skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
> L2 is unstable, so you need some amount of active thrust to stay in the orbit

True

> The point is relatively close to the moon, and changes enough to not collect natural bodies.

This is awkwardly written. Let's get some background first: the Lagrange points are derived by assuming the Moon's orbit around the Earth is circular. In actual fact it's elliptical, so the distance from the Earth to the Moon changes and consequently the distance from the Moon to L2 changes. The distance from the Earth to the Moon averages 384,400km and at that point L2 is 64,000km away from the Moon.

But the reason no natural bodies (like asteroids) collect around L2 is because it's unstable, not because it moves.

> L4 and L5 are way out from the Earth Moon system

L4 and L5 form an equilateral triangle with the Earth and the Moon, meaning they are (on average) 384,400km away from both the Earth and the Moon at any given time.

> and are very stable.

No, they are "meta-stable." If you drift away from L4/5 you will not be drawn back to the Lagrange point itself, but you can orbit those points without extra fuel. We see asteroids gathering at Sun-Jupiter L4/5, so that suggests they are weakly stable, but when you do the linearized stability analysis of those points you find that they are neither stable nor unstable.

> The actual math is pretty complex

It is. I made an effort to create some educational videos on the topic: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q9in-VfpUM
I don't think it was, there were unsuccessful attempts to revive FreeShop but you could always download CIAs from the web so yeah piracy was still rampant
No, I mean it wastes time if you can't charge at home because you have to regularly wait while it charges elsewhere.

You can sometimes combine it with a shopping spree or something but if you don't happen to need to do that (which for me is most of the time) you're stuck waiting.

I mean when I still had a car I used to hate going out just for a tank run (like before a night trip to the airport) and the station was within half a mile. I couldn't do that every few days plus have to wait around for that thing to charge. My car was to make my life easier, not harder (and even then it failed at that because I hate driving so much). Glad I live in a city now with amazing public transport.
It correctly cites the source. Every single news outlet is guilty of bullshit, picking the corn out of their crap is best we can do.
It was... sorta elected, in that you generally got in by having previously held any of several offices that were themselves generally elected (not very democratically by modern standards, but somewhat reasonably so compared to contemporary systems) or added to the body by an official (Censor) who was themselves elected.

Edited to add: I don't actually think it's unreasonable to take them at their word that the Roman Senate provided some meaningful inspiration for the US Senate, even if it ultimately wound up pretty different. That doesn't make it a good example of Roman innovation, though.
> People with a vested interest in limiting housing supply (in order to increase the value of their own properties) should not be allowed any significant input into decisions regarding the construction of new housing

So if someone opposes a new housing development in an area where only well water is available because the local aquifer can barely support the existing houses in years of low rain, they don't get any significant input just because stopping the development would also raise the value of their house?
Late 70's/early 80's 911's had to drop the engine to change the spark plugs. Dad's work neighbor Porsche shop was printing money left, right, and center.
This is really neat! Is there a paid product backing this or planned for the future? I'm curious what motivates all the dev hours going into it.
What use is Navalny being alive to Putin?
I’m only casually familiar with the situation, but my ignorance analysis is that Putin’s underlying message is “don’t F with me”. Navalny alive and in prison or dead that message seems to ring clear. Just curious.
Isn't SumatraPDF a decent program for Windows?

In regards to Preview, I still find it insane that it doesn't have an iOS/iPadOS equivalent. Bits of the functionality are scattered all over the place, usually in ways that don't feel as good as they do on the Mac. Sometimes I just want to open a PDF and leave it open, and not have to do it from Files which assumes I want to do something else with it than just looking.
That is very much an incorrect opinion. I know two people who went to very good schools and completed their PE certifications in different states, both of whom described it as quite challenging. It makes sense in those cases because you’re talking about someone getting a professional certification involving positions where they are designing things which, if they fail, are likely to result in a number of deaths.
"Fertility symbol" :)
Ask HN: Do LLMs need a context window?
Excuse me for this potentially dumb question, but..

Why don't we train LLMs with user inputs at each step instead of keeping the model static and feeding the whole damn history everytime?

I think I may have a clue as to why actually: Is it because this would force us to duplicate the model for every user (since their weights would diverge) and company like OpenAI deem it too costly?

If so, will the rise in affordability of local models downloaded by individuals enable the switch for the continuous training approach soon enough or am I forgetting something?
>a senate, aqueducts, urban planning, sanitation, civil engineering

But besides that,

What have the Romans ever done for us?!
Haha, yep. In general, it's one of the biggest sources of oil drips when a vehicle is parked on a steep driveway.
Hold my beer, I think I have one of those in my backyard.
Bicycle by Bartosz Ciechanowski: https://ciechanow.ski/bicycle/ - HN post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35343495

Bartosz has many great blog posts, maybe most famously the one on mechanical watches published in 2022: https://ciechanow.ski/mechanical-watch/

HN posts for Bartosz's blog: https://news.ycombinator.com/from?site=ciechanow.ski
Selling your account receivables is a thing. Often called “factoring”.

No idea how common or unusual it is for the customer to help arrange it for the supplier: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoring_(finance)
How is the original comment not snarky?
Truly one of my favorite talks on software systems and composition. It's so dense that I had to watch it 3 times to really absorb the subtleties. He also has 'the language of the system', which is excellent, and almost a companion talk to this topic.
I see that, but it doesn't relate it well to previously searched areas. There's a distinct lack of context.
"Men and women might have had their fingers deliberately chopped off during religious rituals in prehistoric times, according to a new interpretation of palaeolithic cave art."

If they were indeed missing fingers, it is more consistent with my understanding of people that was as a form on punishment, or disease, or accident. Not sure why the article jumped to religious rituals, no evidence was provided to prove that at all.
Those were government documents, right? I assume if they were lost or destroyed, the government would need to go to a database to recreate them.
I didn’t claim that NASA invented transistor based computers, nor did I claim they developed Velcro, Teflon, or Tang.

In the strictest sense, academia and industry developed all of those technologies on a practical level for some amalgamation of NACA, USAF, and NASA programs.

What NASA accomplished with Apollo was something that the USAF wasn’t positioned to do, which was to transform nascent technologies into platforms that went on to be commercially viable. Apollo straddled a line between what existed, what was possible, and what could be applied without compromising national security during the Cold War. Truly digital computing has its roots in Apollo as a result of the need for telematics and communications that could span half the planet and to the Moon.

There is some fantastic reading on the topic that may interest you. Digital Apollo is a wonderful history, and the NASA NTRS and NASA History repositories online have an endless supply from the banal to the executive.

Recently I enjoyed the coffee table book Core Memory, edited by Mark Richards. It’s a fantastic visual survey and light history of specific computers from the past and includes some of the USAF/SAC hardware, including an ARPANET Interface Message Processor, as well as the Apollo GNC. Great to flip through if you also enjoy viewing these legendary pieces of hardware.

Edit: I misread your comment initially; I see you didn’t claim that I said NASA invented transistor based computers. I submit that it’s a nuanced point, although I’ve also been long fascinated by that earlier work by (e.g.) Bell Labs, Draper, MIT MVL, and so on.
I sort of hate buying cheap junk toasters, but I also don’t need something with a bunch of unnecessary frills like an LCD screen. And it needs to toast well!

I’ve been banging my head against the internet looking for something and have come up mostly empty handed. I don’t really want a toaster oven either. The dualit classic is close to what I want, but it sounds like it doesn’t toast that evenly which seems crazy to me given its price point.

Does anyone else feel like there’s a significant gap in the market when it comes to well-engineered minimalistic toasters?
Maybe a newsletter like High Signal dot io or Shaan's Five. These are more biz than tech but might get you started.
It’s probably a good bet that the scene was inspired by the album/concert.

But just to be pedantic, all the prison scenes were from the Joliet State Prison, which is definitely not in Cook County. The Joliet prison has its own history - it was built in the 1850s by prison labor, who quarried limestone from the site, and was open up until the early 2000s! There are tours from time to time, and a supposedly very good haunted house around Halloween.
Would love to see a “knob feel” category for these in addition to the visual observations.
In this case, it's not for the time period because the specialty of ASME boilers and pressure vessels had legacy CivEs in addition to MEs. These guys had decades of experience on massive industrial, petrochem, and nuclear engineering projects.
Was the question, "Do all roads lead to Rome?" answered? The blog's thesis seemed more to be, "roads that lead to Rome were on this map" like an old tourist map for Route 66 (mixed in with an NYC subway map), but surely there were other roads that Rome didn't care about when it came to logistics.

Very interesting, none the less.
Maybe it was sign language

Or maybe that's how they got the rings off for divorce
I must admit I was surprised to see the specific study and falsified research wasn’t discussed.

I can appreciate this may have been more of a reflection than reprisal (with remediations no doubt made at the time) but if that was the case, would have been good to read it ‘unredacted’.

Had the falsified data not made it out of the lab I would understand this article’s approach - the author clearly uninterested in a fruitless smear campaign - but given “lies” are out there, would have been interesting to see exactly what it was and to what extent the findings proliferated.

Maybe the author didn’t want to give any more weight to incorrect information. I can only make assumptions.

A challenging and nuanced situation all round no doubt.
I would argue Microsoft is one of the better ones with respect to backports and longer term support.

Others (cough google cough) are on the other end of that spectrum. I would imagine Nintendo is somewhere in the middle.

That said, i still grabbed Digital copies of games. Plan is i can put multiple switches on an account and when they are traveling (ie: not connected) my kids can play games without having to cop 2 copies of every game.

Still need to get the second switch online to test this premise though.
A scalable way, and which I believe is in place, is having rules and then periodic audits validates that the controls and processes provide a high degree of assurance of compliance with the rules and regulations.

This seems far better than having an agency ad hoc review every single specific software update to vehicles - would people at the agency review the code? Do they write automation? Do they do manual verification?
I’ve assumed it’s the combination of having a lever on anyone who cares about him and keeping him around to make it harder for opposition to crystallize around someone else who isn’t as well known.
Internet Balloon Startup aiming for $5/month Internet Plans
A third of the world doesn't have access to the internet. Starkcom Global wants to change that. Cost, heavy infrastructure, and accessibility are all barriers to entry. Now is the time for disruption.
Marriage of Theseus.
Under that premise whatever our brains are doing won't count as reasoning either.

I'd suggest you look into modern neuroscience and topics such as predictive coding if you're interested in refining your views.
I remember having this realization as a kid. I was standing in my driveway and realized there was an unbroken road from me to the other side of the country (and beyond!). It was one of those the world is so big and so small moments.
Why was that downvoted?

I thought it was common knowledge that a bill isn't due until they send a pink one. Money in the bank or invested elsewhere makes more money while the payee waits. Even the things that can damage your business's credit rating for tardiness have an extra 4 week grace period before any score impact.

Maybe the crowd here is more rule-adhering software geeks and less business-oriented.
We've moved so far into the "you won't own anything" lane that it got me thinking back to how we deal with the rest of the world.

For instance we actively dissuade people from taking photos during foreign trips or at the restaurant because they're supposed to be enjoying the experience, instead of viewing it trough a viewfinder.

We haven't reached a point yet where people are arguing they should have a copy of the tiramisu recipe and backup access to the kitchen in case the restaurant shuts down and they can't have their tiramisu anymore.

In some way, I wonder if most online games nowadays aren't closer to a tiramisu experience than something we are supposed to own. Fortnite for instance would be fundamentally about the experience of interacting with other players, the seasons system etc. and "owning" the game offline would be completely different.

I still see RPGs types of games and fully offline playable games as something that should be priced differently and have a more standard ownership model. Things like Super Mario Maker mentionned in the article would be sitting in the middle. Also preservation efforts should continue on an academic and cultural standpoint, to at least leave some trail of what was happening in the gaming world during our time.
It's possible that there was perhaps insufficient supervision by the PI, or not enough senior people in the lab hierarchy, but I suspect most labs are not equpped to handle someone who is outright deceitful and sufficiently good at lying.
Artificial scarcity is a scourge but I think for some works, say where you only want them to be available in a specific time and place, then perhaps as the author of that work you have a right to enforce that, at least to the extent that others shouldn’t be able to say record a live performance and then sell it with some kind of rights later.

All that is to say I think it’s slightly more complex than what can be contained in a single HN comment but agree with you in principle.
L1, L2, and L3 have 3 "modes" associated with them, where "mode" refers to what happens to a satellite placed near those points with just the right initial conditions (position and velocity relative to the point). Since you can't place a satellite perfectly in practice, its motion will always be a combination of the modes, but in theory the 3 modes are: stable, unstable, and oscillatory.

Like I said, since you can't place a satellite perfectly in practice, its motion will always be a combination of the 3 modes, and eventually the unstable mode will dominate and the satellite will move away from L1/2/3. BUT, if you get the math right you can position the satellite so that most of its motion is in the oscillatory mode (i.e. orbiting the point), and then as it drifts into the unstable mode you nudge it back to the oscillatory mode with a thruster firing.

For context, the amount of thruster firings necessary to keep the ARTEMIS probes around Earth-Moon L1/2 was about 5m/s per year.
It's interesting.
So, I wonder the difference between this method and expect command?
Unless it’s a 32-bit Mac come January or a machine running windows < 8, in which case you’re screwed until you buy new hardware.

Which I’m fine with, but it’s not like Valve is magical somehow. If your machine isn’t still getting Chromium builds they can’t build Steam for it, you still need to buy new hardware. And the game consoles (less) often let you play old games on new hardware.
Napoleon and the Bee
There’s no bright side. Just dark and darker.
You can't train an LLM in real time feasibly. Training and inference are two different things.

OpenAI has a separate service for finetuning ChatGPT and it is not speedy, and that's likely with shenanigans.
If you want hardcore, no-hand-waving math explaining the Lagrange points, see here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q9in-VfpUM
This scam site is just advertised there. Ads have nothing to do with free speech. This is more about bad (or inexistent) QA on the ads.

Also let’s stop repeating the claim that Twitter has “free speech“. You can’t criticize Elon there, or post the location of his jet. “Free speech” is just a thin veiled lie to excuse their bringing in extremists like Alex Jones or Trump.
Only the last pic seems to be from the pro lens. The others before are almost as sharp with just the small lens.
Science is based on trust. All incentices are against research that verifies results: you don’t get funding, you don’t get published, you are not doing original research etc. If we cannot trust the results, everything is a house of cards, because not only are the papers wrong, also all papers depending on that paper may be affected. The scientific system should not be based on blind trust but have processes in place that makes it more resilient.
Does this mean that you don't need to occupy the centers of L4 and L5, but could instead orbit them at a smallish distance?
Yes, this fatalistic "all software inevitably has bugs" attitude is corrosive and self-reinforcing. How about we replace it with "the more complex the software, the faster it's built, the more likely it will have bugs". At least then, there's a solution. Simplify. Slow down. Test. Remove software. Don't use software when it's not required.

The current free-for-all where we must put complex software into everything is killing us.
Apple openly supports ad blockers in the App Store so idk where you’re getting that from.
Lots of things back then bite… I know plenty of fellas in FL with missing fingers from things that bite. If it was consistently the pinky or something then maybe you’re onto something but I think it’s probably due to “nature”.
Even if the user input at every step is just normal conversation sentences? By that I mean very short, not MB of text.
Probably, although I don’t think I’ve ever looked nor would the media have a reason to.

EVs get attention as disruptors
"Your potato failed its firmware update. It will now poison you."
It’s kind of funny that they can more reliably spit out code that will give an answer than actually output the answer as text. I guess it’s a workaround that works well for many cases
Right tool for the right job.

With a large amount of data, a large amount of data can be "relevant" with a loose query.

I think in those situations it's fine, using a model with an extra large context and similarity etc filters quite tight.

Developing it to realise when there are too many results and to prompt the user to clarify or be more specific would help.

Companies that want to trawl data like this can just deal with it and pay hardware that can run model for >100k context.

If >all< of the 70gb of data is meant to be relevant ie "summarise all financial activity over 5 years into one report" then well...it has to be developed to do what a human would. 100k context already far exceeds what human brain is capable of "keeping in your head" imo; just need multiple steps to summarise, take notes and compress the overall data down smaller and smaller with each query until it's manageable with a single 100k query.

It's totally doable, but not "out of the box".
> arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions

This is REALLY interesting.

I was just looking at horizontal gene transfer, which is the idea of genes transfering between plant species via the mycorhizzal hyphea (root highway bettween plant and mushroom mycelium).

https://news.ycombinator.com/threads?id=samstave#38756295

Look at the minerals which are transfered via the Hyphea: (conductive)

>mycorrhizae, known as root fungi, form symbiotic associations with plant roots. In these associations, the fungi are actually integrated into the physical structure of the root. The fungi colonize the living root tissue during active plant growth. Through mycorrhization

>>the plant obtains phosphate and other minerals, such as zinc and copper, from the soil.

>The fungus obtains nutrients, such as sugars, from the plant root. Mycorrhizae help increase the surface area of the plant root system because hyphae, which are narrow, can spread beyond the nutrient depletion zone. <-- may lead to why the plants may seem far enough apart.

Whats interesting to note would be the conductivity of the mycelial network entangled the root system. I'd bet you could find the absolute right frequency based on plant species..

What would have been a truly interesting alternate history would have been if Tesla would have prevailed.

Both through wireless power transfer, but, relating to this - his transfer of electricity through the ground.

I wonder if that had become an adopted technology if we would have seen an effect on the flora?

EDIT: I'd really like to know what the electrical impulses between a mycorhyzzal (Gunna start calling it Mz) and a plants root system is - They specifically connect with "vascular root" based species...

This seems to indicate plants whith root systems which may be conductive.

The metaphysical Alex Grey in me wants to believe that the mycelium is just mycological neurons without a body and sybiotically parasites its way around in a Beneficial Dictator manner in which it is a net positive viral biological entity. (but its still a neuron)
Maybe something like LISP will be what AI naturally converges to on its own journey towards superhuman intelligence.
Don't paste long piped commands unless you know exactly what they do.
> they seem more skilled at producing "internal drama"

My take on it is that they have an exceptionally skilled marketing department that's good at creating the impression that they've actually created an AGI, with stories trickling out to the press about ChatGPT 'getting lazy' or 'taking a break for the holidays' and other stuff that serves to humanise what is, at least for me, a product which routinely fails to accurately answer basic questions, the answers to which are contained in hundreds of blogs and forum postings.

If others are experiencing something different that's interesting. Personally I note that the 'I got this weird answer' posts are never accompanied by screenshots or any other evidence, they're just claims which all subsequent repliers appear to take as the unvarnished truth.

I congratulate their marketing team; I suspect that Mistral will ultimately present a far superior product.
That link is 404 for me.

This doesn’t seem any different, at least not spiritually, from fractional ownership. What do NFTs do in this regard that we can’t already do?