skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
> It's total consumption that brings risks. Someone who drinks twice as much water at that presumed "safe" level is at more danger – as are those who might be getting extra flouride elsewhere, such as from higher tea consumption or excessive use of flouridated toothpastes.

The safe levels are built around a model of the amount of water a human being can consume, both directly (drinking tap water) and indirectly (cooking, drinks made with tap water, etc.).

> for a pretty-small benefit (fewer cavities) that can be obtained with non-ingesting tooth surface exposure (as with toothpaste).

This pretty drastically understates the public health impact of fluoridation, and overstates how likely people are to apply elective equivalents (e.g. sufficient fluoridated toothpaste). The good news is that we have concrete numbers for these impacts[1], which consistently show that even developed areas show significant dental health improvements with municipal fluoridation.

[1]: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335773400_Affirmati...
The Motorola A1600 ran Linux in 2008. But even then people didn't want a flip phone.
Yes people need a particular architecture.

There are many legacy systems that still rely on IBM chips, mainframes, etc.

They can’t just move on without rebuilding the entire system from scratch. a monumental and risky proposition.

Even if tomorrow everyone went all in on arm, risc5, whatever, x86 is here to stay.
Compiling Lisp to Bytecode and Running It
I am in agreement.

BTW cool extension. Gave it a try, and it provided a nice summary of this page as below.

"Overall, the community suggests that free users can be valuable, particularly for product feedback and potential future conversion, but caution is advised regarding long-term sustainability and expectations."
I have found Clojure to be fantastic to run a backend service that requires data analysis and processing.

Currently I use Clojure as the backend to power iData[1], a website filled with data visualizations and processing. My biggest project was the survey[2] and its accompnyaing dashboard[3] as the first required a lot of db thinking in Datomic but was swift to excute and the later benefited from Clojure's concurrency and caching!

[1]: https://www.iraqidata.com/en

[2]: https://www.iraqidata.com/en/DigiCompSat

[3]: https://www.iraqidata.com/en/DigiCompSatDashboard
I don't care whether Betteridge's law applies. It's really, really good news.
You can even design some type of system where the taxis can only physically go on a routed road, and then you won't have to worry about real world conditions. And then you can just integrate some sensors into the routed roads to detect the vehicles' location and then you can guarantee they'll never crash.

Oh! Oh! And then for efficiency maybe you can chain a ton of robotaxis together, so you only need one drivetrain... wait a second...
Yes sorry I meant satellite!!

Maybe someone from HN could help fix the title + desc if possible :))
I'm a nobody, but I've stumbled across your site before. Kudos and be sure to let the HN community know how we can help.
The comet C/2023 A3 is visible in the western sky after sunset
Definitely not.

Chris (Sound Lab owner)
C++ offers lots of compelling things for embedded use cases, like enum classes (finally fixed in C23), constexpr, std::optional, namespaces, and atomics/generics that are much smaller dumpster fires.

There's an effort to extract the good parts and make it work for embedded use cases or even bring them into C. Khalil Estelle on WG21 has been working on an experimental, deterministic runtime for exception handling, to give one example. Constexpr is an example of the latter that's now showing up in C23.
Walk on eggshells? Schedule a designated time to talk. It's not that difficult. Are you that disorganized that you need to share your thoughts the second they occur to you? Even for neurotypicals, it takes some time to refocus after interruption. Your approach has been proven to lower productivity and its costs companies serious money.
That can't be true—those are all responsible, upstanding Californians!
I think he's defining a round number as, for some precision Y, X number of consecutive most significant digits are 0.

e.g. for a precision = 8 number, its "round" when the last 5 digits are 0, so like 32.300000 would be round.

The probabilities of round vs non round are pretty skewed. There are far fewer round numbers (for reasonable definitions) than there are non round numbers.
> the lower level, 0.7 mg/L, which is about half the levels with the decent evidence of harm.

Do you have a source for this claim?

This summary of a meta-analysis[1] says that there was only very weak evidence for measurable IQ harm in the range 8-16 mg/L, which is 10-20 times the recommended level. The highest quality studies in the meta-analysis showed no relationship at all between fluoride exposure and IQ[2].

[1] https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/fluoride-and-iq/

[2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36639015/
Each of them is designing their own hardware. The goal isn't really to compete with nvidia though, whose market is general purpose GPU compute. Instead they're customizing hardware for inference to drive down product cost.
As someone else mentioned, that is chlorine, not fluoride. If it were me, I would test the water for free chlorine and combined chlorine. At generally accepted safe levels (4 ppm or less), chlorine has very little odor; many people cannot detect it at all. Combined chlorine, on the other hand, is the smell most people associate with poorly maintained pool water. And anything above 0 ppm combined chlorine is bad news, especially in drinking water.

FWIW, a properly maintained pool should not smell strongly of chlorine, either.
This is really interesting. I have a couple of questions, mainly from the fact that the code is c++ code is about 2x slower than then Numpy.

I had a look at the assembly generated, both in your repo, and from https://godbolt.org/z/76K1eacsG

if you look at the assembly generated:

vmovups ymm3, ymmword ptr [rdi + 4*rcx]

vmovups ymm4, ymmword ptr [rsi + 4*rcx]

add rcx, 8

vfmadd231ps ymm2, ymm3, ymm4

vfmadd231ps ymm1, ymm3, ymm3

vfmadd231ps ymm0, ymm4, ymm4

cmp rcx, rax

jb .LBB0_10

jmp .LBB0_2

you are only using 5 of the sse2 registers(ymm0 -- ymm4) before creating a dependency on one of the (ymm0 -- ymm2) being used for the results.

I Wonder if widening your step size to contain more than one 256bit register might get you the speed up. Something like this (https://godbolt.org/z/GKExaoqcf) to get more of the sse2 registers in your CPU doing working.

vmovups ymm6, ymmword ptr [rdi + 4*rcx]

vmovups ymm8, ymmword ptr [rsi + 4*rcx]

vmovups ymm7, ymmword ptr [rdi + 4*rcx + 32]

vmovups ymm9, ymmword ptr [rsi + 4*rcx + 32]

add rcx, 16

vfmadd231ps ymm5, ymm6, ymm8

vfmadd231ps ymm4, ymm7, ymm9

vfmadd231ps ymm3, ymm6, ymm6

vfmadd231ps ymm2, ymm7, ymm7

vfmadd231ps ymm1, ymm8, ymm8

vfmadd231ps ymm0, ymm9, ymm9

cmp rcx, rax

jb .LBB0_10

jmp .LBB0_2

which ends up using 10 of the registers, allowing for 6 fused multiplies, rather than 3, before creating a dependency on a previous result -- you might be able to create a longer list.

Again -- This was a really interesting writeup :)
This really hits home. Because when USB-C was introduced, I was pleased with a small, convenient, yet very dense reversible connector.

My Lenovo has two marvelous USB-C ports, and two USB-A. The C ports are tight, and have excellent tolerances. I can plug in the charger or any peripheral and have peace of mind, knowing that the connection is secure.

My last two smartphones also use USB-C for charging/peripherals. My Pixel 8 Pro lacks a headphone jack. So I purchased wired earbuds from the Google Store. Unfortunately, mobile USB-C ports, and plugs, can be shoddy and loose. The earbuds began malfunctioning soon after purchase. On the telephone, my family complained of the mic cutting out. They became unusable.

USB plugs are held in with nothing but a little friction. Remember the old days, when RS-232 and VGA had thumbscrews, and SCSI/parallel had latches? I'm infuriated now when the little Ethernet clips fail. Good reason to replace the cable immediately.

I purchased nice, inexpensive JVC USB-C earbuds to replace the Pixels. This plug is more secure than Google's hardware. Also, the controls are more versatile.

Nevertheless, the bloom is off the rose when it comes to USB-C ports. I'd rather have a thick old-fashioned USB-A, if there's any chance things will come loose. Please, vendors, be more like Lenovo.
Also the EU is far more aggressive and opinionated about what they want to see in the market than during the smartphone era. And this is spreading across the world.

So being committed to an open, standards-based strategy is an easy way for them to avoid most of the risks.
Exactly. If the company is winding down anyways, it's hard for things to get worse anyways.
Ever heard of the Prevention paradox?

What if the actual outcome is changed by the predicted damages.
Show HN: 4B+ DNS Records Dataset
Hi HN,

I've been working on building a pipeline to create a DNS records database lately. The goal is to enable research as well as competitive landscape analysis on the internet.

The dataset for now spans around 4 billion records and covers all the common DNS record types:

A
AAAA
ANAME
CAA
CNAME
HINFO
HTTPS
MX
NAPTR
NS
PTR
SOA
SRV
SSHFP
SVCB
TLSA
TXT

Each line in the CSV file represents a single DNS record in the following format:
www.example.com,A,93.184.215.14

Let me know if you have any questions or feedback!
SpaceX tells FCC it has a plan to make Starlink about 10 times faster
If you asking this, you are the wrong audience. All academic journals accept submissions in Microsoft Word, this is a similar tool targeted at the WYSIWYG crowd.
Literally everybody in the whole space industry who isn't directly profiting from SLS knew Falcon Heavy was by far the superior option. It not even a topic worth debating, its literally so fucking obvious. SpaceX maybe lobbied, but it was irrelevant, because anybody with a brain already knew the right answer 5min after Falcon Heavy launched successfully.

The only question was if the SLS lobby was able to keep forcing SLS. That was the only topic worth debating. You can even track this to the specific people in congress who are known to be in certain districts who tried to force this.

Here is some research you can go do, look at the price and availability of Falcon Heavy, then look at the price and availability of SLS. No more research is needed.

Funny how SLS that feeds literally billions of $ into the pockets of Boeing and Lockheed Marin 'serve all Americans' and SpaceX that makes a profit of a few 10s of million $ is 'private'. You see how that perspective is utterly idiotic right?
Isn't a more advanced/production version of this what the combo of couchdb and pouchdb do since several years ago?
Twitter was always very overvalued because it's real value case can't be expressed in dollar terms.
Well, TIL something I thought was demonstrated mid-century didn't happen until the 90s.
Self-host your own PaaS with Dokku [video]
My point is that QM and GR make very different claims about what exists. Perhaps it's possible to unify the descriptions. But more likely there will be a new theory with a completely different description of reality.

On small scales, GR and Newtonian mechanics make almost the same predictions, but make completely different claims about what exists in reality. In my view, if the theories made equally good predictions, but still differed so fundamentally about what exists, then that matters, and implies that at least one of the theories is wrong. This is more a realist, than an instrumentalist position, which perhaps is what you subscribe to, but tbh instrumentalism always seemed indefensible to me.
Sure, but I take issue with "ignore ideas championed solely by idiots" as if this issue is just the fringe lunatics as opposed to 90% of the world. Multiple people are bringing up the economics / cost when countries like Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Czechia, Italy, Switzerland, Japan, and Portugal don't fluoridate. You'd think if there was such a clear benefit / risk profile it would be unanimous. I can't take seriously arguments that it's such a big win with no risk when these very developed countries have decided against it.

Sure, that's not scientific (I haven't deep dived into the science), but it is a useful heuristic against bad science. For 50 years, the science in the US was no evidence many industrial chemicals added to food were harmful, even though they were banned in most of the EU and Japan. Lo and behold, CA finally bans them:

https://www.reedsmith.com/en/perspectives/2023/10/new-califo...

Oh wow, FDA just banned Brominated Vegetable Oil 2 months ago... (banned in UK / EU since 1970)
What is a large mount of money to you, is not that significant to some of these companies. I suspect for the vast majority of these companies, it still represents a small expense. General sentiment is that there is probably overspending in the area but its better to spend it and not risk being left behind.
One could make the argument that the rust people had to become annoying evangelists because otherwise the default is still pushback from c/c++ folks that don’t want changes.
The majority of forest in CA is federally owned and managed.
Show HN: Readtxt – Condense Web Article into Plain Text
Introducing ReadTxt: Your Web Article Simplifier

Tired of cluttered web pages? ReadTxt strips away the noise, giving you clean, readable text from any article. readtxt.in/<article url>

Website: https://readtxt.in

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Try it now: https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/readtxt/dgdmnooomfl...
There's a quantifiable economic risk: a society that has to spend more on addressing caries has less to spend on education, libraries, hospitals, defense, etc.

(This justification is also not novel to fluoridation: compare smoking in public places, where indirect secondhand smoke is unlikely to cause any health issues for bystanders but is still rationalizable in terms of social benefit.)
Yes, what happened to building side projects? Meeting people that you've worked with that you would care enough to build something with?
Oh, I think I misunderstood what you meant by "there isn't interest".

I thought the disputed claim was that companies don't make nuclear PPAs because of lack of interest. In that case those claims would combine into a very flawed argument, but pinewurst isn't saying that.

But if the actual meaning was that companies don't invest in the power plants needed to fulfill the nuclear PPAs because of lack of interest, then yes pinewurst was saying that, but that's not a circular argument anymore. "Nuclear PPAs don't represent real interest in power plants." and "There's negligible demand for nuclear PPAs for actual power because there isn't real interest in power plants." are compatible statements and not circular at all. The implication is simple: PPAs are a useless signal, and if you want to check for meaningful interest you need to check other signals. I don't know if I agree, but I think it's a reasonable position. And there's no 'conspiracy' needed.
I had a 30 meter (IIRC) console cable for my 3640.

Most University labs had a machine room where the Symbolics machines (if they had those) were standing (large, too noisy fans, drawing 1 kw or more electricity, ...). Cables for the console (1 Megapixel b/w screen, keyboard, mouse and digital audio) went from there into the offices. All one could hear were the clicks from the Symbolics mechanical keyboards.

The LMI and Explorer machines had some interesting hardware stuff. Too bad, that both companies left the business very early ...

Accelerators were available for the Symbolics machines, too. IIRC there were DSPs. Also an interface to the Pixar Image Computer and to Connection Machines. Or the FrameThrower, a programmable Framebuffer.
Well, GP proposed removing the idea of trailing newlines from standard *nix tools entirely, so I think it's fair to ask what shop is going to update their RHEL deployment to upgrade to a version of `cat` or `sed` that doesn't have trailing newlines but can't spend 5 minutes to handle a newline properly in their CSV parser? That doesn't make a lot of sense.

And it was pretty clear from the context of norir's comment that they were not talking about legacy software, they were talking about writing new projects/file formats that used newlines as a separator. Just because you want to shoehorn your legacy projects into this discussion doesn't mean that they fit.
Point taken. I apologize.
Poll: Do you have a ham radio license?
Given the recent discussion about ham radio, just curious to know where HN'er stand vis-a-vis ham radio licensing?
Yes - have active license
Yes'ish - had license previously, but is now expired
No'ish - never had a license, but have thought about it
Hard no - never had one, never thought about it
Waymo has sensors but they don't sense purely in real-time. Meaning the roads are mapped out in detail ahead of time. This is fine and effective, but it makes the comparison not really fair. A human driver will do splendidly in an area they've never been before, whereas a Waymo taxi won't.
Yes I meant satellite. Still strange as it's one of the busiest airports in the world and images appear to be taken during the day so... no way there were only 2 planes at any given point... For example Gatwick (LGW) does show quite a few planes just parked.
> but unless you opt to implement a processor-specific calculation in C++

Not necessarily true if you use C# (or Swift or Mojo) instead:

static float CosineSimilarity(
ref float a,
ref float b,
nuint length
) {
var sdot = Vector256<float>.Zero;
var sa = Vector256<float>.Zero;
var sb = Vector256<float>.Zero;

for (nuint i = 0; i < length; i += 8) {
var bufa = Vector256.LoadUnsafe(ref a, i);
var bufb = Vector256.LoadUnsafe(ref b, i);

sdot = Vector256.FusedMultiplyAdd(bufa, bufb, sdot);
sa = Vector256.FusedMultiplyAdd(bufa, bufa, sa);
sb = Vector256.FusedMultiplyAdd(bufb, bufb, sb);
}

var fdot = Vector256.Sum(sdot);
var fanorm = Vector256.Sum(sa);
var fbnorm = Vector256.Sum(sb);

return fdot / MathF.Sqrt(fanorm) * MathF.Sqrt(fbnorm);
}

Compiles to appropriate codegen quality: https://godbolt.org/z/hh16974Gd, on ARM64 it's correctly unrolled to 128x2

Edit: as sibling comment mentioned, this benefits from unrolling, which would require swapping 256 with 512 and += 8 with 16 in the snippet above, although depending on your luck Godbolt runs this on CPU with AVX512 so you don't see the unrolling as it just picks ZMM registers supported by the hardware instead :)
Hi! The documentation team commissioned by the Rails Foundation is working on tackling and editing the guides one by one, and removing these WIP tags once a guide is complete.

We should see a huge reduction by the time the project wraps, but because Rails itself is constantly evolving, so to is the documentation, so you will continue to see them from time to time. Consider it a sign of growth, not stagnation.
There's also an AMD rack and meta is big enough that they won't get blacklisted for it.
The data-driven human is a particularly annoying fallacy of our times. There seems to be a bias at play here. The ethos of the person that identifies as "rational" and whose trust in the data makes them seem smart. The result is this increased prevalence of people who think that ignoring the feedback of their subjective experience for the most mundane phenomenon, just because "where's the data", is somehow rational.

It's even more amazing to see this at play in domains that are directly tied with your well-being, where there's abundant anecdata, but people are holding out until very long and very expensive research have made a pronouncement. Like, thousands of people claim this particular herb is {$positive_claim}. I could try it for a week and see for myself, but I think I'll hold on to my 10$ and wait until research confirms this by the time I turn 90.

Another aspect of this fallacy is nicely highlighted by the aphorism Not everything that counts can be measured. Not everything measured counts.
I don't know about full 3D manipulation, but we used buttons and switches and levers for decades. They worked great. They are easy to see, feel, and manipulate. They can't move or change, so muscle memory develops naturally. You can use them while not looking and with gloves on - essential when driving or operating other dangerous machinery. The natural constraints of them meant that they were ready to discover and learn.

Over time we got better at packing more into a button. Multimodal buttons became a thing, and once alphanumeric displays become practical, a single knob or arrow keypad to scroll through tiny menus became common. Twenty years after that, everything is a flat, touch sensitive button, and more and more we hide them from even being visible until they are interacted with.

I believe the reasons for this are two fold. First, they are futuristic. People are drawn to new, shiny things, even if they are functionally worse. The second is cost. Physical switches are quite expensive compared to digital electronics. As touchscreens have become cheaper, they have replaced more physical inputs. Similarly, they have replaced discrete indicator lights, meters, and other single purpose indicators.

The cost savings is modest in terms of an entire product, but businesses will spend days saving one cent in production costs because it adds up over millions produced. It usually amounts to a small percentage of profits, but they'll chase anything.
Yes sorry!! :)
For context:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41839697
Show HN: Turn Lecture Notes into Interactive Quiz
I've created a cool little tool that allows students / teachers to generate a quiz from their lecture notes. With hopes to expand it to a study assistant to help students study better.
The average is rather useless if weather gets more extreme.

One hand on the stove and one in an ice bucket is isn't so bad on average.
I just feel like it’s underhanded to have a provision along the lines of “you’re not allowed to use your chat logs to compete with us while we use your chat logs to compete with you” … how is that reasonable?

At least if Meta makes a great Llama model (since 3.1) both sides can benefit and it doesn’t have a ridiculous customer noncompete, and I can use the model on my own computer as much as I like.

The difference is, one side has a noncompete, and the other is competitive.
They use the models they opensource in their own products, no? I don’t think Meta is looking to profit selling LLMs…
Definitely one of the better implementations I've seen using Matterport's SDK, nice work.

Did you use the Pro3 as the capture device? Before the collapse anyway!
https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/aug/23/fluo...

> The long-awaited report released this week comes from the National Toxicology Program, part of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It summarizes a review of studies, conducted in Canada, China, India, Iran, Pakistan and Mexico, and concludes that drinking water containing more than 1.5 milligrams of fluoride per liter is consistently associated with lower IQs in kids.

>The report did not try to quantify exactly how many IQ points might be lost at different levels of fluoride exposure. But some of the studies reviewed in the report suggested IQ was two to five points lower in children who had had higher exposures.

>Since 2015, federal health officials have recommended a fluoridation level of 0.7 milligrams per liter of water, and for five decades before the recommended upper range was 1.2. The World Health Organization has set a safe limit for fluoride in drinking water of 1.5.
If investors are getting nervous and want a faster ROI, they can decide to bail and force a rapid shutdown.
Ever heard of pytorch?
It's trite at this point but very apropos: "There are only two kinds of languages: the ones people complain about and the ones nobody uses." — Bjarne Stroustrup

(Applies to much more than just languages!)