TLDR - Hooks are a lie. Pretend “hooks” as a term or concept doesn’t exist. Treat every hook as a unique and independent concept and learn each separately and individually.

1. The purpose of specific hooks have silently changed over time - You’re not the only one confused. The React devs themselves were confused about what they wanted to do with hooks. For example, useEffect is for managing side effects according to the old documentation whereas the new documentation says it syncs external systems.

The change in behavior is ok, except the devs are not open about the fact that they’ve changed how they see useEffect. If they did that it would reduce some of the confusion, especially with the naming, since useEffect is named based on the previous purpose rather than the new.

2. Hooks are expensive - The React devs were far too hasty with the creation of hooks. For example, useMemo and useCallback are basically the same thing. There was no reason for both to exist but React devs considered hooks something easy to create and easy to understand so believe in creating many of them.

The problem, however, is that this approach is completely backwards. Creating a new hook should be considered extremely expensive and something to be avoided as much as possible. The reason is that while technically they are indeed often lightweight wrappers that are easy to create and deploy, conceptually they’re extremely heavy. Every hook brings highly impactful behavior which may not be entirely predictable without looking at the source code, and may not be related to other hooks in any ways.

3. Hooks are not a thing - Calling all of them hooks is also a massive mistake because there is very little similarity between their behaviors. The only similarities that exist are the restrictions on them. But there is no similarity in what they can do. So, for example, if you learn what useEffect does, you will have to expend the same amount of mental energy learning what useCallback does as someone who has no idea what useEffect does. As someone who knows about useEffect the only advantage you have learning about useCallback over someone who doesn’t is that you know you can only use it at the top level of a function and maybe a slightly better intuition of hooks breaking the pureness of functions.

4. It’s the Wild West out there - There are only 2 “Rules of hooks”. They must only be used in functional components. They must be used only at the top level of functional components.

The “use” hook doesn’t even follow these. The 2nd “Rule of Hooks” does not apply to it. The use hook does not need to be used only at the top level but can be used within conditionals and loops as well.

Conclusion - The reason you don’t understand hooks is because “Hooks” are a lie. They don’t exist. No one can go in and learn about “hooks” in React and do anything useful with that information. Instead, you have to learn about “useEffect”, and “useState”, and “useCallback” etc and treat them as completely independent and different concepts with no relation to each other to have learnt something useful.

Fundamentally hooks was a linguistic invention designed to hide the fact that when switching from class based components and the well established concept of a component lifecycle, the React devs created around a dozen new independent concepts to replace them. By pretending that all these different independent concepts such as useEffect, useState, etc were not actually independent concepts, but were a single concept called “Hooks”, they were able to sell the transition to developers more easily.

The only doubt in my mind is whether the React devs were even aware of this falsehood that they were spreading. I’m not convinced they themselves understood what they created and were laboring under the same illusions that they were spreading.