skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
True, creating a Delaware LLC is simple, but that doesn't solve the tax problem. Management decisions from Germany mean German tax liability, regardless of where the company is registered. The only way to benefit from US tax rates would be physically moving there - just having a US company adds complexity without fixing anything.
Does Apple actually do QA? They really need to do another snow leopard release, where there are no new features, just bug fixing.
Wow! I need to look into it again on my SD. Tried it at release 2 years ago and the experience wasn't the most streamlined.

I did eventually get Control working, but that's about it.
Taxes are good and necessary to fund the government and social systems. You need a happy population to have a healthy economy. Poor people don't buy a new telly every two years...
Non-sustainable pricing is not a thing... They have VC money, when it runs out, you'll get 'shafted' (possibly, it's all expectation management of course, but they seem to set very strange expectations these days).
> does not mandate cookie banners, it mandates informed consent. Companies choose to implement that as a banner.

Good luck explaining alternative technology to the lawyers and then to the lawyers of the other party in court should the need arise, and then to the judge. While you are technically 100% right, I believe you will have a truly hard time implementing anything other than the cookie banners.
You should read the article in full, and/or learn the difference between a share and asset deal. Your link is about the former, the article about the latter.
Being an US business makes things complicated in Europe. Especially banking is very eager to understand every single US associated transaction to your account.
Only if you still use a sim pin otherwise the phone would only be unavailable for the duration of the reboot.
You are not EU based, you are not a processor/controller operating in the union, public international law doesn't grant EU law jurisdiction: the GDPR has no direct effect on you.

It could be that you are running ads and your ad provider is a processor in the EU and because they cannot handle jurisdictional consent well they attempt to pawn that off onto you in your terms and conditions. EU law has already decided that they cannot turn a blind eye however, if you aren't collecting consent then your processor has to assume that consent isn't given.

So yeah, worry about your contracts with third parties that might try to sneak in liability transfers and how your own jurisdiction would deal with that. If your provider is transferring that kind of liability maybe they are trying to also make you liable in the case that their ad installs a virus, so I hope you are already aware of such third party liability transfers in your contracts if your jurisdiction allows for such things.
Starting a Patreon might be a good idea.
I see your point. I already had the NAS in place so it was a nobrainer for me, but if you just want to backup to computer you can still run a light webdav server on your computer. For example, I am using dufs [0], which is very easy to deploy and configure.

[0] https://github.com/sigoden/dufs
FWIW it’s the same thing if you buy an American stock from a EU country, the dividends are taxed in the US.

That why global index funds are probably the best way to invest for non-professionals
Don't take it too personally, they seem to be speaking from some automatic playbook.

I run indie conferences for a living [0]. From 2020 - 2023 we gave Matrix a serious shot: enough to risk losing audience members who found the UX unbearable. Then a third of my ticket holders threatened to leave if we kept using it. I was forced to drop it [1].

This year, I’m self-hosting Revolt, a lightweight Discord clone. Unlike Matrix my community's actually loving it. If Matrix leadership is reading this, take heed.

[0] https://handmadecities.com

[1] https://handmadecities.com/news/new-discord-server/
> If you have a full 32-bit number and you need to divide, you can simply do a multiply and take the top 32-bit half as the result.

Can someone explain how this can work? Obviously, you can't just multiply the same numbers instead of dividing.
Why would a person who founded a startup, and put countless unpaid hours into building it, then have to pay for the sale as if it were employee income? What would be the incentive for them to have done anything more than be someone else's employee?

Taxes are incentivizing or disincentivizing, so policy should mirror what you want out of your economy. If the goal is not to have people create startups, there you have it.
manager here, how old are you? parents of school age children (like half the workforce) are drinking coffee by 6:30 local. overseas workers are getting paid foreign salaries, they understand the deal they made. its the under-26yo crowd who is up till 1am watching netflix and can’t get to bed on time. what categories am i missing that can’t attend a meeting at 9?
If you have to blame the developer, blame the OS. Shit drops down from above. Maybe it's just old and crappy.
That is why I found so great that Carmack's opinion on debuggers is similar to ours, at least there is some hope to educate the crowds that worship Carmack's achievements.
Again, as the law in question requires informed consent, "allow" and "ask" end up being the same thing. A new DNT law as you propose would contradict the other law of which we speak.
PHP has decent FFI, nothing is stopping you from using the same libraries as you would with Python. Here's someone's quick hack as an example: https://github.com/dstogov/php-tensorflow

For an interpreted language PHP itself is ridiculously fast and the VM is rather small so you can use something else coughElixircough for parallellisation. I use it all the time for data wrangling stuff and database imports because it's robust, fast and PsySh is a pretty neat environment.

The array data structure is quite nice too. It's built on simple parts that are foundational to the VM itself, and very flexible, similar to lists in Lisp-like languages but without the seek lag when data grows due to the indexing.
>Sorry you don‘t get a free ride for being rich.

That's the problem with European way of thinking. Entrepreneurs and start-up founders taking on huge workloads and risk to start a business and create jobs, are automatically demonized as "rich freeloaders exploiting the system", to support this ideologically driven class warfare in hopes of getting more votes, where the ruling elite take 9 pieces of the economical pie, give half of the remaining piece to the middle class, the other half to the lower class and tell them "hey look, those business freeloaders are the reason you only half a piece".

If you want to create new jobs in new emergent industries, which is always gonna be a high risk high reward situation with plenty of failures, you'll have to support the ones taking the risks somehow instead of demonizing them as freeloaders. That's how the EU economy is now only half that of the US, when 20 years ago they were on par.

So then in Europe we end up in the situation where most of the new ventures are coming from entrenched industry players and hereditary wealth with connections to politics who actually exploit the system, instead of ambitious working class people taking a chance at building something like in the US. Basically neo-feudalism.
> believing 2020 was stolen (which is one I'm willing to believe)

Interesting. What forms the basis of your belief?

Personally, I think it’s interesting that over 60 lawsuits were filed across the U.S. to challenge the 2020 result, and not a single one produced any evidence of widespread voter fraud. Even judges appointed by Trump himself agreed that there was no evidence to support the claims. What do you think the simplest explanation for this is?
At least we still have inheritance tax, though it's somewhat broken for those you mentioned who are far too good at avoiding that tax.
It's repeatable. OpenAI isn't cheating.

Source: I'm at OpenAI and I was one of the first people to ever play chess against the GPT-4 base model. You may or may not trust OpenAI, but we're just a group of people trying earnestly to build cool stuff. I've never seen any inkling of an attempt to cheat evals or cheat customers.
I strongly believe that the problem isn't that tokenization isn't the underlying problem, it's that, let's say bit-by-bit tokenization is too expensive to run at the scales things are currently being ran at (openai, claude etc)
Thanks for sharing that link, but it actually confirms my point. That article is about selling GmbH shares ("Share Deal"), but as explained in my post, buyers of smaller SaaS companies ($1-10M) almost never want to do share deals - they want asset deals.
It's ugly, but I've had some success with uploading a few files from a project and a sketch of the schema. Then asking for new functionality.

ChatGPT and Claude seem to be pretty good at maintaining an implicit understanding of the codebase based on a subset of files.
In the UK it also is ~20% capital gains tax when you are just equity holder /employee instead of the actual business owner. While the owners with the same class stock can get 10% instead.
I suspect certain domains have higher performance than others. My normal use cases involve API calls, database calls, data transformation and AI fairly consistently does what I want. But in that space there are very repeatable patterns.

Also with your example above I probably would break the function down into smaller parts, for two reasons 1) you can more easily unit test the components; 2) generally I find AI performs better with more focused problems.

So I would probably first write a signature like this:

# input examples = "1/2" "100" "0.6" "0.99999" "0.5E0" "nan"
def string_ratio_to_decimal(text: str) -> number

Pasting that into Claude, without any other context, produces this result: https://claude.site/artifacts/58f1af0e-fe5b-4e72-89ba-aeebad...
Thank you. That actually was helpful. In print it might have been legible, but on a blackboard that would been difficult to read.
Honestly it’s such a struggle.
> by treating business sales like regular income.

But aren't they regular income?

Why should one form of income be taxed at a different rate than some other?

Tax rate too high? Sure, agree. Should all income be taxed at same levels? Yes to that too.
You can get it reimbursed in some cases.
Yeah, true. But if one started from zero, built a business, paid all the taxes along the way, got lucky and cashed out, cut them some slack, no?

But I see why not. Who’s going to work for those who go out of work. It makes less and less sense to start a business in Germany. It all feels like leeching off of people who have the audacity to do something in this country. If you work and become successful, you’ll get leeched off of, if you have no desire to work, no worries, you will get the social net… if you’re German that is. Screw you if you’re an immigrant.
You know that US taxes the same 30% on dividends for non-residents, right?
Everybody can basically decide to Flag-theorie their life and avoid paying taxes altogether.

Thing is if a country makes it easy for someone to do their own thing it can cultivate a healthy environment for founders people may not even get that idea.
You're probably entitled to get all of that back due to double tax treaties.

You just need to file for a refund.
Which in the countries where EULA's have a legal value, it is considered a crime, as Mac OS can only be virtualised in Apple hardware.
Please take note that his specific situation is not selling a company - which would qualify him for a reduced tax burden, but selling assets as a private person.

I am unsure if this would be taxed differently in any other country.
Welcome to capitalism. The market forces will squeze max value out of them. I imagine that Anthropic and OpenAI will be in the future fully downsized and acquired by their main investors (Microsoft and Amazon) and will simply becoming part of their generic and faceless AI & ML Teams once the current downwards stage of the hype cycle completes it closure in the next 5-8 years.
Okay, so they don't want to buy the obligations. Why should the German state encourage and subsidize that behaviour?
Python folks are a bit obsessed with weird, novel or otherwise barely adopted standards, particularly around packaging and PyPI. They also use Macaroons for tokens.

It's quite interesting to see, but they rarely become particularly popular outside of that community.
For a German business, setting up a holding company in Estonia would be much better. Still in the EU, no onerous American reporting requirements, everything is fully online and cheap, and taxes aren't super high (20% capital gains, up to 7% on dividends if I'm reading things correctly).
Yeah the Lichtenstein based charities and trusts are very afraid of your inheritance tax.
Sorry to "but actually" you, but that is just because you did not claim the treaty benefits. Pedantic, it is also 26%, not 30%.

You should be able to get 15% tax on dividends, which also count towards your US taxes which you stil have to pay.

It is also exactly the same for foreign investors from Germany investing in US companies. We have to file a W-8BEN, otherwise the US takes 30% on dividends and even on capital gains!
> and put countless unpaid hours into building it

Oh, just don’t mention that to the authorities because they will make you pay for breaching their working hours act. How dare you have a dream and a drive. Get back in line.

Authorities in Germany don’t care. They are the Beamte, the have a special legal status, barely removable from their positions and with a guaranteed high pension. There are two classes of people in Germany: Beamte and everyone else.
WFH is the best solution. You get a better distribution of people across a whole region thus solving the traffic problem. It won't even be needed to invest in public transportation networks anymore.
Swift was designed as C, Objective-C and C++ replacement from the start, and those statement have not yet been removed from its official documentation.

Naturally they couldn't tackle everything at once.
They could if there was a way to create an attestation that the tool (and you) can use.
Yep, this is the right take. Somehow entrepreneurs are perceived in the EU as tich freeloaders and not as job and innovation creators who tend to take a lot of risk and go through tremendous pressure while running their companies. I feel the influx of VC money skewed the vision of what it entails to start a company: it is true that the investment slightly "de-risks" founders (emphasis on double quotes!) but that's often an illusion - I don't think people who never ran a company understand the pressure of a founder's responsibility towards their employees, investors, etc... most of the generally very risk-averse Europeans will never grasp this
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Most small business owners make much less than the "normal" people. They work harder and take more risks. On the off chance that they are successful it looks like Germany takes over half what they have earned.

It's a strange world where creativity, boldness and acumen are punished and the public applauds for it.

Not every business is a large international mega-corp. Some are just a couple of individuals building a dream. These people can't afford expensive advisors or attorneys.
More like the system wasn't set up with the expectation that people will become rich by creating a SaaS and selling it, because it predates those concepts by at least a few decades.

Porsche, Siemens, Krupp, Thyssen, Bosch were all startups back in the day, just in hardware
> If the goal is not to have people create startups, there you have it.

That only makes sense if you think the only reason anyone ever founds a business is to sell it to someone else...
Typically you emit E_DEPRECATED for a full major version, then in the next major version you throw an error, e.g if it would land in PHP 9.0 then E_DEPRECATED for non-compliant functions and in PHP 10.0 start throwing errors.
At this point, we have to assume anything that becomes a published benchmark is specifically targeted during training. That's not something specific to LLMs or OpenAI. Compiler companies have done the same thing for decades, specifically detecting common benchmark programs and inserting hand-crafted optimizations. Similarly, the shader compilers in GPU drivers have special cases for common games and benchmarks.
They literally invented the term GPT…

“Transformer” is the name of the algorithm behind popular LLMs.

GPT is the name that openai gave to their models early on.
I believe the honeymoon face has loong been finished. Even in the mainstream, last year of the AI year. 2024 has seen nothing substantially good and the only notesworthy thing is this article finally hitting into the public consciousness that we are past of the AI peak and beyond the plateau and freefalling has already begun.

LLM investors will be reviewing their portfolios and will likely begin declining further investments without clear evidence of profits in the very near future. On the other side, LLM companies will likely try to downplay this and again promise the Moon.

And on and on the market goes
I had assumed that if I were a German citizen, I'd probably pay the same amount in taxes on that dividend. Would I actually pay less?
Is there actually any sane country to do SaaS business except the US? It's insane how easy it's to start an LLC in US, set up a bank account, do your taxes, without ever leaving your home. Hell, you can start it as a foreigner, opt for pass-through taxation, and pay taxes at your tax residence.

I mean, I get higher taxes, I just don't understand why you want to make it so hard to start and operate a company.
Wait, are you suggesting we do not get taxed for what we're selling?
Because in the end selling a company is nothing but selling a type of goods.

Also:
>Why would a person who founded a startup, and put countless unpaid hours into building it, then have to pay for the sale as if it were employee income?

Is the same as:
Why would a person who created his career, and put countless of unpaid hours into building it, then have to pay for the sale of his knowledge and skill?
> our system actively discourages these transactions

When a foreign company is building a factory, even with tax breaks it's fairly easy to see how it's an investment. I'm less convinced when it's about buying existing businesses, if they are profitable why would you want the profits to be in the control of a foreign entity?

Whether they are initially profitable or not, we've seen what happens in other fields and in particular the industry: after a couple years, the businesses are dismantled and sold for parts.
There are competing incentives: on one hand things like creating jobs and driving innovation, and on the other it's the incentive to avoid tax loopholes. I think most people in Europe (I hate generalizing "Europe" but let's say Nordics and Germany) at least would be more upset about the presence of a loophole that for example allowed people to funnel money through a company and lower (what should have been) income tax, than they'd be upset over how much tax policy incentivizes startup creation.
Regulation, Taxes, inflexibility and small-thinking mindset let me leave Germany 10 years ago. I didn’t regret it a single day and everytime I’m going back home after visiting my parents in Germany I feel so much more free.
Incidentally, in a neighboring EU country (Poland) the tax system has a bizarre nod towards solo entrepreneurs running a SaaS: you can choose simplified revenue-based taxation and fall into the 8.5% bracket.

8.5% tax on revenue is really good. And this is very specific: it applies specifically to SaaS businesses, most revenue-based rates are higher.

If you decide to sell your business, assets are taxed at 3%.
Fasting window would be shorter so probably you'd eat more calories and lose less weight. With alternating scheme you always get at least 24h fasting periods between your eating periods regardless of your sleep schedule.
> Until the user unlocks the phone, it won't connect to phone network.

This is not true in my case (Samsung Galaxy S22+). The phone is fully operational after a reboot, connected to GSM, 5G and Wi-Fi
Tricky, maybe, because it was bought in a Roth IRA - which is not taxed. And therefore, I think, not eligible for tax refunds. I probably should have bought it in a normal trading account.
Eh, OpenAI really isn't as shady as hell, from what I've seen on the inside for 3 years. Rubik's cube hand was before me, but in my time here I haven't seen anything I'd call shady (though obviously the non-disparagement clauses were a misstep that's now been fixed). Most people are genuinely trying to build cool things and do right by our customers. I've never seen anyone try to cheat on evals or cheat customers, and we take our commitments on data privacy seriously.

I was one of the first people to play chess against the base GPT-4 model, and it blew my mind by how well it played. What many people don't realize is that chess performance is extremely sensitive to prompting. The reason gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct does so well is that it can be prompted to complete PGNs. All the other models use the chat format. This explains pretty much everything in the blog post. If you fine-tune a chat model, you can pretty easily recover the performance seen in 3.5-turbo-instruct.

There's nothing shady going on, I promise.
I think it's infeasible to train on bytes unfortunately, but yeah it also seems very wrong to use a handwritten and ultimately human version of tokens (if you take a look at the tokenizers out there you'll find fun things like regular expressions to change what is tokenized based on anecdotal evidence).

I keep thinking that if we can turn images into tokens, and we can turn audio into tokens, then surely we can create a set of tokens where the tokens are the model's own chosen representation for semantic (multimodal) meaning, and then decode those tokens back to text[1]. Obviously a big downside would be that the model can no longer 1:1 quote all text it's seen since the encoded tokens would need to be decoded back to text (which would be lossy).

[1] From what I could gather, this is exactly what OpenAI did with images in their gpt-4o report, check out "Explorations of capabilities": https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/
In Europe most average people are happy to pay tax, despite there being a number of tax havens as you point out. I'd say most people have a low opinion of them. Versus the USA particularly, where it seems many people dislike paying tax.
I wish they could find a way to make symlinks work to sd card expansion. Right now, selinux just forbids this.

Love my termux.
Is that true if it's in a Roth?