I totally agree with your statements.

I already replied somewhat in a sibling comment [1] in regards to the conceptual problem the article/malware focusses on.

In addition to that I think that it's a bad design choice relying so much on coreutils, binutils, and glibc behavior. A lot of those tools were written in a time when you trusted the system 100%, when there wasn't even an internet or downloadable programs yet.

In reality, it's unfeasible to have a user and group for each ELF binary/program that runs on your machine. Just managing file system access to all shared objects that each binary requires is a nightmare. AppArmor and other tools often go the "as good as possible" route here, but a lack of thorough profiling of binaries is usually the culprit why they can be exploited even in non-standard infrastructure systems.

The only way forward in my opinion is behavioral and network profiling (and the correlation between those) via eBPF/XDP. This way you can at least get the data to test against in those scenarios, whereas with AppArmor it's forensics that happened too late - long after you've been pwned, and you realized after hours of debugging that a rule was XOR ing another one with an unexpected side effect.

All these things that we are talking about are maintenance burden for the maintainers of the upstream distro, that in part have hundreds of "soft forks" of upstream software laying around that changes their behavior to reduce those attack surfaces. Even just little things like removing the SUID flag from packaged binaries becomes a huge burden to the maintainers, which in my opinion, should not even exist as a problem anymore.

Access to important (IAM related) things, like a keepassXC database file or the ssh keys somewhere in /home, should not be accessible to outside processes other than those that require it. The reality is though, discord can get pwned via HTML XSS messages and can just read it, and you wouldn't even know about it.

We need a better sandboxing system that by default denies access to anything on the filesystem, and requires mandatory rules/profiles what is able to be accessed. And that, hopefully, without more maintenance burden. This also implies that we have to get rid of all that $PATH related bullshit, and /usr/local and .local shenanigans have to be completely removed to get to a state where we can also call it a rootless base system.

POSIX as a reference to build your distro against isn't enough. Distros like Alpine focus on memory offsets and making exploitation of C-based software harder, but are useless once you realize everything is running as root anyways because they stop at "if you get pwned, you gotta reboot the container", so they're useless as a Desktop environment.

The issue I have with all these things is that there's this survivor's bias of Linux Desktop users that are not aware of how unsecure their system actually is. That's part of the reason why the late malware campaign trends of large APTs (APT3/APT28/APT29 etc) were so successful in targeting developer environments. They simply don't know that an "lsof" can be anything, and not the program they wanted to execute in the first place.

[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42212391