The lowest dose of MitoQ, a 5 mg capsule per day, had lowered my blood pressure significantly after a month of use, well below normal, approaching an unsafe low. Moreover, it took another month after discontinuation of MitoQ for the blood pressure to normalize. I shudder to think how much more powerful SkQ1 would be if taken orally. My first impression is that SkQ1 seems more relevant for local use than for systemic use.
Our stuff on CF Workers has been working non stop for years now.

About 6 months ago we migrated our most critical stuff from Fly to CF and boy every time Fly has issues I'm so glad we did.
It’s okay to just accept that your position was indefensible, you don’t have to pretend to believe in utterly asinine positions just to attempt to save face.

“I would totally be correct if we redefined what it means to be correct.” <- This is the honest end state of this type of behavior.
Ha! I was going to reach out to you through a different channel, but here you are, on HN. :)

The import function is really slow.

I was recently playing with my pet project which is building an sqlite database from IMDB public datasets. It's 6Gb of CSV files into a ~12Gb database after a vacuum. With nodejs I can import the data within 6 minutes and create indexes and vacuum in another 4, which gives me a fully indexed database in just 10 minutes. With SQLStudio the import alone takes at least half an hour.

Probably not a typical use case for a sqlite database, but nevertheless, a decent benchmark.

BTW. Dobra robota! Dzięki! :)
Oh and the sun. I get blinded when the sun is in my eyes at sunrise and sunset.
Wow, allowing remote execution of a bytecode language that directly operates on system resources is a bit terrifying. This can’t be the only Unity API that wasn’t designed to be secure when called by untrusted code from the internet.
Fly.io can migrate vm+volume now: https://fly.io/docs/reference/machine-migration/ / https://archive.md/rAK0V

> a fly instance is hardwired to one physical server and thus cannot fail over

I'm having trouble understanding how else this is supposed to be? I understand that live migration is a thing, but even in those cases, a VM is "hardwired" to some physical server, no?
The link was in the article. I agree that it’s hardly a great way to create an opt-out system.
Being undeniably soulless and dishonest is still major progress from powering anti-Semitic political campaigns, world war 2, and the Holocaust.

https://jweekly.com/2006/12/01/financing-of-racist-anti-semi...

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/n...

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/general-motors-and-the-...
Biological neurons are indeed extremely complex. Even simulate one at molecular/sub-cellular level is a daunting task and the sole subject of a major research project.

[1] https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-computationally-complex-i...

[2] https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/science-development/focu...
IKEA founder: The Testament of a Furniture Dealer [pdf]
> Ultimately, I found the answer in their tech docs where it was spelled out clearly that an fly instance is hardwired to one physical server and thus cannot fail over in case that server dies.

Majority of EC2 instance types did not have live migration until very recently. Some probably still don't (they don't really spell out how and when it's supposed to work). It is also not free - there's a noticeable brown-out when your VM gets migrated on GCP for example.
Seeds can float on the sea for years. Shore birds that are used to flying over the open sea do spread across much larger gaps, but the passerines and other birds adapted to life in trees or on the ground generally avoid long flights over open seas and only wind up there if blown by storms - the ocean is a very deadly place for a typical bird with no desirable resources.*

* In the Americas and some parts of Eurasia there's migratory birds which are passerines that fly over the open seas, but they evolved this behavior for adaptive reasons and only fly over the ocean for migration and then when they've fattened themselves up for weeks and prepared for a dangerous over water journey that not all will survive. In their cases body morphology evolved to allow that migratory flight.
Hi, author of `pls`[1] here. I started `pls` as a hobby project to scratch a personal itch: a "prettier" alternative to `ls`, with more colors and customisable icons. I also wanted to learn Rust as a secondary motivation.

But as I added more and more features to it, it has become a good tool that does a number of things that `ls` doesn't do (unless you chain it with other tools like `sort` or `grep`) and even other `ls` replacements don't do.

So even though `ls` is fantastic as-is, it's always fun to build something of your own, add a little more polish in areas that matter to you and put it out there to see if it resonates with more people.

[1]: https://pls.cli.rs
Common Lisp. The dynamic-extent declaration allows for stack allocation.
I'd love to develop some MCP servers, but I just learned that Claude Desktop doesn't support Linux. Are there any good general-purpose MCP clients that I can test against? Do I have to write my own?

(Closest I can find is zed/cody but those aren't really general purpose)
I thought comparing reachability to "true" liveness had been studied in the past. Ben Zorn may have worked on it in the 1980s: https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1989/5313.html

Also: https://people.cs.umass.edu/~emery/pubs/04-17.pdf
Not the first time Turso goes down because of Fly issues. It must suck to have built a db service and have this downtime.

Apparently Turso are going to offer an AWS tier at some point.
hearing them makes it clearer why github search is so bad they had to hide it behind a login
Most users won't and shouldn't need to go through the process of adding context sources. In the enterprise, you want these to be chosen by (and pre-authed/configured by) admins, or at least not by each individual user, because that would introduce a lot of friction and inconsistency. We are still working on making that smooth, which is why we haven't been very loud about OpenCtx to end users yet.

But today we already have lots of enterprise customers building their own OpenCtx providers and/or using the `openctx.providers` global settings in Sourcegraph to configure them in the current state. OpenCtx has been quite valuable already here to our customers.
Imagine my disappointment when I spent the time to set up a Cassandra instance and it did not immediately materialize a demigod woman who knew the answers to everything but was cursed to have no one believe her.
Ad networks used to inject “search” links all over the web that opened ad popups on hover. If I remember correctly, it was that obnoxious behavior that first spurred me to look for an ad blocker. Full circle!
> Thinking about it I'd really just like a flat_hash_map replacement so I can drop Abseil.

boost has a flat_hash_map implementation for quite a few versions now, which from what I could see generally beat or is competitive with the absl implementation: https://www.reddit.com/r/cpp/comments/yikfi4/boost_181_will_...
> What’s next? Semen and blood samples as well?

That would seriously hamper ~50% or so of the worlds population from travel
>Fruits and vegetables are not liquid.

and that is relevant how?

>And uncooked vegetables are indeed a large source of food borne illness.

so they are yucky too, after all?

>Rare steak is fine, rare chicken is not.

and that is relevant how?

>Your analogy is really bad.

thank you for your valuable input
While you've specifically labeled this as "personal use", it is a commendable project that introduces some interesting new ideas. I might steal some ideas from it for my own `ls` alternative, `pls`[1].

[1]: https://pls.cli.rs
Direct detection of a single photon by humans (2016)
Snark aside, Joel is suggesting that because Fly uses rust-based virtualization software they should have a more reliable deployment process.
Medieval European punishments and torture included (these had big crowds, when not done in a dungeon, and were often for "ceremonial" (religious) reasons):

- put the person in an immobile metal suit and hang them and leave them for days so crowds can throw stuff at them and taunt them. if they didn't die from exposure they'd certainly be emotionally damaged

- put someone's feet in a metal boot, and then drive wedges into the boot to slowly break all the bones in their feet

- clamp blocks with spikes around the knee, and tighten them down until the knee is totally destroyed

- clamp a person's fingers in a vice and screw until broken. this can be done for days, weeks, as they won't die, and more torture methods still await

- waterboarding. doesn't sound bad, but being repeatedly drowned for hours is, well, not fun

- putting somebody in a sack, with a dog, a snake, and a rat, and throwing them in the water to watch what happened

- tying a person to a giant wheel, smashing their limbs until they were dead, and then hoisting the wheel up for the public to gawk at

- clamp a sort of clawed device onto a woman's breast, and tighten it down until it rips her breast off

- cutting off heads, putting them on spikes, adorning the town or a castle with them (seems quaint in comparison)

- tie a person to a rack, and literally cut all the skin off their body while they are alive. they would die from either shock or blood loss, this is a quicker death than many others

- tying someone to a rack, slowly stretching them until their bones and skin broke, and then dragging them over to the scaffold where they'd be burned alive

- make a sharp metal narrow pyramid and lower a person down on it until it penetrates their anus

- tie the person to a table, attach a cage to their chest, put a rat in the cage, and apply fire to the other end of the cage. the rat claws and gnaws its way through the body of this live person

- tie somebody to a chair made of spikes, and slowly push them towards a fire

- tie somebody upside down, legs spread, and literally saw them in half, from the anus to the head

Soooooooooooo..... yeah..... fetishization of maximal pain and suffering..... honestly, I'm gonna call it, the Aztecs were amateurs compared to us.
Webstudio.io is another good one to look at
I don’t always agree with @tptacek on social/political issues, and I don’t always agree with @xe on the direction of Nix, but these are legends on the technical side of things. And they’re trying to build an equitable relationship between the user of cloud services and the provider, not fund a private space program.

If I were in the market for cloud services I’d highly prize a long-term relationship on mutual benefit and fair dealings over a short-term nuisance of being an early adopter.

I strongly suspect your investment in fly is going to pay off.
That is just fine with me. I realize our current national politics leave a lot to be desired.

That sucks.

But, as long as we are advancing and stuff bleeds out to where mere mortals can access them, game on!

I am not here to wish it were better.

And I do want that, hope for that and am, when life permits, an activist to those ends.

We all get a free ticket to this place. It is amazing!

And we only get one.

I plan on loving, living, building, doing, playing and all manner of things we find ourselves willing and able to do

That is why I am here.

And ideally, I leave it better than I found it. Well on track for that to be true right now which means I am here to take the risks I can manage.

It is by no means perfect, but it is somewhat defensible POV.
If you're saying C++ won't automatically save you from design mistakes, then I agree. This is a poorly-specified function. The caller can't know exactly how they need to handle the returned pointer.

Potential solutions:

* Return std::string and eat the cost of sometimes copying interned strings

* std::string with your own allocator could probably deal with the two cases fairly cheaply and transparently to the caller

* overload an operator<< or similar and put your conversion result directly into a stream, rather than a buffer that then goes into a stream

* put your generated values in a container that can keep pointers into it valid under all the operations you do on it (I think STL sets would work), keep them there for the rest of the lifetime of the program, and return your pointers to them (or to the interned constant strings)

I think many of these could be termed RAII, so I lean toward the idea in this subthread that RAII and other C++ idioms will help you stay safe, if you use them.

P.S. The function is also not safe if called by multiple threads concurrently. Maybe thread-local storage could be an easy fix for that part, but the other solutions should fix it too. [But if you have any shared storage that caches the generated values such as the last solution, it needs to be protected from concurrency.]
It easily includes nature impact for the same reasons: an incredible amount of nuture items are both Gaussian distributed and the population sampled is large.

Wealth being distributed as Pareto would imply its effects on nuture are not Pareto since the effects of wealth are not proportional to wealth. At best there’s diminishing returns. Having 100x the wealth won’t give 100x intelligence, 100x the lifespan, etc. And once you realize this, it’s not far till the math yields another Gaussian.
nothing underwater..
> Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause PGH through unknown mechanism. About 55% of patients with pernicious anemia had graying before 50 years as compared to 30% in the control group.[32]

/soapbox

Get your B12 tested (before taking supplements!).

B12 deficiency is known to present in many ways, and also to be often overlooked in clinical settings[1]. It’s known that not everyone presents with the anaemia from it[2], which is often why it’s skipped as a diagnostic option. Additionally, long-term/severe deficiency can present with symptoms almost identical to multiple sclerosis[3]. Deficiency of other B vitamins, such as B2, can cause a functional B12 deficiency as well[4]. It’s also known that supplementation will falsely elevate levels even in the presence of a deficiency.

/unsoapbox

[1] https://www.mcpiqojournal.org/article/S2542-4548(19)30033-5/...

[2] https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2022-071725

[3] https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article...

[4] https://www.iomcworld.org/articles/paradoxical-vitamin-b12-d...
A link would be helpful, but at face value: of course old code vulnerabilities are still a problem. Vulnerabilities in old code make the headlines all the time.
not behaving the same as robust cli tools. -h and --help and -v and --verbose and --version
Embeddings Drive the Quality of RAG (2023)
Virtually everything in computer science is a metaphor. A computer was a human being before it was a machine. A block of memory, an array of values, an index into a structure, most of the vocabulary we use every day is built out of metaphors.
That's basically our entire society...
I feel like he is missing the boat here. C++ is on a path to dying as a language because of a lack of safety features, and he’s talking about zero cost abstractions. Exceptions cause massive compiler issues and are hardly zero cost anyway, I don’t know how he can compare them at all to std::expected. Also anyone who has worked in an exception heavy codebase can attest to the fact that they do not lead to simpler code.

I have worked with C++ almost every day for a decade now, and I’ll be sad to see it go. This is not what the thought leaders should be focusing on at all. If you’re unhappy with std:: expected just don’t use it? Why can’t we focus on fixing the thousands of security vulnerabilities that cause real harm and money and endless developer time to try to work around.
Unfortunately, for a multi-part upload it isn't a hash of the total object, it is a hash of the hashes for each part, which is a lot less useful. Especially if you don't know how the file was partititioned during upload.

And even if it was for the whole file, it isn't used for the ETag, so, so it can't be used for conditional PUTs.

I had a use case where this looked really promising, then I ran into the multipart upload limitations, and ended up using my own custom metadata for the sha256sum.
Color me not surprised. My few interactions with people there just gave off the impression of them being in a bit over their heads. I don't know how well that translated to their actual ops, but it's difficult to not connect the two when they continue to have major outage after major outage for a product that 'should' be their customer's bedrock upon which they build everything else.
“Cruelty” is the default state of things. It is not a behavior we lower ourselves to, it is who we are. What we must do is rise above it.

> The Patrician took a sip of his beer. ‘I have told this to few people, gentlemen, and I suspect never will again, but one day when I was a young boy on holiday in Uberwald I was walking along the bank of a stream when I saw a mother otter with her cubs.
A very endearing sight, I’m sure you will agree, and even as I watched, the mother otter dived into the water and came up with a plump salmon, which she subdued and dragged on to a half-submerged log. As she ate it, while of course it was still alive, the body split and I remember to this day the sweet pinkness of its roes as they spilled out, much to the delight of the baby otters who scrambled over themselves to feed on the delicacy. One of nature’s wonders, gentlemen: mother and children dining upon mother and children.
And that’s when I first learned about evil. It is built in to the very nature of the universe. Every world spins in pain. If there is any kind of supreme being, I told myself, it is up to all of us to become his moral superior.’

- Terry Pratchett, Unseen Academicals