skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Unfortunately there are tons of books about the history of physics that get many details wrong, because apparently the authors have not actually read many of the primary sources, especially when they had not been written in English, but in German, French, Latin or other languages.

Even the original works written in English, like those of Hamilton, pose serious problems when you are not careful, because many words used in physics have changed in meaning during the time, some of them multiple times (e.g. "energy", "action" or "force"). Those who are not aware of this frequently reach wrong conclusions about who has said what.

A few authors have actually read the primary sources, but those typically do not understand physics so well as to be able to distinguish the important concepts from those of little importance, so they are not able to trace the evolution of the important concepts :-(

The only foolproof method to understand the history of physics is to read very carefully the original works (carefully, because the words and the notations used may be very different from those used now). Fortunately, that has become much easier now than before, because there are many online repositories with digitized scientific works from the previous centuries.

For example, "Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865): Mathematical Papers":

https://www.emis.de/classics/Hamilton/index.html

The most important for this thread are (especially the 2nd, which introduces the modern Lagrangian formulation):
1834-04: “On a General Method in Dynamics”, and
1834-10 (but published in 1835): “Second Essay on a General Method in Dynamics”.

The first who has shown how to rewrite the second order system of Lagrange equations into the first order system of equations now called Hamilton's equations (i.e. by using the equivalent of the Legendre transformation) was Poisson in 1809, but the last time when I have searched for that work online I could not find it.

After Poisson, Cauchy has presented in 1831 a method equivalent with that published by Hamilton in 1835. I also could not find online the 1831 work, but an extract of it has been republished in 1837 and this can be found online in many places, for instance at:

http://www.numdam.org/volume/JMPA_1837_1_2_/

Note sur la variation des constantes arbitraires dans les problèmes de Mécanique,
Cauchy, Augustin, pp. 406-412.

You can read some books about the history of physics for a general acquaintance with the authors and the published works from the previous centuries, but you must remain skeptical about any opinions presented there until you read yourself the primary works to verify if they really contain what is claimed about them, or they contain something else.

I have found the reading of many old scientific papers, especially from the 19th century, surprisingly useful for a better understanding of the modern theories that I use now.
> Kapa must be doing something right since they seem to be growing

It's marketing. The person you responded to said they're all marketing. Saying they "must be doing something right" because other people are also falling for it is how you get scammed.
I feel like this indicates that at least moderately-sized composting systems should also have carbon- and methane-capture systems
It's not really saying "only expert programmers" though, is it? It's people who know Haskell, which by coincidence happens to be overzealous undergraduates and a certain subset of experienced programmers. FP is a paradigm among many, its basics somewhat predate (or since it's so close, co-date?) more imperative descriptions of computation. That we mostly use and as such mostly teach beginners with procedural languages is a quirk of history. Nothing would prevent a change to that except historical inertia. Saying "more people should learn Haskell" is saying "I don't want to write code only for other expert programmers." It's just as natural if you know it, and even beginners could know it, they just don't.

However as I mentioned, since it is not true that most people can read FP code, I mostly avoid using it. The example comes from my solution to AoC2023's Day 3, "Gear Ratios", which is just about the only thing I use Haskell for.

That doesn't mean that using it doesn't have practical applications, since being used to multiple paradigms opens you up to unconventional solutions. I've recently sped up a MATLAB function ~100x through using a more functional style to manipulate memory more efficiently. Async/await, certain styles of modern iterator manipulation and generators escaped F#, CLU and others into C# and from there into the world at large specifically because Microsoft programmers saw a problem they had had a solution for in previous functional projects. So it's not all useless.

For the record, a more imperative version could be written as

symbols = [ imagine there's stuff here ]
gears = []

for (symbol, coord) in symbols:
if symbol == '*':
ns = neighbouringNumbers(coord)
if len(ns) == 2:
gears.append(ns)

or in Python's functional-inspired notation which directly mirrors what's happening in the Haskell code

gears = [ neighbouringNumbers(coord)
for symbol,coord in symbols
if symbol == '*' and len(neighbouringNumbers(coord)) == 2 ]

though that requires an unnecessary extra call to neighbouringNumbers, which you could solve with a walrus op but I can't remember how to do that. I also changed the entire pair being passed to neighbouringNumbers (which was convenient in Haskell) to only the coordinate that is required (which is convenient in Python).

Personally I just find nowadays that having to comprehend "it collects neighbour-pairs from '*' symbols" from the imperative code harder than having that be the thing that is actually written down.
Seems simple, I'm not sure about profoundness.

Is there a reason people had not thought of this for the last several decades? Like, was there some missing math or discovery that enabled this?
I wrote a similar little app for the office lotto syndicate, way, way back. The older colleagues didn't trust it, and preferred coming up with their own 'random' numbers.

I still don't really know what there isn't to trust about generating random numbers for the lottery.
Yes, this list doesn't provide more than a quick google search. It's easy to find a million competing products. Getting an unbiased comparison with a table of points is a more useful resource that takes more effort to make and keep updated.
How to Scale a Laravel App to handle and3M requests per month
Fair enough. My apologies for being a parrot.
Probably if being actively exploited by a multi billion company is a problem for them, it might be better for them to change dream.. or species
I'm not the parent commenter, but no you can't bribe people in Taiwan or Japan.

If I told you the only way to deal with the Canadian government is bribes, would you believe me? Then why do you believe it when talking about equally advanced countries?
My understanding was so far, that if the initial Stammkapital for an UG is too low, it then is seen under constant thread of insolvency under the law. Meaning that you're effectively always delaying insolvency, which is a crime. So if you then actually go bankrupt, assuming you're both Gesellschafter and Geschäftsführer, you're pretty much guaranteed to be convicted.

Though I have to admit this was 10 years ago when I looked into it. I remember there being a lot of fearmongering around starting an UG back then.
Barney's new york is now closed, it was not fine.
A lot of that is also bad meta data. I have a few playlists for around 10 years or so. Every so often I have to go in and hunt down greyed out tracks that are no longer there but are available in identical versions elsewhere. Publishers apparently regularly update what they have on the platform and there's a lot of duplication as well between best off albums, remastered albums, etc. And some artists, like Neil Young, actually pulled most of their content. Spotify seems very happy to just break everybody's playlists continuously.
Mine is in the younger category, Snapchat is their main communication tool, even for calls. She reaches her screentime limit on it very quickly.
Getting Started with GitOps and FluxCD
From their about page, it seems they very much do not want to be like HN:

> Some things that are off-topic here but popular on larger, similar sites: entrepreneurship, management, news about companies that employ a lot of programmers, investing, world events, anthropology, self-help, personal productivity systems, last-resort customer service requests via public shaming
> This is an odd way to look at it. Without music, Spotify doesn’t exist. People subscribe to Spotify and listen to their ads in exchange for unlimited music access. So Spotify is making money from your music.

Spotify has expenses too and is hosting and streaming our music, distributing and maintaining an app and api for access, all basically for free for the musician. So "making money from your music" from my 800 streams a year is a very optimistic view of how the whole thing works out, I'd say we are cooperating fairly.
Even Spotify is smart enough to know that people will leave them if this ever happens.
I hardly ever listen to metal any more but I still often check Angry Metal Guy just because it's such a well run independent music review and community site.

Unfortunately such sites are increasingly rare these days.
>However, if we custom-tune the settings for the lowest latency possible I chose minlatency = 0 and maxlatency = 1 then we have a new winner. Applying this custom tuning results in an average latency of 5.2 ms, which is 0.1 ms lower than xterm, and that’s with having a much more sane terminal without legacy cruft.

But... that max column. It hurts.
I was talking with a friend yesterday who asked me about "de-mail" and "gmx.de", both words I haven't heard in many years.

Apparently if you want to contact the pension insurance (Rentenversicherung) and you don't want to call them (Maybe because you don't speak german), or send a paper letter you'll have to sign up for this "secure email, but not really email" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Mail) service. It costs a small fee to set up (10 Euros), or a bit cheaper if you are listed in the "public de-mail phone book" (6 Euros) and you have to verify yourself through a government ID.

If you are not a german citizen you of course don't have this ID card and can't do the verification online, that means that you now have to go to one of the few places in the city where you can verify yourself for the service. Some of them are just small corner stores that usually also do postal services.

Very bizarre experience, just to get some simple answers related to your pension.
A TODO that lives inside your REPL
Lol the "nitrogen cycle" is dead at most "modern" farms. They kill all the microbes that perform the nitrogen fixing and then add it back in manually.
> But if you read those links, you'll see that it's not quite there yet.

Anything you're referring to specifically? I think I made it pretty clear that Docker images based on package repo snapshots are not fully "there" yet.

> Docker in general can't solve reproducibility - it's the package manager within any container that does that.

No doubt, but right now the issue is that the package managers have done their part and the Docker images need to catch up.
The focus on performance is a recent thing. VTE was pretty slow to begin with.
So why don't you put your money where your mouth is?
Missed that part, sorry. I thought one of those terminal emulators were Wayland only, hence my question.
> In addition, if you add "donate" button you'd see a lot of artists being showered with cash.

There are donation buttons for some artist on Spotify. I guess the artist need to enable it? ("Signum Regis" is an artist that has a Donate button for example)
You should see Spain... basically the same but impossible even to get an appointment. There are dodgy third-party people that sell them on Facebook (I guess they use bots to get them), that's how bad it is.
I have a German company. It's driving me nuts. So much overhead for NOTHING. The bookkeeping and tax is insane. Tax system is so complicated only one dinosaur, Datev, works correctly, so you end up with 1990-era-style software (yes, that bad).

I currently have to change our address. Need to go to the notary. ~500€ for that. WTF...
happy 404 y'all ! https://smknstd404.netlify.app/
That wss an extreme example I think. Most probably end up with less than $5 loss
Doesn't it? I think we all agree performative behaviors have taken center stage over the last couple decades (see also: online influencers, prepper culture, and the shitstorm over "woke" culture). Quibbling over bullshit minutia with no specific larger goal in mind, especially in public forums, is just another manifestation.
Why relocation is needed? Can a EU citizen open a business in Estonia?
Ask HN: Holding structures, overview of all cross-border withholding taxes?
Hi HN,

I am looking for an (interactive) resource that summarizes all situations of parent company located in country A with subsidiary in country B related to dividend transfers.

I am both interested in the WHT (withholding tax) that needs to be paid by the subsidiary as well as the tax implications for the parent company of receiving the dividends as revenue.

My motivation: The subsidiary company in country B should serve regional B2B customers, while the holding in a business-friendly country A should receive excess capital to deploy it somewhere else.

More context: Within one jurisdiction that seems to be a simple and very common setup.
I think it's the discontinuous jump that causes the problem, and natural signals do sometimes have sudden jumps.
I remember when calculators were the Forbidden Fruit because, according to maths teachers, we were "not going to be walking around with calculators in our pockets all the time."
A further thought:

Whilhelm Reich’s concept of “armoring” is relevant and worth exploring for those interested.

Here’s the first article I could find about it (no idea if it’s the best):

https://www.somatopia.com/blog/the-art-of-letting-go-why-rei...

One of my practitioners, who I see every 2-3 months, specializes in releasing “armor” from the body with a specific massage technique.

I can easily believe that in many cases where someone is considered to be moderately-ASD, that it’s a case of this kind of armoring.

This is not to say there is no physiological or genetic component, but that the trauma and armoring is a significant factor in the expression of the condition.
Yeah I have to admit, Spotify uses the least amount of cruddy dark patterns. Their model is very upfront about paying, so they have never nagged me for anything. Their interface isn't the best but it's consistent.

These days there's a lot of worth in that, the bars been set quite low.
Does anyone know of a service where I can feed in my Spotify playlists, and it tells me where I can buy those tracks?
Nice to see an alternative, there is some old issues with xdotool or wmctrl and after some tests I will probably replace them completely with bonk.

I updated my script for i3wm to toggle windows between scratchpad/active/start/stop:

https://gist.github.com/tkapias/0443d4930c1d7b520f4496e1ff39...
It doesn’t bother me, I was just interested in whether the benchmark is fair in this respect (it is xorg only, so the answer is yes). I personally believe that 120+ hz gives barely any benefit, though.
Which is exactly the Russian strategy.
A link to what? Travel within the Schengen area is unrestricted, you can drive or fly to wherever you want and nobody will check passports.
Wow the stowaway! That’s pretty amazing and a very unique part of the story. Perhaps more common in those times?
Read the book years ago and it’s still the most jaw dropping story.
> (to the point most of western europe now has gov spending at 40%+ of gdp)

Perhaps that's fundamentally barking up the wrong tree. West-European governments in the post WW2 era have had higher relative spendings then that, without every financial expert and their dog declaiming that doomsday is near and services need to be cut.

We've been able to finance better healthcare before, we've able to finance better education before, we've been able to finance better infrastructure before, etc. So which costs have risen out of proportion to the point that none of that is possible today.
It's also true of lead. Care to eat a brick of it and report your findings?
Yes. Live translation services are provided for the minority of formal stuff that’s done in German. Drinking beer in the alternative track, everybody understands each other after a couple of drinks even if they didn’t before.
You’re as good as Germans on making word salad for normalising racism.

Where’re you from?
Where would I keep them instead? I always wonder. Let’s say I am developing an app against OpenAI API. Where do I put the OpenAI API Key in VS Code?

As far as I know .env file is the main supported way of setting environmental variables in VS Code.
Renewing your passport is quick and relatively painless in the UK. Founding a company is also reasonably easy. This reads like you have some chip on your shoulder about "austerity" and are needlessly bringing it up here.
To me, Jet Set Radio Future was worth buying the entire console back in the day. Halo was just a nice bonus.
Streaming services will be regulated in the coming months in EU

https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/17/24041343/eu-music-streami...

EDIT: as it’s been pointed out, the article doesn’t mention a time, which is a speculation on my part
How much change is that in real value?
It's THEIR money.
They say: $4 / 1,000 = $0.004 per streamed track.

You say: $450 / 150,000 = $0.003 per streamed track.

The two sets of numbers don't seem so far apart that the discrepancy cannot be explained by rounding errors.
Is pm2 claiming that the cluster module is a load balancer? Because I don’t really consider round robin to be a full load balancer. Maybe 25 years ago but not today.

The node cluster module needs a way to provide your own balancing algorithm. Then I wouldn’t feel the need to put a reverse proxy in front of it.
Really low on the part of the authors to not even mention his name.
Might depend on where you are in Spain. Having lived in both, I'd take Spain over Germany any day of the week.
Whereas if funding is increased, that same nepotist core will suddenly discover their spirit of public service and ensure the money is spent on better delivery, instead of further enriching themselves?

Honestly, the whole funding debate for public services is often so facile and ideologically entrenched. Both sides are right: Public services _are_ invariably inefficient, and cutting funding _does_ invariably do little to increase efficiency. But neither side will accept the validity of the other's argument and so we end up with this cycle of alternating governments imposing austerity and generosity.
Sure, but why implicit?

x = y 3

vs

x = partial y 3

I would vastly prefer the latter. And if you do it a lot you could have a symbol for it in your language.

Your examples are unrelated to currying though...
WeRide L4 Driverless Robosweeper
> Lots of companies today only pay you out once you reach $X, usually some nominal amount. It sounds like that could be the case here.

This seems to already be the case, in practice. Spotify claims that there's about 40 million in unpaid royalties for people who can't withdrawal yet.

https://artists.spotify.com/en/blog/modernizing-our-royalty-...
What's the benefit of doing that? You'd still be subject to the local laws if you are in Germany for more than > 6 months a year and the fees that Deel is charging for your salary are not that low either.
What is the going rate for a service that "organically" plays a track / album 1000 times?

To misquote Bezos: Your silly policy is my buisness oppertunity.
Ask HN: Best OSS SQL Query Builder in Any Language
I'm looking to build my own query builder, but I wish to study the state of the art first - Any recommendations? I hear good things about pythons SQL alchemy, and elixirs ecto?
Did the conversation slip into geologic timescales or something? Unless you're advancing the argument that modern day corporate structures bear some kind of significant relationship to feudalism the phrase was recent history. I'm fairly certain reasonable people wouldn't classify, for example, the War of the Roses as recent events.
I'm intrigued. What's your bandcamp page? :)
It’s probably Retrieval Augmented Generation? Just wanted to put this here in case somebody is not familiar with this pattern.
Would you/your band be interested in trying out a pay-what-you-want system? I started the work to add crowdfunding support to communick (described on https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39399121) and I'm looking now for musicians/artists/FOSS developers for some beta testing.
Wow. I’ve never had to show ID at Dutch hospitals or clinics. My GP does the referral (!!! great GP!!!) or I turn up at A&E and the (medical) intake has begun. I speak Dutch though, maybe that makes a difference?

Edit:spelling and clarification on intake
Show HN: On-device image background removal
> If AWS goes down, and it does

Rarely. And never if you've setup your environment across multiple regions.
So, Neuromancer meets Terminator? I'd read that.
What is kitty-tuned? Quick google didn't give useful info.
I write quite a bit of Elm and I use currying a lot. I really wish it was explicit. Or at least that my IDE could highlight them.
I wouldn’t call the cool. That UI makes it look like deleting projects is one of the tasks users will do a lot. I doubt that’s the intent.

Also, why text for “view”, but icons for “edit” and “delete”?

I would try to merge “view” and “edit” (do you really need the two?), then get rid of their buttons (users can click on a project’s panel to view project contents. Makes for a nice large click target for what, I guess, will be the most frequent action), and move “delete” to a “…” thing in the top right of the panel. At least use a less visible wastebasket icon. You can ditch the red if deleting requires confirmation.
Actually yes, the gymnasium at which he studied in Hungary during the turn of the C20 had a very fast and formulated approach to mathematical learning, it churned out a handful of truly exceptional minds, there is literature but it is sparse.
What a stupid fraud. Straight shot for the moon: room-temperature superconductor. Sues the university for removing his students, forcing the investigation and public airing of laundry that would permanently discredit him. Like, in what universe would any of these tactics have paid off? Did he think he’d actually make the claimed discovery if he only had more time?
I use kitty. What's kitty-tuned?
Pre and post Elon is a big difference for Twitter. Before I would post a tweet with links to my blog and would see an increase in both metrics and responses to it. Post Elon I don't think anyone even sees the tweet as I am not a paying twitter subscriber, and most people that would respond etc have left. And about 2 people see my Mastadon post.