skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Lots of Lisa history on that. The only real thing if I remember correctly that Lisa copied from Star was the desktop itself after viewing a the NCC.

Software architecture wise however the two systems shared many concepts (but not tools or languages) that probably are traced back to the same roots at Xerox but otherwise were independently developed. For example Apple used Clascal (object oriented pascal) while that added an object oriented layer to Mesa. (Mesa itself was pretty much cloned as Modula 2 later if anyone wants to know more about it.)
What was his response ?
very happy with Kitty
> running on the web the target so going to be primarily in-memory for a long time

What do you mean by this? FS implementations I've seen (including lightning-fs) use IndexedDB for the backing store, which is not "in-memory". I authored VS Code's web file system driver and it also uses IndexedDB, which I didn't see evidence of being memory-constrained. Furthermore, there's the File System Access API for web which is also not in-memory (I also authored VS Code's driver for that...)
> I agree; all instructions should be the same size in classic RISC

That was not true for the original RISC ISAs -- CDC6600, Cray 1, IBM 801, RISC-II -- and it is not true now for ARMv7 and RISC-V.

It is only really true for RISC ISAs introduced between about 1985 and 1990.

And Aarch64, where it will come to be recognised as a mistake, in time.

> The quantity of instructions is not as relevant.

True.

A minimal but powerful ISA is a good thing, but it's not the differentiator between RISC and not-RISC. The complexity of each individual instruction is.
Just because something is lawful doesn't make it good or desirable. I'm sure you can think of many historical examples of lawful actions that are now considered a crime. The opposite is also true.

Many laws are a product of the time they were written and in turn, a product of the people who have written them. Why is lobbying legal in the USA? Why is it coded in law? These are genuine questions that people can and should ask.
> The criticisms and explanations came in a series of reply posts Friday night on the fledgling social network Bluesky, a potential Twitter rival that Dorsey helped to start.

So it's just a PR to link to his new platform.
So? Just increase chamber pressure
The map version of brown m&m's
The Stack Overflow 1M Points Club
It could be improved into "make sure your employees enjoy their work".

Working at the same companies, the quality of my code varied wildly based on how enjoyable that particular project was. Not just the task itself, but also whether the deadlines were reasonable, the stakeholders were nice to talk to (or the PM kept them away from me if they weren't), etc.

Of course, sometimes you will have some flat-out unpleasant work that needs to be done anyway. In that case, boosting the employee's ego is the only away they are going to get any satisfaction out of putting effort into the task. But it should be a last resort, not the default.
Makerbeam is awesome
Yes, the rating system is fundamental to be able to enjoy the game, and also to lower the impact of cheating: if my rating is 1500 and I play against other players around 1500, I don't care if they are at that level thanks to cheating or not. I only care about being competitive with them and trying to do my best.

-- Shameless plug: I recently released a platform to improve tactically with puzzles and spaced repetitions, https://chess.braimax.com - feedback very welcome!
> Metrics may not be perfect, but they are all we have. You could train a model, send it to a bunch of human crowdworkers, and ask them to rate it on how good it is (Anthropic does this!), but the result of that is... another metric.

A metric that is an aggregate of human intuition is not the same as the usual metrics though. It's just a semi-formalized way to capture those intuitive observations, rather than trying to replace them with much-simpler piecemeal mechanical evaluations.

> but I think it's bad science/engineering to rely on some indescribable quality of "goodness" when it comes to developing new models.

IMO, bad science is what is currently happening across the entire field. Astonishing high-level behavior is being observed from models, but the tools to analyze it don't exist, so instead, people are pushing out papers at a record pace that analyze every low-level property imaginable, as if such analysis would eventually yield high-level insights.

It's okay to not know. I wish every paper dealing with LLMs would start and end with the sentence "Overall, we have no idea what is happening." Instead, we get papers that add a few numbers and then wax philosophical about how LLMs supposedly do things (I'm exaggerating here, but the gist is accurate). Not a day goes by without a new article claiming that LLMs have reached their limit or similar, while we have no clue how they even work! This is really bad science, and yes, I know that much of it is coming from non-experts, but I've seen lots and lots of experts contribute to this nonsense by making completely unjustified claims of a similar nature.
Some cracks are big enough for whole hands to get inside to grab the door handle or valuables.
> You don't want ... people dedicating large amounts of time, energy, and money to efforts to manipulate regulators.

Yes, manipulating regulators does not create safety. If there are monetary fines and prison for those who approved the designs and testing, the corner-cutting would cease.

The 737MAX benefit was better fuel economy due to larger fans. Shortcuts were taken, and FAA and the flying public don't care to force a new type certification.
Show HN: Modify and repack firmware from your browser with OFRAK
The word has a slightly different meaning here (confabulation) and more akin to the witness example: confidently telling what you think is true, but it turned out to be complete shit.

It’s not about humans intentionally lying or truly hallucinating like on drugs. It’s about confidently thinking they are right about something which turns out not to be true.

I mean, if I say it like this is like humanity’s core business.
Totally agree, I think since then we have move forward quiet a bit. At RSA this year we heard move about moving from assume breach to the attacker mindset. IMO these are complementary and deception can help bridge that gap.
>An open AI is safe inherently, since it means that it can be easily ripped apart and thoroughly studied for exploitable points, unlike some closed black box system. Having Open AI be some closed system does nothing to reduce the number of bad actors - they will all choose to exploit Open AI's system once given the opportunity.

Replace the word "AI" with "ultra deadly and contagious bioweapon" and it comes clearer why being "open" is itself a danger, for those who aren't able to zero-shot understand it.
Yeah, water that is drink is a trivial proportion of water that is used. If water that is drunk goes up by 100%, it's still a trivial proportion.
> I guarantee 99% of ordinary people don't even know which manufacturer produced the CPU on any given

If you define 'ordinary people' as people who don't know what CPU their PC has you'll be right. But I generally I'd assume most people who buy their devices themselves might have some understanding about i3 < i5 < i7
I think that part of the reasons conclusions about emergence are tenable is due to the opaque nature of transformer architectures.

For example if it was possible to train a Hidden Markov Model with billions of hidden states on a trillion tokens, you could more literally look and see what was going on.

Other than not being able to scale HMMs to this kind of scale, is there any good reason to believe they would not perform equally well but without the magic?
> Emergence is something that is intuitively noticed by human observers.

The takeaway from this paper is actually that this says more about the human observers than the LLMs themselves. Humans observe "emergence" using some loose metrics themselves. Whether we formalise the metrics in a quantitative way or we stay in the realm of humnan intuition is not important; we still use some criteria to analyse things, in the latter case these are more clear and amenable to critique, in the former case they are obscure and can evade critique by moving goalposts and ground easily.

In the end of the day, either we talk about quantification or just qualitative observations, it is the same phenomenon we observe with the same qualities. The problem is that human intuition uses a lot of discontinuous metrics; we judge if an LLM passes or fails what we ask for it, but it is harder to judge the underlying tokenisation process as itself. For this reason, and considering the findings of this paper, the observations and claims of emergence in LLMs carry less value now, imo.
> It's taboo to address this because of the color of their skin.

Indeed, I wish one day we backtrack on this stupidity. Name and shame regardless of colour and stop this imposed self censorship.
>If these were white kids we'd publicly shame them, crack down on the worst offenders, and figure out a program to help the rest back on track. They're black so we don't, and this is somehow less racist. I do not understand it.

Would we? This is merely grand theft auto, not rape or murder, so why would we treat them worse than Brock Turner or Kyle Rittenhouse? If they were white, why not give them a book deal?
That is a highly strange looking URL
Yeah, standard practice is to filter through carbon to remove the bladder impurities.
Thirded. I also like Grokking Deep Reinforcement Learning a lot. OReilly's Grokking series is 2 for 2 for me. For those who don't know, OReilly stopped selling DRM free PDFs directly, but they still sell DRM free PDFs through other sources like ebooks.com, which I appreciate.
I did poorly at chess because instead of thinking of my next move I'd be thinking about writing a program to figure out the next move for me. You could call it the "Programmer's Curse".
Lawmakers introduce bill to block AI from launching Nuclear Weapons
Wow so I went down a rabbit hole today. When I traveled around India for around 4 months I never saw this made on gas. I did see it done on an open flame but it was never with gas. But YouTube is filled with tons of videos doing it at home on a gas stove. Which lead me down a rabbit hole of how bad it is to use gas flames for this stuff. That I actually think I will never make poppadoms on the gas stove anymore.

So then I asked my Indian co-workers who said they do sometimes use the gas stove to do some stuff but they avoid it as it’s not healthy. They said never finish things like roti on gas stove but they do things with eggplants (and some other vegetable) and peel them after. They said it’s better to use a fire and it tastes better.
That would be the case without any international treaties. Turkey has the physical ability to block the Bosporus and the Dardanneles, but modern Turkey has never had the right to do so.

The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) demilitarized the straits and and opened them to any traffic under the supervision of the League of Nations. After the political situation in Europe changed, the Montreux Convention (1936) granted Turkey limited sovereignty over them.
I'd argue Meccano is probably the most famous and storied - if you have the money

Nowadays I'd just get a cheap FDM printer and fasteners, though
Vietnam is this way too. Guessing a bunch of countries are like this.
The first 12 images are all real working software but from different times and systems (XDE, Star and possible Interlisp.)

As an FYI, one actual shows an overlapping window in Star, actually a property sheet. Most people didn’t know that Star support overlapping windows but hardly used them and users could not freely move the windows anywhere. This was a usability decision not a technical one. Many years later that restriction was removed.

The one that looks like the Lisa is the only one I, confused about.
Aftermath of the Kernel Wars
This article predates a decent amount of research into Ultra-Diffuse galaxies: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_diffuse_galaxy. These curiously tend to either have way more or less dark matter than normal. And, dark matter just means matter that’s not visually observable, it doesn’t mean all dark matter is the exact same kind of thing, so it seems reasonable that Dyson spheres could present as dark matter. So I like to think that UDG galaxies are candidates for type2 civilizations or evidence of intergalactic resource extraction/technology that distorts the ratio of regular matter to dark matter, though most likely they’re observational quirks. A full list of justifications for them suggesting advanced civilizations:

UDG galaxies have low levels of interstellar matter. A type 2 civilization would likely prefer to have all matter either generating/capturing energy or to be used for their own pursuits.

UDG galaxies tend to be older. It seems reasonable that type 2 civilizations would be in older galaxies where they had lots of time to develop.

Because of how dark matter works, it seems inexplicable for it to not cluster with regular matter at galactic scales/during the formation of a galaxy. Even weirder is that instead of a normal distribution or spectrum of regular matter to dark matter, almost every galaxy has it at a 1:5 ratio, except UDGs which are either at one extreme (~no dark matter) or another (1:90+ for https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_44). This disequilibrium, similar to disequilibria on Earth, suggests life. But since this is occurring at galactic scale it suggests a galaxy spanning civilization.

The existence of UDGs at both extremes could be explained by some process (that discriminates between regular and dark matter) by which matter is transferred between galaxies or even converted between the two forms. Whether this happens seems to be yes/no which at galactic scales seems explainable as “has an advanced civilization”. And perhaps in some cases this is due to a galaxy spanning civilization doing some kind of resource extraction from one to another.

Finally, for UDGs with almost all matter being dark, this may represent an almost-complete conversion of the galaxy to a type 2 civilization. As expected, these are very rare because the time to convert a galaxy to this state should be very small compared to the beginning of the transition and end of it.

This whole article rests on the notion that Dyson spheres will eliminate waste energy through black body radiation in a way that’s observable to us, but an advanced culture capable of building these things could likely think of workarounds. I mean, I’m sitting on my couch and I think you could probably figure out a way to direct this in a certain direction that would be invisible from most perspectives. And maybe whatever technology helps manipulate dark matter or convert between regular and dark matter would help you radiate dark matter instead of EM.
>Jerk behavior tends to be far more problematic than cheating. For example, if you get a winning position, it's not uncommon for an opponent to stop playing but make you wait the rest of the time to count the win. You will bump into this, and it will annoy you way more often than cheaters.

When people do this on Lichess, I spamclick the button that adds 15 seconds to the opponent clock and write "move or resign". Sometimes people resign, sometimes they keep playing, sometimes they just close the app then you can claim the victory almost immediately.

This behaviour probably pisses me off so much because I grew up playing real tournaments, where politeness is highly valued. Getting up and walking away, or letting your time run out on purpose, is considered extremely rude to where it could get you disqualified.
Those were simply people with not enough imagination. Eg. AlphaGo beating Lee Sedol brought a true renaissance in Go, with papers showing that now humans play objectively better than they did before AI. While we have comfortably superhuman AIs, they are still far from godlike. The doomers were confused about where the ceiling was (and in Go it is much further than we thought).
See Australia.

- The Govenor General is appointed by the Monarch as their representative. The government recommends a candidate. There is nothing (as far as I'm aware) to force the monarch to appoint the individual versus anyone they want. This would be a constitutional crisis.

- The Govenor General has kinds the same powers as the monarch. Legislation requires "royal ascent l" to become law (similar concept to the US president signing bills passed by congress). The Govenor could reject the bill, but that'd trigger a constitutional crisis.

- The Govenor General holds similar powers to the executive of the US (using them as an example because if you are on an England speaking site you probably have some familiarity of the US system via media). But based on recommendations from the Prime Minister defers these powers to different ministers. Commonly referred to as a Portfolio. Eg how we a minister for defence, immigration etc etc. Failure to follow government recommendations would trigger a constitutional crisis.

- The Govenor general can sack government and trigger an election. The closest Australia has been to constitutional crisis was the time this power was exercised with the sacking of Gough Whitlam.

(note this is all based on my memory and understanding from classes in high school long ago)
> There's too much that's simply memorisation over skills, deep lines leading you down well traversed paths.

And yet, game 2 of the world championship there was a novelty on move 4.
When you want to sell your data because it's so valuable people will pay money for it...

But you don't want people to copy it, so you fill it full of garbage.

It's a bit like Walmart adding a little bit of sewage to their consumer goods so people are less likely to shoplift. Don't worry, the baby formula only has 3 grams of human fecal matter in it!
> I and I assumed a lot of people, already thought performance was a function on model size (# of parameters).

I guess the disagreement has been in whether this function is "continuous" or not.

I do not think the title is misleading, considering the article answers to quite specific claims in other articles. I agree it sounds misleading if you do not put it in that context.
iirc the proper course of action for this failure condition was to perform manual cutoff of the stabilizer trim, which is considered a mandatory memory item for flying even normal Boeing 737s (non max)

basically, on runway stabilizer events, you must know to turn off the autopilot: https://www.johanpercherin.info/airline-pilot-training/boein...

apparently the differences in training have resulted in the lack of knowledge in this area for foreign pilots, which turned a recoverable failure into an irrecoverable one

disclosure I'm just going from memory from reading about 737 max analysis, there might be more to it than thi

Edit: as expected the situation is more nuanced, see here for elaboration on why even successfully performing stab trim cutoff may not have been sufficient: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35769100
I never said we should pity them (I certainly don't) or that they are entitled to a profit. You're exactly right that they are running a business. They are running a business that comes with costs and risks. It can go right or wrong like any business. That's fine.

What I'm disputing is that it is necessarily exploitation and that owning your home is always the preferable choice.

I do understand where your sentiment comes from. The name "landlord" basically says it all. It hasn't always been a normal business and there is still quite a lot of that history left in the relationship between landlords and tenants (as well as in the grotesque distribution of land ownership in the UK).

About inflating the value of homes for sale I'm not sure. On one hand the available land is limited and so demand should inflate prices. I'm not even sure private ownership (or at least inheritance) of land should exist at all.

On the other hand, the price of homes as well as the level of rents is mostly determined by how many homes are built. More (private and public) capital flowing into building new homes makes home ownership and rents more affordable. Buy-to-let landlords provide some of that capital.

The other thing that could be done is changing planning rules and the taxation of land ownership so that more affordable homes get built.

I don't think home ownership deserves the status it has. Renting is fine. Affordability is far more important than who owns the place.
Because of the pseudo-open nature of the MC source code, in practice it is trivial to run an authenticated server without signed chat
The "output" of our brains is largely dependent on "input". Therefore, tumble dryer should produce less interesting results than a well crafted audiovisual work.
If the justice system becomes too ineffective, then people will create their own justice "system" (i.e., vigilantism) to replace it. The entire reason for the justice system to exist is to prevent this.
For $20 more, you can get a glass version: https://lifestraw.com/products/lifestraw-home-glass-pitcher
Three XTERM features I would have liked to see mentioned would be the Sixel, ReGIS and GIN legacy graphics modes. I just wish they didn't interfere with UTF8 support (and maybe they no longer do?).
Thanks for sharing! Sometimes LLMs do generate some weird stuff, but if the issue persists, please do report this to our github issues!
> So either replace it with some half-fitting generic switch(es) or just hotwire your car every time.

Be careful to not develop bad habits if you do that.

When I was a in high school something went wrong with the key mechanism for our ignition switch. My dad was able to remove part of it leaving it so that you could shove a screwdriver in and turn the switch that way.

That worked great and so there was no hurry to actually get it fixed to work with the keys.

After a while we got out of the habit of taking the keys when we were going to drive somewhere.

Then one day I'm driving home, which was in a rural area in central California, and got a flat tire. The spare was in the trunk, which was locked. This was in the '70s so no cell phone to call for help. There weren't any houses in sight, just farm fields. The road I was on didn't get much traffic, so it could be hours before someone would drive by. And it was in the middle of the day in summer.

I had to walk home, get the keys, and walk back to the car to change the tire. It was very annoying.
Ditto. I have been using both old.reddit.com and RedditIsFun for 17 and 10 years, respectively. I can't imagine I'll stick around if either, and especially both, are removed. Certainly the removal of either will drastically lower my usage. Probably a good thing.
There's too much that's simply memorisation over skills, deep lines leading you down well traversed paths.

Creativity and ingenuity suffer.

The only real option if you want interesting games is to make intentionally bad moves so that theory falls apart, and that's only an option against weaker players.

Did you watch the world championship this year? It did not at all fit your narrative. The games were very exciting. The players were out of prep early and often. There were a lot of chances being taken, blunders, and mistakes. All this from 2800-level players.

I think people may soon realize that computers can be used for more than just preparing deep lines on well-trodden ground. They can also be used to find the shortest path off the beaten track and into a jungle of a midgame where you and your opponent can just play some chess. I love it!
You're assuming a steady-state equilibrium. It takes several games for a player to settle into their Elo, and a cheater will have ruined the experience of their opponents in the meantime. You're also discounting the fact that griefers will deliberately create new accounts to continue playing against novice opponents.