skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Ask HN: Common Patterns/Trade-Offs in Large-Scale System Design
What are the common patterns/trade-offs in large-scale system design that:

1) Give you a clear picture of the design space
2) Help you evaluate & categorise existing solutions better?

We have all have come across fundamental trade-offs in system design, such as:

1. CAP Theorem (or variations thereof)[1]
2. RUM (Read-Update-Memory) Conjecture[2]
3. Latency vs. Throughput (& Queuing Theory)[3]

Are there any research papers/book/blogs/videos where all such fundamental trade-offs for large-scale system design have been documented?

If not, what other fundamental trade-offs do you swear by when designing or evaluating large-scale systems?

[1] https://dbmsmusings.blogspot.com/2010/04/problems-with-cap-and-yahoos-little.html
[2] http://daslab.seas.harvard.edu/rum-conjecture/
[3] https://blog.danslimmon.com/2019/02/26/the-latency-throughput-tradeoff-why-fast-services-are-slow-and-vice-versa/
I am serious. Ye, well, I'd argue the type of person that really can't "take shit" wont survive very long as a cop. Either litteraly or by being fired.

Among soldiers that type is way more common as they are not being filtered out since they are not exposed to it. (The NCO:s being mean in boot camp is not the same thing since the soldier is a subordinate.)
That is sort of what I mean, to be able to continuously regenerate the output in the same manner and achieve consistent results, imo, you would probably converge on something that leaves little open to interpretation - so mathematical notation or legal code.
It's not at all obvious that forcing more auto travel and causing chaos in domestic air travel would result in a net benefit in safety (and otherwise) for the general public. I imagine its pretty nuanced.

Only reason I see for it is a punitive incentive for Boeing. Anything else requires more of an argument, in my perspective.
Maybe if Russia weren't an active threat to all its neighbors, its neighbors wouldn't want to join NATO so badly.
That is the desired effect. People with mental illness live in cycles that cause them illness and don't see how they're doing it to themselves. They're stuck, and can't see outside of themselves. Or if they do they lack the ability to care.

The effects of certain psychedelics are such that it can, if done therapeutically, "wake up" the individual to these behaviors and their ignorance of the reality around them.

This comes with it's own issues ofc, but they can become seemingly good issues to have.
> Are you suggesting that Apple aren't the people in charge of iPhones?

Yes

https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/1/22361762/iphone-russia-sta...

https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/12/apple-admits-to-...

https://support.apple.com/en-us/111754

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM#/media/File:Prism_slide_...

https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-govt-demanded-app...

https://www.reuters.com/legal/brazil-court-fines-apple-order...

https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-pay-c144-mln-settle...
I know that people really want to bash this, but there are people out there that this would be a benefit to them. Those that do infrequent printing.

And frankly, the math isnt bad.

Looking at their cheapest plan which is $7 a month for 20 pages. 20 color prints from staples is $13.20. 20 black and white prints is only $4 so if you are never doing color it is questionable.

But the math gets better if you go slightly higher. 50 pages (2.5x the previous tier) is only $9 instead of 6. 50 color prints from staples is $33. 50 black and white prints from staples is $10.

And yes, I realize that if you were to buy the printer and buy the ink it would likely be cheaper. But first that requires being able to spend the money on a printer, which not everyone may have that money or it will have to go on a credit card.

Second you may have to worry about dry ink if you really print that infrequently (I honestly don't know how big of a problem this really is, but I know its a thing I see repeated a lot).

I am just saying, HP has some some shady stuff. I am not necessarily giving them a pass with this, but for infrequent (but consistent) printing it isnt horrible and you can do it at home instead of needing to go out.

Edit: However that privacy policy is horrible, and does really ruin a plan like this.
https://www.retrostic.com/roms/mame/area-51-41277

http://adb.arcadeitalia.net/dettaglio_mame.php?game_name=are...
>These techdirt articles with 15 links mixed in and unclear sources are ....dirt.

What 15 links and what unclear sources?

There's 4 links in the article, 2 of which are direct links to HP pages that pertain to what is in the paragraph, 1 is direct link to a video that is referenced, and 1 is past coverage about a lawsuit. All are acting as sources and all are pretty clear to me?
> Support our ally Israel

Aren't allies supposed to help each other out? US has given Israel billions in aid, but Israel refuses to do the bare minimum of allowing aid through its land borders with Gaza. The humiliation is Israel completely ignoring US concerns, and US not only letting them get away with it despite massive leverage at their disposal, but also putting American soldiers at risk to clean up their mess
Narcolepsy
You seem surprised that the U.S. supports nations with Western values, particularly against people that want to destroy Western nations.
Heh... did you look me up? (EDIT: I forgot I recently commented about my highschool tenure until now. Hah!)

Yeah, this was 2015-2016. Yes, the school printer and my home printer supported it, I was just forgetful and a bit of a smartass :)
You have gotten it backwards.

Israel has had a long-standing policy of propping up Hamas in order to divide Palestinians and thwart the creation of a Palestinian state. Here's an actual quote from Netanyahu on this from 2019 :

“Anyone who wants to thwart the establishment of a Palestinian state has to support bolstering Hamas and transferring money to Hamas … This is part of our strategy – to isolate the Palestinians in Gaza from the Palestinians in the West Bank.”

> https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/20/benjam...
Many [though not enough] people in K̶a̶l̶i̶n̶i̶n̶g̶r̶a̶d̶ Królewiec consider themselves more European than russian. The optimistic view is that sooner or later they'll get their way. Perhaps with putler's death they might.
I would also add: legal code for theft of bikes is analogous to what we have for cars; Law Enforcement takes bike theft seriously and there is a nationwide clearing house of information on stolen bikes/parts.

I don't go exclusive for bikes locally because a) weather and b) theft. A distant third is c) safety but that's because my region has motorists who are generally bike-aware.
What is that?

Do you mean scams that start on tinder? Pig butchering?
Most of those discs are on archive.org these days, if you can remember some clue to search for and find it. Pop it in a Win95 VM and have a nostalgia-fest evening.
If the Russian empire didn’t expand west under the guise of communist brotherhood, then proceeded to make every aspect of life miserable to those they controlled (not talking about purely macroeconomics here), Nato would have never been invited east.
Maybe. Countries can leave the treaty. Congress and the Senate are trying to make it impossible for the president to unilaterally do this, but I don't know if that bill has passed yet. It's a bipartisan effort believe it or not, because even the most politic Republicans are not stupid. I expect it should pass before January 2025.

But who knows, maybe he can sabotage the alliance in other ways, or find some other way out.
Our inability to predict future success from failiure is exactly why we have (massively inefficient) markets outcompeting centralized planned approaches.
More opinions 5 days ago: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39570692
It's time for the USA to step out of NATO. Will surely happen when Trump comes to power.
Where do I find the license reproductions and credits/attributions for the content being distributed in this data set? Is it all in there? Are all inclusions compliant? Can I know?

I'm open to the argument that generators built with models that consumed copyrighted data may evade copyright obligations on their output, but surely the data sets themselves are bound by any copyright on their content?
I think some of the early FPS engines were re-used, with Rise of the Triad using the Wolfenstein 3d one.
The non-US members all have different views that must reach a consensus before any action which is precisely where the machine grinds to a halt. Which means a consensus is rarely reached. Contrasting that to the US which can bring all of its might with the whims of one leader and possible brow beating of congress to agree.

In this way, NATO/UN is interchangeable from the US point of view.
Definitely downloading and uploading company documents to people outside the company counts as stealing...
As I understand it, JavaScript does have a distinction between the primitive types and Object, but this does not show up in any significant way to the programmer / in any way relevant to how to view variables. To put it differently, the "boxes" view only applies to primitive values, while the "tentacles" view applies to all values, so the former is unnecessary and need not even be considered/taught.
There's a great book about caracaras from a few years ago called "A Most Remarkable Creature: The Hidden Life and Epic Journey of the World's Smartest Birds of Prey" by Jonathan Meiburg. I highly recommend it! (And a trivia note, the author is perhaps better known as a musician, most notably in the bands Shearwater and Loma.)

Book (no wiki link, but this seems OK): https://www.npr.org/2021/03/31/982631076/-a-most-remarkable-...

Author: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Meiburg

Didn't think I'd see caracaras mentioned when I opened up hacker news this morning, thanks!
Boy that really makes ya think. Kinda puts worrying about what other people think of you into perspective, huh? ;)
Most Tier 1/2 Indian and Chinese candidates prefer to remain in India+China instead of emigrating to the EU

Top tier employers in both countries can pay Warsaw or Prague level salaries (eg. An IIT Kanpur class of 2024 undergraduate's average starting base salary is US$30,000 in India alone [0]), and you aren't going to be a de facto indentured servant

Generally, Indian+Chinese talent that emigrates to the EU tend to be those whose career growth is limited due to attending non-target schools or lower tier companies.

This excludes graduate students at top tier European institutions (eg. TU Munich, EPFL, etc) who are there explicitly for research, but end up returning to their home countries due to competitive tenure or funding offers.

20 years ago, a Chinese or Indian national attending TU Munich for a PhD would probably stay in Europe, but nowadays they get competitive tenure track offers at IITs or Double First Class Universities.

[0] - https://m.economictimes.com/jobs/fresher/iit-kanpur-class-of...
They can however design an instruction set integral to the development of the iPhone and garner Apple's continued investment in their success as a result.

What, you didn't forget about ARM did you?
The key difference would be if they kept permissive licensing or if there would be copyleft BSD derivatives. For example, without GPL forcing the kernel to stay open source, Android phones would be a lot harder to modify
> Germany is a vassal of the United States

Oh lord this again
I think that's an aliasing question.

If write is sending bytes to somewhere else, it's pure. In exactly the same way that returning a value type from a function is pure, or passing a value type to some other function is pure. Since they're all the same thing. A unix process is a function in a literal sense.

If you've aliased read and write to the same thing then mutation is back with us and sorrows return.

Vaguely tangential, it's totally possible to write a program that uses read() to copy all of stdin to its own address space allocated with brk(), does whatever maths it wants, then sends some of the result back out with write(). Three syscalls, useful userspace program, no libc involved.
Arab countries don't want to let Palestinians in because it doesn't serve their long term strategic goal of eliminating Israel. From their point of view, the role of Palestinians is to hold Palestine for Arabs. That's the way they think.
The United States playing both sides of the game
For what? EU is plenty powerful enough to do that, but for what end. What would they do different that is significant. Sure there are minor differences in various policies and lots of disagreements, but overall our high level aims are too close and so the EU is better off not having to.

Have you ever heard of the military-industrial complex? If the EU wants to be independent they need to develop their own at great cost. (note that the US is already depending on EU's military industrial complex for various things, so you would also force the US to take those in-house) Which is why despite differences the US and EU are likely to remain allies for a long time - you cannot afford to go alone.
Of course. Because cars don't spend money, people do. The more efficiently humans are packed together, the more money-per-square-foot there is available. You could have a drive-thru with six lanes and a mile long driveway, and it still wouldn't do the same numbers as the dingy coffee stand by a bus station at rush hour. That a bicycle is more space efficient than automobiles shouldn't be surprising to anybody.
That would sucks for my downstairs neighbours, then. And for the company across the backyard, which makes radios and stuff, centrally located in the city. The school in the next street it would have a problem, too.

Summing up: You want more suburbia and less city center.
Ugh, that's not good. I'm not able to reproduce the issue in any web browsers right now (I just tried Chrome, Brave, Firefox, Safari, and also on mobile both iOS and Android).
I don’t think that analogy works because my circular saw will sit on the shelf unused for years and still work perfectly when I need it. Ink dries out on a much faster scale.
>It can be OK to put authentication tokens in urls

When would this ever be necessary? URL session tokens have been a bad idea ever since they first appeared.

The only things even near to auth tokens I can reasonably see stuffed into a URL are password reset and email confirmation tokens sent to email for one time short expiration use.

Outside of that, I don't see any reason for it.
> This is literally presumption of guilt based on where someone was born.

Not where someone is born, but whom they owe allegiance to. If you do not discriminate based on someone's allegiances, then on what basis would you expect it to be appropriate to discriminate? The idea that all discrimination is immoral or unethical is not only suspect, it's clearly foolhardy. China is an enemy to everyone who is not China, they aren't even subtle about this. China only cares about China, and will sabotage or interrupt deals and commit espionage in order to get ahead. Anyone who owes allegiance to China is not a friend of the West, full stop. The West and the entities operating in it owe no benefit of the doubt or benefit at all towards anyone who has allegiance to China. China holds no such ridiculous notion as that they shouldn't discriminate based on allegiance, they make it clear you are either theirs or you are unwelcome.

Note, I am also /not/ saying that China is necessarily doing anything immoral within their own framework here, I am simply observing that they are not, and have not been, any friend to the West, and they are clearly at this point our enemy. Just because they are our enemy does not mean that their behaviors aren't rational from their perspective or point of view and don't align with their own moral systems. We don't owe them any regard or benefit of the doubt however, as they are our enemy, and it's just as much not immoral for us to uphold ourselves against our enemies.

> It's the literal definition of prejudice. Very illiberal.

You and I have different definitions of prejudice and what it means to be Liberal. My definition of prejudice matches what's in the dictionary:

noun

1. The act or state of holding unreasonable preconceived judgments or convictions.

2. An adverse judgment or opinion formed unfairly or without knowledge of the facts.

3. Irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular social group, such as a race or the adherents of a religion.

Acting to protect yourself from an enemy and its nationals is not unreasonable, based on any unfairness, based on lack of knowledge of the facts, nor is it irrational, therefore the preconditions of prejudice aren't present. When you have a clear, rational, open basis for discrimination, it's not prejudicial, it's simply prudent.
>The issue isn’t “hacking” in the sense of breaking into software, it’s a social engineering attack that fools a user into handing over their information.

Very much so.
Global Patent Filings Down: What Does It Mean?
The tax should be in proportion to the damage done to the road by the vehicle. So there should be a weight-of-the-vehicle factor in the tax calculation. I doubt that the function of weight to damage is linear, so the tax shouldn't be either. Type of tire and their surface area to the road may be worth including too, since a heavier six wheeler may do the same damage as a lighter four wheeler.

I wonder if trucks would pay more than they do now if road costs are divided like this.
Stop Using These 5 Outdated Optimization Tricks in PHP
Seeing some comments here I doubt this will stay up. Any war/political discussion brings all the crazies out.

Edit: Already flagged.
Why do everyone assume "open source" imply legality?

(/s)
To be fully prepared, you should practice your maniacal howling and wild ecstatic movement well ahead of dosing or you will have no idea what to do when you are peaking and a faerie opens the void in front of you begging you to jump in and be swallowed into a world of colorful, cherry-flavored music. If you can manage it, you will want to have a hose connected to a reliable water source and some dry clothes just in case.
It's a bit personal, but if you don't mind me asking; was there a conclusion to your worry? And if so, what was it?
Sounds like exactly what's going on in Arizona with TSMC.
"Taking a dose which is barely noticeable" is not a microdose, it's a low active dose.
In the city center of my perfect world I'd skip your point 2, making sure that there are easily reachable parking blocks outside the center, big enough and well connected to public transit to about any spot.
Did you mean the strategically located island of Gotland, which has been called an "unsinkable aircraft carrier"?
Indeed, that is the point I am making.
I wonder if such high quality free books are already fed to LLMs during training?
> So what we need is financial data. Revenue numbers. Sales taxes. Credit-card receipts. Employment figures. That’s the good stuff. And for methodological rigor, we want to case-match our study areas to similar neighborhoods that didn’t get bike lanes — and to numbers for the city overall, to establish a baseline.

What we need is an identification strategy [0] that identifies some random or as-if-random source of variation in where bike lanes are deployed, and then compares sales data from places that do and do not get them. I'm not an expert on bike lanes, but from a quick look at the research in this article, none really has a convincing approach to this problem.

We also have lots of examples where a big observational literature says one thing, but the first time someone does an RCT, it falls apart, e.g. Vitamin D supplmements [1].

Personally, if I heard business owners saying over and over that bike lanes were hurting their sales, I would assume they knew something that was not captured in studies. (I am a biker who does not own a car, FWIW.)

[0] https://www.jstor.org/stable/2291629

[1] https://twitter.com/JohnArnoldFndtn/status/17396966434594408...
Do you think UK or France would use nuclear weapons in response to a non-nuclear Russian attack on other NATO members (e.g. Germany)? Are they obligated to do so?
NATO is a defensive pact, if there was a NATO naval blockade there would already be war with NATO which almost certainly means escalation to nuclear war. that's my take anyway.
Hopefully the defaults handle nuance like you mentioned, but one of the other benefits of Kagi is you can boost/de-boost domains, so you can correct for things even if they're using an overly blunt approach. If enough people do that, it'll also bubble up on the leaderboard: https://kagi.com/stats?stat=leaderboard&k=1
The US benefitted from NATO because if the Soviets has overrun Western Europe, there would have been what was essentially a single country (or a country and its satellites which it dominates militarily) stretching from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific, a country that probably would have become wealthier than the US and consequently eventually stronger militarily (if it had the political will to do so, which it probably would have). It was probably worth the expense for the US to have tried hard to prevent the formation of such a wealthier peer, just as it was worth the expense to prevent Germany from uniting most of Europe under its system during WWII (even ignoring the moral reasons for getting involved): being the wealthiest country in the system with the strongest military makes it less likely the country's civilians will get hurt or killed (by e.g. an invasion or a naval blockade).

In other words, there has been a strong streak of national self-interest (correctly calculated IMHO -- at least until the end of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union) in the US's contributions to NATO.
“Rapid unscheduled disassembly” instead of “exploded” vibes
> (North Korea would cease to exist if China weren't supporting them as a proxy so the analogy is deeper than just nukes).

I don't think this is a "river to the sea" equivalent, though, is it? Are other countries poised to eradicate North Korea? I thought it was more like economic support?
"Open source" implies that, no? A definition of open source which includes blatantly pirated material on the condition that the people who collated and released the pirated material did so for free is really stretching it past breaking point. By that standard everything on The Pirate Bay is open source.
Persy 1.5 Released
Because people with vast amounts of money and power in the US either have relatives there or have cultural interests there. US foreign policy in the Middle East over the last fifty years becomes a lot less nonsensical if you think about it in terms of "what would benefit Israel the most"?
> Such links are very useful in an 'it's OK to have security match the
use case'

I think you give the most sensible summary. It's about "appropriate
and proportional" security for the ease of use trade-off.

> the user now has a link to a photo, they could reshare but i trust
they won't intentionally do this.

Time limits are something missing from most applications to create
ephemeral links. Ideally you'd want to choose from something like 1
hour, 12 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours... Just resend if they miss the
message and it expires.

A good trick is to set a cron job on your VPS to clear /www/tmp/ at
midnight every other day.

> The big issue here isn't the links imho. It's the security analysis
tools scanning all links a user received via email

You have to consider anything sent to a recipient of Gmail, Microsoft,
Apple - any of the commercial providers - to be immediately
compromised. If sending between private domains on unencrypted email
then it's immediately compromised by your friendly local intelligence
agency. If using PGP or am E2E chat app, assume it _will_ be
compromised at the end point eventually, so use an ephemeral link.
Since I read the journal anecdote jetrink shared elsewhere in the thread before this, my first thought is "has security vulnerabilites that are classified."

In any case, it's not the known vulnerabilities you need to worry about for security.