skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Rails and Postgres (and AWS) was the pre-acquisition stack, and development continued with that stack during this time period (2020-2021).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_(software)

Microsoft acquired companies with web and mobile platforms with varied backgrounds at a high rate. I got the sense that the tech stack—at least when it was based on open source—was evaluated for ongoing maintenance and evolution on a case by case basis. There was a cloud migration to Azure and encouragement to adopt Surface laptops and VS Code, but the leadership advocated for continuing development in the stack as feature development was ongoing, and the team was small.

Besides hosted commercial versions, I was happy to see Microsoft supporting community/open source PostgreSQL so much and they continue to do so.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitio...

https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-po...
I've used KDE for a long time. This isn't the first time I've looked into donating to them. However, it's never been easy. Maybe if I were in the EU, the options offered would be great, but as an american used to just giving a CC number or using a service like Patreon to help manage it, the level of effort was too high. If you want lots of money, lower that bar.

I just checked again and they now accept Github Sponsors. That is a good start. But I just tried throwing a few bucks their way and was told the minimum monthly donation is $5. Why? Other projects are happy with less than that.

Again, KDE. Lower. That. Bar. Stop giving people reasons to not donate to you. People going through this process are already doing something unnatural: giving away money for a free product. Stop making them pause and think about if they really want to continue!
If it's at BigCo, keep in mind that "analyst" is an entry-level / fresh graduate grade/title, and not really a specific type of job.
> by the time you’re dealing with actual fuel rods you can stick in a reactor not just ore or 99.3% U235 0.7% U235 metal.

It's actually possible to run a reactor on natural unenriched uranium. IIRC the first man-made reactor ever, the Chicago pile, used natural uranium. Why did we stop using natural uranium in reactors?
For reference, I thought I'd outline the baby PCs I use, since we're chatting about baby PCs. Maybe someone will find this useful. I use thinkcentre M92p SFFs for easy server boxes. Some things I like:
- Bountiful
- Cheap -- they can be had for under $100 each
- Pretty powerful considering what you're paying, too!
- Use common desktop parts for the most part
- Accepts low-profile PCIe equipment ( network cards for ethernet, wifi; GPUs )
- Repair & replacement parts are CHEAP

Some things I don't:
- I've had to do some ridiculous things to get them to behave after installing Linux, like tricking the BIOS to deal with UEFI correctly
- It's basically impossible to get a better power supply, so you're limited with how much each one can do. Don't expect anything better than a very low-power, low-profile GPU for example.
- There's not a ton of room in the case, so if you want PCIe stuff you will need low-profile. You can definitely stuff lots of hard drives in there if you work at it, though.

And, maybe someone has advice for me...!
Nobody is arguing that ...

And no one said that they were, nor are they "attacking" that point of view.
I've been wondering: the efforts to block AI scrapers many sites have implemented, are they because AI scrapers hit the sites too hard and cause hosting costs to increase, or because of a potential value in licensing of their data (i.e. "If you want this data you gotta pay me some big AI money for it").
In recent years, large language models have greatly improved in their ability to perform complex multi-step reasoning. However, even state-of-the-art models still regularly produce logical mistakes. To train more reliable models, we can turn either to outcome supervision, which provides feedback for a final result, or process supervision, which provides feedback for each intermediate reasoning step. Given the importance of training reliable models, and given the high cost of human feedback, it is important to carefully compare the both methods. Recent work has already begun this comparison, but many questions still remain. We conduct our own investigation, finding that process supervision significantly outperforms outcome supervision for training models to solve problems from the challenging MATH dataset. Our process-supervised model solves 78% of problems from a representative subset of the MATH test set. Additionally, we show that active learning significantly improves the efficacy of process supervision. To support related research, we also release PRM800K, the complete dataset of 800,000 step-level human feedback labels used to train our best reward model.
Depending on how modular your current implementation is, most of the interfaces of PQC-implementations are the same as those which they replace.

Do you have a project webpage?
I used to calculate costs of lightbulbs: 1 Watt running the whole year, at 0,28 eurocent/kWh costs 1 Euro per year. Until someone corrected me and it turned out that every 1 Watt 24/7 will be 2 Euro per year.

In the US electric power might be cheaper. And if it's running only part of the time, you should adjust the calculation.

My desktop/server runs 24/7, so I prefer having a CPU with 65W TDP over one that is 125W TDP. That might run up to 120 Euro per year difference for me (if it would be running at 100% CPU).
Polling does prove that it's driven by immigration and culture war concerns, not Sovereignty [0]

[0] - https://policyoptions.irpp.org/fr/magazines/mai-2024/sondage...
I tried to find this out myself. All I could find easily was the TDP of different processors. But I'm not sure if it's a good measure of how much power it will use.
Totally fair points all. Sorry if it came across as condescending!

I agree with you that this network probably has not found the source code or something like a minimal description in its weights.

Honestly, I'm writing a paper on model compression/complexity right now, so I may have co-opted the discussion to practice talking about these things...! Just a bit over-eager (,,>﹏<,,)

Have you given much thought to how we can encourage models to be more compressible? I'd love to be able to explicitly penalize the filesize during training, but in some usefully learnable way. Proxies like weight norm penalties have problems in the limit.
Well, as an uninvested observer I think it is okay to call it out.
It is also shockingly good at converting/extracting data to CSV or JSON, but not JSONL. Even the less capable model, `gpt-4o-mini`, can "reliably" parse database schemas in various formats into CSV with the structure:

```csv
table_name,column_name,data_type
table_name,column_name1,data_type
table_name,column_name2,data_type
...
```

I have been running it in production for months[1] as a way to import and optimize database schemas for AI consumption. This performs much better than including the `schema.sql` file in the prompt.

[1]: https://www.sqlai.ai/app/datasources/add/database-schema/ai-...
I generally treat my tablets and phones very well. I wouldn't trust a tablet, at scale, to last much beyond three years. By "at scale" that means, say, a replacement rate of less than 10%.

By contrast ACs are on the decadal scale.

Integrating a tablet can't work. It's a dumb idea from the outset.

Similar hardware can work. There are touchscreen UIs that do last for a long time, especially on an AC unit where they're not getting used all the time. But they aren't tablets. In particular I'd finger the lithium ion batteries optimized for tablet-style usage as something you don't put into a system you want to last about ten years. Most of my tablets "die" when the battery just becomes unusable.

And you probably want an LCD chosen for robustness rather than being the cheapest possible high resolution display... again, plenty of LCDs can last for a long time, but the trifecta of "high resolution", "cheap", and "lasts a long time" is asking an awful lot for a fleet of systems. ("Cheap" and "lasts a long time" is, by contrast, readily available; it just won't be pretty. But it'll work fine.) And by "high resolution" I don't mean "retina display", just anything suitable for a tablet. Ye Olde 640x480 is plenty for an AC display, even in monochrome.

You want something pretty, give it a way for a real app to access it on the network. Except don't bother, really, because there's no way you're going to maintain that for 10 years either.
Is it still not a free action if it replaced an ad?
All of it. Site scraping for search used to actually be beneficial for content creators but now it’s detrimental to them
https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03314v1

Enabling LLMs to improve their outputs by using more test-time computation is a critical step towards building generally self-improving agents that can operate on open-ended natural language. In this paper, we study the scaling of inference-time computation in LLMs, with a focus on answering the question: if an LLM is allowed to use a fixed but non-trivial amount of inference-time compute, how much can it improve its performance on a challenging prompt? Answering this question has implications not only on the achievable performance of LLMs, but also on the future of LLM pretraining and how one should tradeoff inference-time and pre-training compute. Despite its importance, little research attempted to understand the scaling behaviors of various test-time inference methods. Moreover, current work largely provides negative results for a number of these strategies. In this work, we analyze two primary mechanisms to scale test-time computation: (1) searching against dense, process-based verifier reward models; and (2) updating the model's distribution over a response adaptively, given the prompt at test time. We find that in both cases, the effectiveness of different approaches to scaling test-time compute critically varies depending on the difficulty of the prompt. This observation motivates applying a "compute-optimal" scaling strategy, which acts to most effectively allocate test-time compute adaptively per prompt. Using this compute-optimal strategy, we can improve the efficiency of test-time compute scaling by more than 4x compared to a best-of-N baseline. Additionally, in a FLOPs-matched evaluation, we find that on problems where a smaller base model attains somewhat non-trivial success rates, test-time compute can be used to outperform a 14x larger model.
This is brilliant!

I always leave stuff for future remodelers or archeologists when I do remodeling or building.

Mostly coins, I throw a few in the concrete mix or inside walls for future generations to discover.

It’s always a treat to find long forgotten artifacts when remodeling old houses.

A little treat for people working on something I built 40 or 400 years in the future.
Beautifiers will restore whitespace, but they won’t rename variables by inferring their semantic meaning.
You've clearly never worked in tech support. People who are likely to go through the steps that OP described aren't going to read the warning.
Isn't this exactly what SolarWinds did when someone bypassed their build system and inserted a backdoor? Made a tweet about how users could just accept the unsigned build?
Their donation page does do exactly that, it's just priced in Euros and uses PayPal.
Sure, but that claim wouldn't be true for humans, right? So it's a nonsequiteur.

The relevant claim would be: all humans can do is move around in their environments, adapt the world around them through action, observe using adaptive sensory motor systems, grow and adapt their brains and bodies in response to novel and changing environments, abstract sensory motor techniques into symbolic concepts, vocalize this using inherited systems of meaning acquired as very young children in adaption within their environments, etc.

In the case of transformers all they can do is, in fact, sample from a compression of historical texts using a weighted probability metric.

If you project both of these into "problems an office worker has"-space, then they can appear simimlar -- but this projection is an incredibly dumb one, and offered as a sales pitch by charlatans looking to pretend that a system which can generate office emails can communicate.
Lots of that, which is why we are going to have memory error CVEs for the next hundred years.
Are Meta's carbon emissions shrinking? Depends on how you look at it
Makes a little sense to show a "register with Google" button, but clicking the main UI element and being redirected to a Google sign-in screen is bad form.

Also weird that apparently you can sign in via Discord, but you can only sign up via Google?
Seems to be interesting. Unfortunately, I can't run anything local with reasonable time response. By the way, I need to search again about this, maybe de Llama local runs better now with recent improvements on the model.

Thanks by sharing your experience.
Websim utilizes LLM to generate a fictional website based on a domain name you provide, and displays the result in their virtual browser.

LLM generations are quite costly so it is difficult to provide them without some kind of anti abuse strategies in place, so I think that's fair.
curious to know what they use instead of Dask ?
We might need some superconductors to make use of a voltage that low across distances that great. But we have been making progress on higher-temperature superconductors....

Still, don't hold your breath. We have this awesome geothermal temperature gradient, with hot rocks underneath us if we just dig down a few kilometers, occasionally less. Unfortunately, it's only cost effective to use in a rare few places.
The blatant religious discrimination in the document is both not a problem at all if the author is the only contributor (I suppose thetr must be some form of arms-length way of consuming external support from less beholden entities; I don't know the details of Critical Code of Conduct Theory), and totally unacceptable otherwise.

Following the document itself, it should be rewritten if it ever intends to include other people, and should be explicitly clarified that the current form only applies to the author himself.
Free Software is the idea that users should have a right to the code of the products they purchase.
And ? It is part of the anti-adblocker code which is clearly targeted at Firefox. What sort of extra-ordinary bar are you keeping for malice if not this ?
(not a physicist) One thing that I always wondered about that I never see "debunked" anywhere is any discussion about whether or not entanglement is actually just because the two entangled particles are put into a pretty predictable state (opposite of each other). If one is measured "up" the other will measure "down".

To me that just screams "particle physics are predictable(determinant) as long as the particles are shielded from outside noise, not because they are connected/bound together by some mysterious force or law of physics."

I suppose a thought experiment to prove/disprove that would be to send one of the entangled particles, particle A, around a black hole to slow it's time down and then afterwards measure if the entangled particles still give opposite results but consistent with the time delay.
What Does It Really Mean to Learn?
Distribute a container and a link to Podman Desktop:

https://podman-desktop.io/downloads
Long term capital gains and qualified dividends are taxed lower than regular income, if at all. And this should be most of their income.
1kw/m^2 is the "standard" rule of thumb for heat energy from solar irradiation. I'm unsure whether OP has done the calculation (in which case, credit to a well built system) or simply cited the standard rule.

There are some large Stirling engines out there that operate on hot oil. With a large diameter piston, quite a bit of torque can be generated with even small ∆T. Oil can be heated as with traditional solar water heaters (i.e., with no concentration), though concentration doesn't hurt.
That's very cool. I ultimately concluded that those mystery brand Chinese fanless mini pcs from Amazon (essentially laptop hardware in a tiny enclosure) offer a better deal. Minimal power usage, fast networking, real USB-C, and NVMe drive support. Old hardware is bulky, makes noise, and outputs too much heat. Even the truly tiny mini pcs -- the kind that fit in your back pocket -- are fast enough for a NAS or TV media player.
That's inherited from the original Portable Document Format for machines - the typewriter instructions.
Lets hope that zig becomes a memory-safe language before 1.0 then.
This is cool!

It reminds me of when I got my own web "server"; I purchased it (for ~50€) after reading this post[0] back in 2017. The optiplex fx160 is still running to this day.

[0] http://thesizzlewo.webflow.io/blog/get-a-dell-optiplex-fx160...
> As a result, minified code still remains comparably human-readable with some note taking and perseverance.

At least some of the time, simply taking it and reformatting to be unfolded and on multiple lines is useful enough to be readable/debuggable. FIXING that bug is likely more complex, because you have to find where it is in the original code, which, to my eyes, isn't always easy to spot.
Describing it as “the Rust people” as though they are separate from the a Linux project is a rhetorical sleight of hand to imply some sort of outside invasion.

These are a Linux kernel people who want to use Rust. Writing a new kernel would be fundamentally different than working on Linux.

Also, they are “writing software,” and have been for a long time now. This isn’t just some random arguing on mailing lists, this is actual patches, with folks like Asahi and Android writing real meaningful drivers on top of it.
There is Redox but adoption and traction is minimal. But these things take time so maybe it will become popular in the future.
What happens if your account gets banned without warning or chance of appeal? I don't know about Apple, but with Google it's a serious problem.
That's why Musk supports Trump. Two conmen cut from the same cloth.
The included abstract covers research about "the causal effects of online advertising on consumer welfare". As I read it, the abstract has nothing about consumers liking or disliking advertising.
You are extrapolating from a result to the implementation and making a judgment call it's thus not the same. That is not valid to do. You can come up with countless examples of the same tech underlying principle beeing used but the results are dramatically better now. Lithography for example.

You could also look at a koala and make the argument they function totally differently from us since they almost can't learn anything and are extremely stupid.
The speedup is amazing!
I would be shocked if, looking back, there has been reliable correlation between people who look smart on HN (or Reddit), and people who have delivered outsized returns to Ycombinator. Has pg or anyone else at YC ever provided a report or update on this idea?

My guess is that being a prolific enough poster to be recognized on a web forum / message board is more likely to be a negative correlation with startup success. It’s not like startup founders have tons of free time… how often should they be spending it on Internet pontificating?

I often wonder why Ycombinator bothers to keep the HN lights on. I guess maybe their startups can still get a little bump with launch or hiring posts? It seems like the pain to reward ratio is way worse now. PG abandoned it long ago. There are a bunch of folks on the top karma list who have not (or only barely) posted here in years.
That's fine, but a good compiled format should also include a source map for accessibility.
Dagres missed network effects as the moat.
Ask HN: Are there any open-source tools similar to GPT-NAS?
I am trying to find an open-source tool that can replace traditional notes and NAS. Specifically, this tool should be able to automatically organize and save the chat records (including chat files) between me and it (so I don't have to organize files manually to save them to NAS, nor do I need to create a new note to save them), and later, during our chats, it should automatically extract these historical contents using a technique similar to RAG. Do you have any recommendations for such a tool?
It is good at unminifying and "minifying" as well.

I have been doing the Leetcode thing recently, and even became a subscriber to Leetcode.

What I have been doing is I go through the Grind 75 list (Blind 75 successor list), look for the best big O time and space editorial answer, which often has a Java example, and then go to ChatGPT (I subscribe) or Perplexity (don't subscribe to Pro - yet) and say "convert this to Kotlin", which is the language I know best. Jetbrains IDE or Android Studio is capable of doing this, but Perplexity and ChatGPT are usually capable of doing this as well.

Then I say "make this code more compact". Usually I give it some constraints too - keep the big O space and time complexity the same or lower it, keep the function signature of the assigned function the same, and keep the return explicit, make sure no Kotlin non-null assertions crop up. Sometimes I continually have it run these instructions on each version of the iterated code.

I usually test that the code compiles and returns the correct answers for examples after each iteration of compacting. I also copy answers from one to the other - Perplexity to ChatGPT and then back to Perplexity. The code does not always compile, or give the right answers for the examples. Sometimes I overcompact it - what is clear in four lines becomes too confusing in three compacted lines. I'm not looking for the most compact answer, but a clear answer that is as compact as possible.

One question asked about Strings and then later said, what if this was Unicode? So now for String manipulation questions I say assume the String is Unicode, and then at the end say show the answer for ASCII or Unicode. Sometimes the big O time is tricky - it is time O(m+n) say, but since m is always equal to or less than m in the program, it is actually O(n), and both Perplexity and ChatGPT can miss that until it is explained.

People bemoan Leetcode as a waste of time, but I am wasting even less time with it, as ChatGPT and Perplexity are helping give me the code I will be demonstrating in interviews. The common advice I have heard from everywhere is don't waste time trying to figure out the answers myself - just look at the given answers, learn them, and then look for patterns (like binary search problems, which are usually similar), so that is what I am doing.

Initially I was a ChatGPT and Perplexity skeptic for early versions of those sites, in terms of programming, as they stumbled more, but these self-contained examples and procedures they seem well-suited for. Not that they don't hallucinate or give programs that don't compile, or give the wrong answers sometimes, but it saves me time ultimately.
Unlike Euston, Kings Cross was extensively renovated for the 2012 olympics, which by the standards of UK rail stations is a very recent upgrade.

They seem to have built it with enough capacity that they can announce platforms at the last minute and send everyone scurrying without causing any great danger.
Great initiative. I've been using KDE for 15 years now. Should have donated ages ago. Feel free to ask again next year ;-)

As an European, I love how there is an IBAN as possible payment option. I can just give money, no US third parties doing god knows what with your personal data and requiring a credit card.
> I've had to do some ridiculous things to get them to behave after installing Linux, like tricking the BIOS to deal with UEFI correctly

Strange. I use Dell Optiplex Micros which are pretty much the same. I’ve never had a problem installing any Linux distros or hypervisors (Proxmox and XCP-NG)
> No device output in DP

Yeah, if we exclude basically every half decent GPU and ~70% of laptop USB-C ports in existence.