skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
A git commit is a change from one state of the repository to another. A change is a diff, because... that's what a diff -- difference -- is, by definition. So a commit is a diff. (However, the reverse is not true: a diff is not a commit! A diff can be a commit, but a diff can also be a representation of a series of commits, or something else entirely.)

A git tree is a snapshot. A snapshot is, by definition, a view of the world at a point in time. A commit doesn't show you the world: it only shows you what's changed between the previous world and the next world. The state of the tree -- a checkout that comprises all the files in a project, at a particular time, is a snapshot. I guess I can see how a commit might be confused for this: you can check out a tree at a particular commit, and that would be a snapshot. But the commit is not the tree! The commit is not the snapshot! You could also look at it this way: you are not checking out a commit; you are checking out a tree that happens to be identified by the ref that points to a commit. (Technically that's not even the case, or rather it is, but only coincidentally: while we can check out trees by giving git a commit ref, in reality the tree itself has a different object name.)

To relate the two paragraphs above, a commit is the description of the change between two different trees (aka snapshots).

Note that I am deliberately ignoring how git actually implements these things, as I don't think git's implementation is remotely useful as a mental model. Consider: git implements commits as snapshots, but is your mental model of "making a commit" that you make a fresh, empty directory, and then retype all your code from scratch, but with the changes you want to make in the commit? No, of course not, that's nonsense. (Ok, maybe that's too extreme, but I think it's still nonsense to think about it as making a copy of your repository, making your changes to the copy, and then storing the entire new copy.)

A (single) commit is sort of a history, but not really in a useful sense. To me, history is a progression over time. Sure, a single commit gives you the "history" (meh) of a single change, over a short period of time. But when I think of my "git history" or my "commit history", I'm thinking about a series of changes (commits) over some longer period of time. Like "the list of commits between these two tags show the history of changes between these two releases", or, more generally, "all the commits on the main branch show the entire history of the project".

> is “how Git implements it” really the right way to explain it?

No, I don't think so. Implementation details (in the general sense, not specific to git) often don't represent the mental model that's most useful for understanding a system. Git is a little interesting in that it actually is a lot easier to understand how to use git and be productive using git if you understand a bit about its implementation. But that doesn't mean your mental model of a version control system should depend on implementation details.
It's almost the same thing, I think. I do the same thing with text artefacts and screenshots.

There is a hidden cost to snapshot testing - theyre highly susceptible to flakiness. The tests have to be hermetic and the all the code has to be deterministic or it doesnt work.

Achieving those two things is not always easy.
No mention of the Deitel & Deitel books?
Plastics have many substitution options outside of the narrow range where it's the best choice.

I'd be more concerned about how gas is feedstock for pharma, and fertiliser.
(shudders?)
There is a sense in which the even integers can be considered "half" of all the integers: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_density

"Counting stuff" can be generalised to infinite sets in different ways: cardinality is one (arguably the most common) of them, but natural density or measure are others.
I have a feeling there was a decent mechanical engineer also applying to work at boeing at the same time. But my friend did check that diversity box. The same one that helps you earn your bonus at Microsoft.
Gopikchr: A Yakshave
No no, this is a Googler defending the superiority of Google’s new cookie design. You’re supposed to assume your questions were too dumb and Google has everything figured out.
Hemp Batteries Revolutionize Energy Storage
Finally users, who don't care about online privacy will have a similarly bad experience as users who do care, but for some reason have to use a website that uses many third party scripts and cookies. For example some online shop, where they want to buy something but need to allow third party scripts to complete the purchase, enabling those in ublock and reloading the page, only to find out that even more are required.
Always this "horribly inefficient" claim. Yet, several advanced economies are doing it. You think you're smarter than the power industry economists who say batteries are OK?

Basically, have you tried considering you might be .. wrong?
According to news reports, it wasn't a door though. It is said it was a window located at a place where a door could be installed as an option.
If it's the case, I suppose there was not specific maintenance on this part of the aircraft.

I do agree with you that proper investigation is required before jumping to any conclusion, plenty of factors (external or internal to boeing) can contribute into this type of incident.
Maybe they're referring too VM hosted development environments or cloud function systems. But indeed it would surprise me to learn that remote is the norm, I don't know anyone developing on remote dev envs.
Back in the day Germans used to talk about Risikogesellschaft - as we get better at assessing risk of systems we build we get more risk averse too - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_society
Rob started doing the very thing I’m dreaming of while I wait for the build to finish and the tests to complete running. I’ll take this as inspiration and validation that it really is possible.
start doing
Tor Project: 2023: Year in Review
diff(old, new) is sort of a degenerate case of diff3(left, base, right) where left = base; if your patch came _from_ git in some capacity it can identify base and doesn't need to fall back
Kudos! I hope it works out great for you!
Now that’s a dude who’d been around the block a few times. It’s just not worth it to do business with people who treat you like garbage. No matter how big you are or how small they are.
The key to spending less time on your phone is getting another phone
"So Alaska airlines don't want that extra emergency door"

Boeing - "Hold my beer, I think I have some duct tape around here somewhere"
Post from April, FLEDGE is renamed to Protected Audience API. https://privacysandbox.com/intl/en_us/news/protected-audienc...

Docs for Protected Audience API: https://developers.google.com/privacy-sandbox/relevance/prot...

It feels like there's a bunch more pieces to the puzzle too. There's Topic API, which by itself only tells a site more about users, but does so in a supposedly privacy preserving way. There's dozens of efforts listed on https://developers.google.com/privacy-sandbox/relevance/prot... , mostly slated for 2023 & seemingly not updated in a while (with abundant broken links too). It's a bit wild that third party cookies are deprecated even though it seems like then promised fair privacy preserving replacement for ads is maybe still being built?
I don't know if it's still maintained, but I used to build this one from source:

https://legacyxperia.github.io/

If you're curious about the possibilities, it might be worth searching xdaforums for "mango", and browsing threads like this one:

https://xdaforums.com/t/is-an-xperia-mini-still-usable-in-20...

I haven't bothered, mainly because 3G service is disappearing nowadays.
No because programming is more than typing and more than grinding out code. It requires understanding business and creating solutions which satisfy customer needs which requires understanding of the culture. You aren’t going to get that with some remote hands code monkey.
Elon says many things, but this is one of the silliest ideas.

The experience of such a flight would be horrible. It all starts some weeks or months before with an extremely thorough physical check-up to make sure you are still able to withstand a rocket launch. On the day, you drive/sail to the middle of nowhere, at least an houror two out from any major city. Then, you get dressed into a used space suit - this takes experienced astronauts a good 10 minutes. You then board the rocket. Once everyone else is boarded and some pre-flight checks are successful, the fuelling starts. It will take a few hours, so hopefully they have good on-board entertainment.

Then, finally the rocket is ready to launch, and you get shot up into the atmosphere at an acceleration that is likely to make you pass out. Of course, this all happens with extremely tight noise canceling headphones to prevent your eardrums from bursting. But it's OK, you'll only wear them for an hour or so, and they may even allow you to take them off for a few minutes while you're coasting in the upper atmosphere. Then the deceleration will be just as enjoyable on the way down, of course. After you disembark and off the suit, you're now just a few short hours away from your actual destination.

There is 0 chance this will ever be allowed as a service for consumers, or that it would ever compete with business flights. It might make a cool tourism experience, but probably just up and down at the same place, no point in actually moving around.
I tend to disagree with the author and i dont think it is wise to limit yourself in whatever you want to read. Choosing the next book is one of the best things about reading. It took me a while to learn this. I often got stuck in a classisc which eventually stopped me from reading. Choosing carefully what to read, also not beeing „influenced“ by others, was a complete game changer to me. Beeing open to whatever you feel like reading is key.
I do see you have block editing in the qualifying statement for your speed comparison list, but Kanban seems to only be in your upcoming features list? I use bear regularly, but none of the features you mention are why I use bear; it's just a nice markdown editing experience and I'm rarely, if ever, dragging and dropping blocks within a document. I suppose if there are enough people who do find that crucial, you might want to emphasise it a little more, I don't think I spotted any mention of it.
With unlimited energy, there's pretty much infinite water in oceans to desalinate. Energy and its clean production and storage is the only thing to worry about.
This is really cool! Found a small bug - when you add a second card, the second card displays a pill with the total time difference between the first card and second card. When you switch the order of the cards by dragging, the pill remains on the same card so it's basically showing the total time difference in reverse. Clearing the cards and starting over with the switched order but by creating each card again results in the pill being displayed on the correct card.
It's not so much that clang is correct: there's no way to implement correct C++ according to the standard. But if you are using clang as your compiler, at least your tooling will agree with your compiler.
As someome who doesn't live in the US I appreciate the nod. Unless the company has edges in the southern hemisphere, every single widget has a round trip of 2-300ms. Something like Jira with it's cascading react components was a jumbling absurd mess until all the roundtrips completed, which could take 10+ seconds. A liftime from a UX perspective.
A maintenance issue on a ten week old plane?
Here is a demo video from someone who was there: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NORPeCcIXRQ (from another hn comment)
Oh, definitely not "only cookies intended to track users". This applies (IIANM) to e.g. any browser storage within an iframe. That is, if you want to have an SSO cookie on some login.auth.example and want to open the login form in an iframe, bad luck. The iframe cannot store or access the SSO cookie (or any other, like various preferences). And it's even worse (IIANM; I'm not yet sure if today's specific step applies this widely, but the whole "third-party tracking protection" definitely do): the foreign-origin iframe cannot use _any_ kind of storage, no localStorage, no sessionStorage, nothing. Not even for the time the iframe is active (no tracking there!). We are nowhere near the ad/tracking business but still need to handle these issues. (Not like we expect this to change, so we need to implement other solutions, usually much more complicated and less user-friendly.)
Pick a FOSS project that you use, check out its source code, fix a problem that affects you and contribute the fix back to the project.

After doing that for a while, check out the internships and bounties sections of the FOSSjobs wiki for opportunities to get paid for contributing to FOSS.

https://github.com/fossjobs/fossjobs/wiki/resources
https://www.fossjobs.net/
Of course they would be possible, just harder and less efficient to implement.

The snapshot representation can be transformed into a chain of diffs representation and the other way round without losing anything except performance.
Whatever happens in a couple of years will be 10-20 percent from projected marketing hype.
Yeah. To sum two bits x and y, the immediate sum is x XOR y, and the carry is x AND y. That's how a simple half-adder circuit can be made.
Fair enough, I didn't investigate them very far, as IMO only pubsub maps to the "webrtc signalling for misers" problem neatly enough to make it worth adopting (probably -- they haven't actually said how much it will cost).
I think, therefore I am.

Free will is entirely debatable.

In the same vein, the consciousness of others is also not certain, but I err on the side of caution.

I don’t “believe” in human rights, however they probably create a better living environment for all, therefore I would say they are a good thing.
Read Stephen Wolfram's book on ChatGPT
A Visit to Belmarsh Prison, Where Julian Assange Awaits
FWIW: calling Error() on a nil error is an obnoxious NPE fail, so I made this: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/fbaube/miscutils#Errer
That’s not belief. Either your wife loves you (good for you) or she does not (hooray for me). She’ll let you know, either way, so there’s no need for belief here.
Admiral Cloudberg's account is far better:

https://admiralcloudberg.medium.com/falling-to-pieces-the-ne...
> agents motivated by profit will, at the limit, optimize for profit at the expense of everything else

As opposed to agents motivated by conformity and an eye towards bureaucratic values?

Humans are self interested. This is common across systems. What differs is how we orient those interests in concert or competition, and when that dial is turned.
Did anyone else play Mavis Beacon growing up? I recently got a mechanical keyboard and there’s an online version of Mavis Beacon that held up surprisingly well, and got me used to typing on the new layout.
It sounds like they are writing software, so they probably care because their target users don't all own M1's. That was the point the article was getting across.
That's not a bug, that's a feature. It shows the pills based on the highlighted card. Click a different card, and the "pills" change.
A LOT. Language choice determines your peer reference group of your career. If you want to live office space the movie be a Java developer. If you want to work with young and insecure people that cannot program be a JavaScript developer. If you want to write software with real stress be a C++ developer.
“I suppose that’s all very well if you don’t know how to design software.”

ouch. it's good to be reminded there are ways to do things beyond the ways we know, i suppose

(this was wirth's thought on incremental xp-style design, i guess)
This is public information. If it makes you feel better, go for it. If you want actual change, you’ll need to find an issue regular voters will call their electeds on.
Navalny has some pretty ugly views, but I guess Mandela just never got the chance to implement Marxism or his version of socialism. That also has a habit of turning ugly as soon as it comes in contact with reality.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Socialism_and_M...
> Maybe if Boeing, you know, lobby to lower these safety restrictions then those pesky quality control checks will reduce and somehow everything will just work out just fine

I am open to the possibility that an industry might be over-regulated and also expect that the people who would be most likely to try and correct that imbalance would be the companies in the industry. Therefore, it seems perfectly reasonable to me that a company should be able to lobby the government in it's own interests. The issue of de-regulation creating safety hazards lies completely with the government officials who take their advice (and probably money) without regard to the effects that might happen.

When a mobster bribes a cop, the person that's commiting the (much) greater offense is the cop.
> GIT

Just out of curiosity: What do you think GIT stands for?
How is this different from Mirror.xyz?
I depends on this, but Google Calendar only lets you add a second time zone. They don't take up much space, I'd love to have 3 or 4. Has anybody figured out a way to do that?
The shell command is very readable.

a && b && c is a common idiom for "stop if any step fails". In the shell language && and || are more like control flow concepts, rather than binary operators.

And a && b || c is a universal "ternary operator" (with one minor deviation) idiom across many languages, not just the shell
Is it actually a problem that people have the wrong ideas about how things work?

Sure, if they need to actually know how something works (because, say, they want to dig in and modify the system itself), then of course they need to understand what happens below the abstraction.

But if my goal is "drive a car", then it may not be helpful to know anything about that pedal beyond "car starts moving when I press the accelerator pedal". Because the nice thing is that I don't need to know about fuel injection or whatever happens when I press the accelerator on an ICE car. And the really nice thing is that if I switch from an ICE car to an EV, the basic usage is the same, and it doesn't matter that something completely, entirely different happens when I press that same pedal on those two different cars.

(Ok, well, now we have one-pedal mode on some EVs, but... otherwise...)
It should be noted that this is not same to using a default order (typically, but not necessarily, left-to-right) in such case. Some languages use a term "non-associative" instead.
With a sufficient culture shift, I could imagine a world where the capability exists but is outlawed and shunned. Surveillance capitalism, and blanket security Surveillance feel possible to overthrow politically. And to limit somewhat through legislation.

That leaves targeted surveillance, emergency surveillance, and war-time surveillance. Those will probably not be limited, though they are inherently more limited.
No. This question comes up on YouTube channels covering atc all the time. Apparently they get their audio from crowd sourced community receivers. Really deal is I’m told much better
And what is that difference in practice? Seems to me, that targetting requires privacy violation.
So is the FAA going to ground these planes now or do what they did the last time? At least no one died yet this time around.

For those who still do not understand what unchained captialism looks like. This is a taste of it. The phrase "the market will correct itself" may be true eventually but ignores the hundreds of people that have die before that happens.
I don't get it. Why would someone not "like it"?

Pattern matching is pretty much mainstream now. Ocaml, while not as common, is widely used. I think it's a great choice for teaching functional programming.

The book itself (linked in another comment) seems nice, although somewhat a bit general (e.g. a book with a more narrow focus on data structures would touch purely functional data structures, like finger trees) but this is perfect given the course scope. https://courses.cs.cornell.edu/cs3110/2021sp/textbook/intro/...
Although Rust is an amazing language with rapid adoption, it still has a relatively smaller user base in low-level programming, where llama.cpp operates. As a result, the pool of talent that can contribute to such projects would be more limited. Almost all low-level programmers can write in C++ if needed, as for C programmers, it's essentially like writing C with classes. Rust programmers, especially those who care about low-level details including throughput and latency, almost always have a background in C or C++. If llama.cpp were written in Rust, there would likely be far fewer contributors. Considering that one needs to be at least interested in deep learning to contribute, the fact that it currently has 476 contributors is impressive. [1] I think this is one the most important reasons the project can move so fast and be such an essential project in the LLM scene.

[1]: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/graphs/contributors
A company I was at renamed master to main to avoid implications of human slavery when committing to source control.
You can interpret 0 and 1 as probabilities. 1 + 1 = 1 in this case makes sense because P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B). You can interpret "A or B" as a set union and "A and B" as a set intersection. Of course it's easy to draw a three-way correspondence between Boolean arithmetic, the events represented by the empty set and the whole space, and sets within some universe because all the objects are so simple, but these correspondences also generalize well to systems with more than two possible values. The ease of generalizing makes me think it's not just a matter of coincidence or convention that we have 0 <=> false.
And these keys end up not doing anything because the service dies or something.
> you just experienced an issue overwhelmingly likely to be related to maintenance

What maintenance? The plane was barely two months old and the part that failed was meant to be something installed permanently, not an emergency exit door that would probably see regular inspections. It's probably "just" sloppy assembly from Boeing/Spirit, which, yes, merit a grounding and inspection.
> except in broken languages, of which the only notable one is shell

The array language people (APL, J, K) are going to come in and protest, but you aren't going to be able to understand them.

/s
> Participants had to start their own companies to get scooters from Bird, agreeing to make “equipment payments” that were taken out of their ride payouts each week until the scooters were paid off. After that, a fleet manager would be entitled to 81 percent of the net revenue from each ride, though contracts show the title of the scooter would always remain with Bird.

What's the net revenue (gross minus what)?

> If more than 10 percent of his fleet turns red, John can get chewed out by a Bird manager, and he has been told he could lose some scooters for breach of contract.

What are these contract "fleet managers" paying off, if Bird still owns the scooters, and if Bird can also take back whatever rights the fleet manager has been paying for?
Getting harder to trust Boeing by the day - clearly a pervasive culture problem
Build your own drone tracking radar [video]
Ha! I got excited one of my most beloved local search tools got updated: https://www.voidtools.com/
No. That’s not a reasonable expectation. You can’t bombard children with insane content all the time and expect parents to continuously hover and prevent them from looking at it. There is not enough time in a day and makes parents the bad guys in a million different households.
I feel like very rarely do u feel as satisfied as when I program in C.