skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Of course it is trivial to just write 000 for zero and 111 for one in the cells of a TLC SSD to turn it into effectively a SLC SSD, but that in itself doesn't explain why it's so much faster to read and write compared to TLC.

For example, if it had been DRAM where the data is stored as charge on a capacitor, then one could imagine using a R-2R ladder DAC to write the values and a flash ADC to read the values. In that case there would be no speed difference between how many effective levels was stored per cell (ignoring noise and such).

From what I can gather, the reason the pseudo-SLC mode is faster is down to how flash is programmed and read, and relies on the analog nature of flash memory.

Like DRAM there's still a charge that's being used to store the value, however it's not just in a plain capacitor but in a double MOSFET gate[1].

The amount of charge changes the effective threshold voltage of the transistor. Thus to read, one needs to apply different voltages to see when the transistor starts to conduct[2].

To program a cell, one has to inject some amount of charge that puts the threshold voltage to a given value depending on which bit pattern you want to program. Since one can only inject charge, one must be careful not to overshoot. Thus one uses a series of brief pulses and then do a read cycle to see if the required level has been reached or not[3], repeating as needed. Thus the more levels per cell, the shorter pulses are needed and more read cycles to ensure the required amount of charge is reached.

When programming the multi-level cell in single-level mode, you can get away with just a single, larger charge injection[4]. And when reading the value back, you just need to determine if the transistor conducts at a single level or not.

So to sum up, pseudo-SLC does not require changes to the multi-level cells as such, but it does require changes to how those cells are programmed and read. So most likely it requires changing those circuits somewhat, meaning you can't implement this just in firmware.

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory#Floating-gate_MOS...

[2]: https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/80559/1/Read%20and%20w...

[3]: https://people.engr.tamu.edu/ajiang/CellProgram.pdf

[4]: http://nyx.skku.ac.kr/publications/papers/ComboFTL.pdf
I'm tired of "AI" products wrapped over and selling at high rates
If you open product hunt or any directory for that matter, you will notice that things havent been quite innovative, except the root companies.

Don't get me wrong, I'm not saying they are useless, but most of them are the same recipe cooked over and over and just presented in different way.

Is this the norm now, a question from an amateur me to my fellow expert Hackers?
I had a similar experience when I bought an iOS remake of legend of Zelda three… Within an hour I found myself circling the border of the accessible area of the game looking for the door or NPC interaction I was missing. Absolutely Not fun. I chalked it up to gameplay of a bygone era and gave the rest a miss.
The reality of our "influence" on social media
I'm against the idea of hosting as a commodity generally.
https://archive.ph/wip/UtgGR
Wow where was that?
You are correct, but the distinction will become obvious soon enough.
> She thought about it for about a minute and then said "if I can't give it lysergic acid and make it see god, it's not conscious" and went back to making her dinner.

That’s probably going to be pretty easy, just scramble some attention heads randomly in portions of the transformer network and the AGI will probably think “it sees god”.
High School math is streamed (usually).

40+ years ago in Australia I took the Year 11|12 (upper high school) stream that included calculus, probability, basic linear algebra and a wee bit of abstract algebra (groups, fields, rings).

The middle stream covered math for technical trades; serious electricians, woodworkers, metal workers, locomotive and heavy equipment engineers.

The basic stream was math for balancing budgets.
there is a chrome extension for that...
Would be nice if you addressed the article instead of the headline. It’s actually fascinating.
The country closing in on zero deaths on its roads
To be fair to The Witness, I think it does spread itself out across its traversable space in a similar way. In both games, there's often a locked device or closed door or puzzle which you try to solve, but cannot. You explore other places on the island to discover the mechanism which allows you go back to that puzzle and complete it.

Riven manifests these discoveries as changes to world state stored in computer memory, whereas The Witness manifests them as an acquired skill residing in the player's brain.
The human brain has been shrinking – and no-one quite knows why
(2)

It's known that generally, as a nation becomes more wealthy (and socially/technologically advanced), fertility tends to drop. Well-off populations have fewer kids. As you wrote: the vast majority of countries have already passed this point, or are heading there.

That implies there's fewer kids to care for. And thus fewer stay-at-home parents needed. Even if classical gender roles stay the same.

What will those now-not-parenting people do? All else the same, logical expectation: a large % of them adding themselves to the job market.

Ok there's also smaller families. But juggling 1 kid & (parttime?) job is still easier than doing same with say 3..5 kids.

In short: countries moving up the wealth/development ladder will logically cause traditional gender roles to shift.

Probably no coincidence that it's usually less-developed countries where women are forced into traditional roles.
Gradual exposure to allergens like urushiol has been a legitimate recognized treatment plan for decades. Animals are able to eat poison ivy and poison oak. It's a brave strategy to eat the stuff, but nobody including smug netizens like yourself knows if it will work for someone else. Everything that works in medicine was probably thought to be ridiculous by someone at one point.

Joe Rogan isn't the best source of medical advice, but he has been smeared by the media on behalf of big pharma. His approach to treating COVID came from a doctor and was not "horse paste"... CNN was proven to have edited video of Joe Rogan to make his skin look off-color. Also, never forget that the mainstream media said the "vaccines" would stop transmission of the virus when all the experts knew it wouldn't do so, from the start. They also lied about side effects.
> The definition OpenAI uses for AGI is being more economically valuable than most humans at most things.

Then were already there. The web, amazon is already more valuable than sears and roebuck was as a paper catalog. All those people who took calls or opened envelopes, all the manual tracking of inventory and orders... we replaced all that years ago.
You can give it a virtual device as the real time camera input to show it things that aren't there. That's not organic acid, but the target isn't organic consciousness.
He said as much directly in the comments of that post.
State of Compute Access: How to Bridge the New Digital Divide
> Yes! We will never give away any of your information.

Which implies they store the information. If it was anonymous they wouldn't store identifying information.
There is fixing deficiency and then there is "hyper dozing". Also lot of it is seasonal, northern hemisphere is entering summer so there should be plenty of sun light even with short exposure to light.
To dive slightly into that: You don't necessarily want to sacrifice space for a read cache disk: having more space can reduce writes as you do less replacement.

But where you want endurance is for a ZIL SLOG (the write cache, effectively). Optane was great for this because of really high endurance and very low latency persistent writes, but, ... Farewell, dear optane, we barely knew you.

The 400GB optane card had an endurance of 73 PB written. Pretty impressive, though at almost $3/GB it was really expensive.

This would likely work but as a sibling commenter noted, you're probably better off with a purpose-built, high endurance drive. Since it's a write cache, just replace it a little early.
"Superalignment" is another bullshit industry term designed to make us believe we are dealing with "super intelligence".

"Model moderation" doesn't sound as sexy, does it?
Wasn’t that the idea behind the baroque? Just look at that intricate ornamentation of everything down to the doorknob.
Sounds like the fake emails were from "subscription bombs". Bad actors will bulk sign up targets to flood their inboxes and hide worrying notifications like security alerts.

https://www.spamhero.com/support/125230/I_am_being_attacked_...

I use to work on a newsletter service and we had to combat this constantly.
Bacteria cells absolutely have types of memory. And by your definition a Python program written by any random undergrad in CS 101 has consciousness.
There are three kinds of lies: lies, damn lies and statistics.
maybe for the Southern hemisphere..
I'm confused that you're bringing in case sensitivity into the discussion. For simplicity, early systems could not be case sensitive because they didn't have a large enough character set.

The comment about crashing due to spelling error really should be addressed by some form of static analysis, not by making name lookups more relaxed, in my opinion.
Under provisioning is the standard recommendation for ZFS SSD cache/log/l2arc drives since those special types were a thing.
Kingston NV2 is in that "what you get may differ" category, and Kingston explicitly says that what you get may change. I have two NV2s with differing die count, for example. Their controller might be different too. They're external, short-use drives, so I don't care.

So, returning to previously mentioned ones, from their respective datasheets:

- 870 EVO: Samsung V-NAND 3bit MLC
- 980 Pro: Samsung V-NAND 3bit MLC
- 990 Pro: Samsung V-NAND TLC
- KC3000: NAND: 3D TLC
- NV2: NAND: 3D // Explicit Lottery.
Cool idea.
But I have a question:
How do this motivate people to help people?
I've heard of this desensitization stuff before too. For all the mixed reviews of it, maybe success simply depends on individual factors that nobody has identified yet.
How would the in-field FPGA receive the broadcast in your scenario?
Have you heard of stardew valley?
It’s a very slow burn game and is extremely popular.

I’d say that dragons dogma is in the same vein as Riven and does fairly well.
Absurd that there is zero mention of Mithridates in the article.

As always, Chesterton's Fence applies to medicine.

Be very wary of anything outside of healthy diet, sleep, exercise, and relationships.

If you don't know why your body is fevering, don't lower the fever.
If you don't know why your blood pressure is high, don't lower it.

We in the medical field vastly overestimate our understanding of human physiology.
A psychologist I know did their PhD in this area (also old and smart), and he called this kind of thinking "Neural Chauvanism" -> if her explanation actually requires the chemical and neural components.

PDF warning:
https://gwern.net/doc/philosophy/mind/1985-cuda.pdf
It mentions the required tool being available from um... interesting places.

Doing a Duck Duck Go search on the "SMI SM2259XT2 MPTool FIMN48 V0304A FWV0303B0" string in the article shows this place has the tool for download:

https://www.usbdev.ru/files/smi/sm2259xt2mptool/

The screenshot in the article looks to be captured from that site even. ;)

Naturally, be careful with anything downloaded from there.
This is simply piracy. This reads exactly like a scene release of any pirated material.
I don't know if there is a lot of confusion, purposely misleading deception, or both, but I cannot grasp the argument for "training on copyrighted data is a violation of copyright".

What I can grasp is "output of copyrighted data is violation of copyright", and the fix seems to be a straight forward dumb software contentID filter on the output.
Sure, but I’m arguing that replacing the very minimal protocol with a heavier one would not be an innovation nor would it be useful at all as you would always need some kind of low level streaming protocol, unless you’re looking to replace pretty much all of Unix land, but that’s a whole different discussion.
Casio Cosmo Phase: Why this watch is the culmination of astronomical history [video]
> Current LLMs are obviously far below the average adult human. Every demo I've ever seen brags about approaching the competency of an ordinary high school intern.

There's a lot of bragging, sure. But what I've seen from the OpenAI models is more like a university level intern or a fresh graduate.

Not that it matters, as the point is to aim for where the ball is going rather than where it is now, but I'd say that this makes them above the average human performance (at least, within its domain).

> Even if they reach above average our whole society is structured around managing billions of above average humans.

That's putting a binary cutoff in an arbitrary place; half the population is always above average on any measure (or indeed topic), what I wrote was "significantly above average".

To crudely approximate with IQ, which is a bad measure for humans and much worse measure for AI, there's just over a billion humans of IQ > 115, around 182 million of IQ > 130, and around 8 million of IQ > 145.

I'm not sure how much to trust estimates of politician's IQs given the tribalism involved, but surveys of other groups tend to show that around half of the highest performing leaders (CEOs etc) with the most power, are in the top 1% by IQ.

(Who knows when, or if, someone will make an AI that's good at the important tasks within of each of those roles).

> What's novel?

Two things:

1) Breadth: the current vogue is very general models, so they're interns sure (even though I rank them as a higher level of intern than you), but they are interns at everything — there is no human you can hire with a even a mediocre grasp of Mandarin and Arabic and Welsh and python and CSS and calculus and magnetohydrodynamics and psychology and …

2) Price: there is no human who can read a million tokens for a price equal to two days of the UN abject poverty threshold, or write a million tokens for six days of the UN abject poverty threshold.

You physically can't work that fast, even if you were typing [a] then [space] ten times a second for 18 hours a day; and you basically can't feed yourself if you earn less than that per day.
As someone who was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of two and have dealt with it my entire life I gotta completely agree with you. The quest for quiet is impossible. You will never have completely stimulus free environments. The way our bodies work competes against this whole idea. If you're in a dark room your eyes adjust. If you are in a quiet room your ears basically have a compressor built in. Everything that was in the shadow or in the quiet will eventually make itself known. Thrive in noise, thrive in distraction, thrive in chaos.

Edit: but one thing that is incredibly important is partitioning your workspace. Perform work where work should be performed and keep that separate from where you automatically do leisure activities or seek out pleasurable distractions.
you might have to fight with the museums opening timetable
From a previous submission of this domain (May last year): https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35798482

> After trying some queries, I found ChatGPT is good at finding public data, sometimes it may not be accurate, but overall, pretty good.

GPT-4o is no more reliable for this than GPT-4 or GPT-3.5 before it.

One of the many unintuitive things about LLMs is that they are terrible tools for looking up specific facts about the world - which is weird, because that's traditionally one of the things computers have been best at.

If you want to build a working version of a system like this the trick would be to provide it access to tools for looking up data in citable, reliable data sources - things like the CIA World Factbook.

Then display the charts along with a link to that underlying reliable data.
The Talks That Could Have Ended the War in Ukraine
I’m confused why you’re claiming this is a personal politics issue. The journal is funded by these institutions where the protests are happening, and presumably this means the faculty and academics funding them are also the ones being arrested and whatnot. There’s nothing personal about making a statement saying you support the people who fund you.
There is a chrome extension for everything. OPs point is (and I agree) that these things you only need once in a while are incredibly useful when they are only a search away. Installing a chrome extension for a few uses every other week is way too much effort.
They're responding to a comment about playing tag across a college campus, not a park.
Thanks for making this! Have you considered open sourcing this?
> If you don't know why your body is fevering, don't lower the fever. If you don't know why your blood pressure is high, don't lower it.

And if you don't know why you have cancer, don't do anything about it?

Like, I get the point with fever (which is a known defense mechanism), but high blood pressure is a big problem in the long run and even if it's just a symptom, not doing anything about it is not likely to be the best move.
Hardly a new sector.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_(vehicle)
It's interesting that the label was introduced in Britain to discourage consumers from buying products imported from Germany. Only then Germany managed to turn it into a brand associated with high quality.
> You need at least 45 million monthly active users and 7,5 billion of revenue for three years

Minor nitpick that does not really changes the point but might provide context: these are the criteria to automatically be classified as gatekeeper. You can be a gatekeeper even if you do not meet them, but the EU needs to prove that you meet some other more detailed criteria.
Very interested to understand what the maintenance would be like, are these thing essentially industrial grade stickers?
I don't think exposure to light is enough to overcome an actual deficiency. When you're exposed to light you get kind of a huge dose, until you get a tan. Then your skin won't produce much more for a while.

You're right about overdoing it. There is such a thing as vitamin D poisioning. I think it draws calcium out of your bones or something. On the other hand, not enough vitamin D is bad for your bones too.

Fortunately, there are tests for vitamin D. If you think you have a problem with it, you ought to get a test.
> If they were really super effective broadly, then Trump would have won any popular vote easily

Trump is up against all the other equally effective communicators who are both allowed to and motivated to hold that specific office.
Julia, R, Mathematica, Matlab, Fortran, Smalltalk, Lua...

Julia being a mostly functional non-systems-programming language, where memory addressing is usually in the background, I think you'd find you rarely use numeric-literal indexing and you were getting upset over nothing.

The typical looping over i from 1 to length(a) is not idiomatic in Julia, where looping over eachindex() or pairs() abstracts away any concern over index type (OffsetArray can have an arbitrary first index). There's firstindex() and lastindex(); bracket indexing syntax has begin and end special keywords. Multidimensional arrays have axes().

"But what about modular arithmetic to calculate 1-based indexes?"

Julia has mod1(), fld1(), etc., which also provide a hint to anyone reading the code that it might be computing things to be used as index-like objects (rather than pure arithmetic or offset computation).

The strict way to handle indexing, I suppose, would be to have distinct 1-indexed (e.g. Ind1) and 0-indexed (e.g. Ind0) Int-based types, and refuse to accept regular Ints as indexes. That would eliminate ambiguity, at the cost of Int-to-Ind[01] conversions all over the place (if one insists on using lots of numeric literals as indexes). And how would one abstract away modular arithmetic differences between the Ind0 and Ind1 types? By redefining regular mod and div for Ind1? That would be hella confusing, so that abstraction probably isn't viable.
>Modern/advanced societies have laws to protect conscious beings from exploitation and cruelty.

I can think of no such society where this is generally true. One need only consider that pigs are far smarter than dogs and then the median pig’s life in said societies.
> I started posting MRR goals on Twitter around $50k/mo

> When the waitlist reached 100 people

$500/month for every person on the waitlist?
Good point. I didn't give much attention to this part. I run some benchmarks and move these to compile only once. Thank you.
GPT-4o has been the most aggressive one-shot hallucinator of the GPT-4 class models for me.
Which drive would that be? The ones I'm seeing cost a lot more than $200.
Pioneering off-road autonomy! Startups like Overland AI and Potential are breaking new ground with autonomous tech for tough terrains. Backed by the military and VCs, they're set to transform industries from agriculture to defense. #AutonomousVehicles #TechInnovation #OffRoadTech
> AppStore would be dead on arrival

Certainly not. PMF was already established via the jailbreaking scene and Installer.app / Cydia. Millions of people went through the annoying processing of jailbreaking their phone to get apps.
I feel we may be disagreeing about one or both of "very" and "powerful", because otherwise that question makes no sense?

Some random member of the, say, Australian parliament, someone I've never heard of, is (relatively speaking) much more powerful than 99% of the planet.

A journalist who has an audience of millions, likewise.

A software developer whose work is economically valuable either through a broad audience or through being used to control something of great value, also powerful.
Adding any kind of practical application to high school math would make it more interesting. It doesn’t have to be AI, it could be car design. Math is usually taught abstractly with no connection to the real world. It’s no surprise students aren’t interested.
I just watched the first season of Three Body Problem. There are obviously a lot of technological leaps that happen on ridiculous time scales in that show, but I’m guessing that I’m in a minority in being the most dumbfounded by how quickly they scaled up the “polymer nanofibers” from a bench scale demo, to … shall we say a field test … to the full-scale application in space (trying not to spoil things here…).

Everyone was so awestruck by the super advanced virtual reality helmets and I’m like, we’ll probably have that in ten years.. but scaling up the manufacture of ultra strong polymer nanofibers in a matter of weeks?? How is no one totally floored by this? Haha
Julian Jaynes theory of consciousness is very interesting. At a high level, his thoery was that consciousness is A) much smaller in scope as far as what it actually is than a lot of people like to think, and B) it is not actually innate in humans, it is something we learn as we grow.
> « It's really easy to track that first one. But the second one is a pain in the rear.»

Tracking child processes spawns/handles, or even resorting to polling for process name for a while, all should be fairly simple to implement…
Right now you can lease either a Toyota bz4x or a Kona EV for $200 a month. That's significantly cheaper, 230 or 250 mile range and available now.
Indeed. I haven't looked too much into this particular site, but I don't really see the utility of this kind of service in most large Western cities. I've rented in Zurich and am looking for somewhere in Munich - unless your budget is particularly high, it's very much a matter of just taking whatever you can get. From what I've heard, this is the case in many/most large American cities too.