skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Semantic key keys have downsides, and it is also important to note that there is not always a single unique semantic key.

Relation theory has the concept of superkeys, which are a set of columns that uniquely determine a row. But these are not useful, since for example, the set all all columns should uniquely determine a row. What is useful is "candidate keys", which are minimal superkeys, with any columsn not necessary to be unique removed.

There are two ways to determine candidate keys. One is empirically by analyzing the data. If you do it that way, then the "candidate" naming is appropriate, since it is possible that some sets of columns are unique simply by chance, not by fundamental nature, and unique by chance is not what we want.

Alternatively you can use domain knowledge and logic to determine candidate keys. Candidate keys determined by logic are true keys, since no duplicates should ever occur unless the requirements or fundamental nature of the data changes. This means that ideally, all such keys should have a unique constraint placed on them (although the implicit unique constraint from marking as a primary key will works for one of these keys). Adding unique constraints for all logically determined candidate keys is the ideal way to avoid accidental duplication.

Within the database and within the application, you ideally want to only use small keys that are unlikely to change, and are unlikely to ever become non-unique. Keys that change tend to cause headaches with updates if referenced elsewhere, and you can have undesirable race condition issues with application logic on changing keys.

Similarly, for keys likely to become non-unique from changing requirements, using them within the database means a much bigger refactor later if they become no longer unique. But if you never use those value to reference within the database, then simply dropping the unique constraint is easy. Impact on application code may vary, from potentially no change needed at all, to much more significant changes, depending on the data in question and how the application uses it.

Large keys that don't change, and are extremely unlikely to ever become non-unique are conceptually fine, but have the practical problem of being large, and thus undesirable to reference from all over the database from a file size perspective. This is especially true of multi-column keys which also tend to be inconvenient from a query writing perspective.

Another important issue is that many identifiers that are supposed to be universally unique, like UPCs, ISBNs etc, are not actually always unique. These things do end up getting occasionally reused, usually accidentally. If you are using that everywhere as your primary key, and eventually come across such a scenario, it is a real nightmare to refactor everything to use a different key in order to be able to handle this. While if you are using some surrogate key almost everywhere, it becomes a lot more feasible to handle this with things like having "lookup by UPC" screens show a list of options when you stumble upon one that happens to have a duplicate.
Would be fun to see if it’s possible to set up the experiment as a double slit.

Would humans sense an interference pattern? Is the back of an eye a sufficient observer? :)
Oh I'm sure some companies did try, and probably even deserved success, but like all businesses there's always a question of chance involved. Maybe your company was too early to the game, trying to push computer communications when not enough people used computers in the first place; I don't know. But I would have loved to have had a proper communication protocol 10 years ago instead of doing the same thing over and over and over again, even today.
I think this is an old myth that is no longer relevant. Sure, it might happen, but many companies now fully understand "the disruption game" and know how to adjust, primarily through acquisitions. The only way to break this is with more muscular antitrust, which (at least for now) seems to be happening.

For example, Microsoft is famously still doing quite well despite desktop operating systems no longer being the most important game in town. Furthermore, dominant companies actually rarely get disrupted in the sense that someone comes along to take their business, it's that new markets open up that make the old business obsolete. But IBM is still the leader in mainframes, Microsoft still has dominance for desktop operating systems, Google is still dominant in search despite what feels like weekly articles about how search quality has gone down.
'Over a barrel': Inside the US and German standoff over sending tanks to Ukraine
The author misses one advantage of UUIDs: if you’re working in high-throughput distributed systems, serial IDs create a bottleneck and single point of failure in the service handing out IDs.

With UUIDs any service can generate an ID itself and tell downstream services about it in parallel—even if one of them is down, slow, or needs retrying.
V.I. Arnold "Problems for children from 5 to 15" [0].
The book was discussed on HN in 2021 [1] (325 comments)

If you have kinds and teach them math this book has mind-opening problems that even curious adults would enjoy.

[0] https://www.imaginary.org/sites/default/files/taskbook_arnol...

[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27884973
Parties are the result of social interaction, not the cause of it.
> Over the past two years we’ve seen periods of dramatic growth. To match and fuel that growth, we hired for a different economic reality than the one we face today.

Translation: we fell for the economic mirage.

I'm not buying it. Google sees something on the economic horizon and is now bracing for impact. And that something is not a mean reversion. It's an overcorrection.

Google's main product, advertising, puts it in a unique position to see into the economic future. Google is a bellwether. If the coming recession were truly going to be "mild," then Google wouldn't care.

It's time for everyone in tech to admit that the last two years were a mirage driven in part by corporate FOMO. Many do, but I don't think they're prepared for what comes next.
The 3rd one is interesting and something I hadn't considered as much before — may be applicable still in less regulated markets
> ...but I suppose there's also the possibility that in a nuclear confrontation with the U.S. they wouldn't want their own cities to get nuked either so maybe there's a sort of "let's not be the first to do counter-value" dynamic at play.

I'm not sure if that's valid reasoning because 1) nuclear targeting decisions are some of the most closely-guarded secrets and 2) if you could be subject to a counter-force attack there's probably little opportunity to "wait and see" what your enemy attacks before you launch yourself.

Though I might be clouded by thinking in terms of the classic missles-in-silos nuclear war. I suppose some subs might survive (but I'm sure a component of any nuclear war would be to try to sink those first), and they've got stuff like constantly flying mobile command posts. So maybe the subs have instructions to hold back a few missiles pending further orders from the last general sitting on that plane.
Again, if you're going to commit suicide, why use the nuclear attack itself to do it? Why not wait and see if this apocalyptic vision of yours actually comes true? If it does, it won't be difficult to commit suicide at that point, you won't have lost anything. And if it doesn't, you'll be glad you lived.

Plus, yaknow, your wife/kids/dog/$DEPENDENTS might feel differently.
That's not an issue in LA though. In the wilderness, you can dig a small hole and do your business there.
Carriers are doing their best to avoid becoming a "dumb pipe" utility-style service where other people make all the money.
My phone is already my identity.
It's not a recent myth, saying that the purpose of an organization or class of organization "is" something depends on legal and social context.

Friedman popularized the idea of fiduciary duty in the field of economics, and even popular left economists like Keynes didn't foundationally dispute that premise.

You can think it shouldn't be popular among economists for moral, aesthetic, or even empirical reasons - but to suggest somehow that the 1880s model of companies is "more correct" and assert it as truth is just as much a "myth" if you are framing these ideas about institutional purpose as "truth".

The robber barons you speak of have created the single largest reduction in poverty in human history. Most of the west, and even poor Americans are living truly historically blessed lives - and by letting the robber barons loose, the CCP was able to lift nearly 1b people to a standard of living unimaginable to Chinese people in 1970.

Capitalist thought and action is not immune to criticism, but the empirics are on capitalist ideas. Most of the common areas where Americans complain about "capitalist" processes are not capitalist under the hood at all.
"cruel twist of fate." no Alec Baldwin was not responsible as both a producer and actor, now he is being held accountable as he was in every sense of the word responsible for manslaughter...even involuntarily.

Cruelty is reserved for the grief of the individual who had their life abruptly ended, and the grief of family of the deceased.
Navigating the ethics of ancient human DNA research
This is a very worthwhile point. You definitely need to prepare for readability if these ids will be customer facing.
We’re doing pretty well! The majority of people using Airplane aren’t comparing it to Retool or any other products, but rather to building internal tools in-house. Since Airplane takes a code-based approach there are lots of eng teams that try it out who would never otherwise consider the low-code/no-code platforms. So there’s a lot of addressable market.

Glad you liked Heap :) That was a much more crowded market!
I see, yeah you right, the link is indeed https://old.reddit.com/r/technology/comments/10ft5iv/amazon_...
+1 for your sentiment. Thank you for articulating it.

Feels like so many people in the US has taken the Adam Smith self interest sentiment to the extreme, to the point that people seem to forget we are living in a society - a very interdependent entity that functions poorly if we don't work together.
i like awk. but i hate Regexp (YMMV). but for different perspective check out SNOBOL or its speedier variant Spitbol. although not one liner, but i find patterns easier to compose like functions.
$anchor = 0
digits = '0123456789'
patt = "foo=" SPAN(digits) . num
while line = INPUT
if line ? patt
OUTPUT = num
endif
end

end

NOTE1: reading variable INPUT. reads from input. assignment to OUTPUT writes to output. normally assigned to STDIN and SDTOUT, and can be configured.

NOTE2: there is no real while or if. flow is through labels and jumps (considered by some as power but i disagree). above example uses another script to transform while and if into labels and jumps. the point is that patterns composition and success match assignment.
Are they though? Bernie Sanders wasn't even allowed to debate as a popular presidential candidate because he didn't have a corporate sponsor or Super PAC funding.

If voters are only choosing amongst candidates put forth by the establishment, and the establishment relies on funding and support from special interests, then democratically elected is somewhat different than democratically selected, isn't it?
Depends on what you need those followers for. Different people have different needs. Depending on those Needs, strategy can vary a lot.
Fascinating.

What if instead of reading a sound library, you had a music generator on the backend?
What might an integration look like if it used the existing samples for description, as input for a "more like this" kind of feature
Another thing about autoincrements, they can leak rate information. You can do something like create a new user, wait a day, create a second user, then the difference in the userId tells you the rate at which new users are being created.
Yes, modern CMOS image sensors have quantum efficiencies of more than 80 %, and modern CCDs are well above 90 %. This depends on wave length, particularly in the NIR spectrum. This means that 80 or 90 % of the incident photons are converted into electrons. This number does not include photons being reflected from the surface of the sensor or the filter stack on top.

There's also SPADs "single photon avalanche diodes". These are sort of like a geiger counter for light, i.e. a single interacting photon triggers an impulse that can be counted or timed. These are very commonly used for time-of-flight sensors.
>Online platforms have a good reason to cultivate norms and manage good conduct.

Sure. But Twitter Facebook and Youtube are not just three out of thousands of online platforms. They are a near monopoly that openly polices the political speech of Americans. They can either be monopolistic or censor political speech but supporting them doing both is just opposing what it means to be an American.
The premise of this blog was this: the author budgeted 6-8 weeks to tackle a problem that he finished in 3 days. That doesn't make him 10x as productive as someone else. It just means he is really bad at estimating how long it will take to solve a problem.
Estimating how long it will take to figure something out is a devilishly tricky problem.
Your clairvoyance must have made you extremely rich as you assess these events with accuracy and perfect timing, and thus made the right open-market financial bets to profit from them.
Nicely done! Not sure I could tell this was not just another HN post if you didn't explicitly say so.
Try moving to South America we have someone having adhoc party at least twice a month just among family and friends
I’ve done enough partying to be honest.
Are either of you concerned about giving permissions to almost everything? I think that was why I uninstalled Albert.
Rust in 2023: Growing Up
I go to a lot of concerts so I get a feel of being at a party, but I don't see my best friends very often. Most of them are not in my area anymore and it takes hours to days to go visit. Haven't been to a house party that isn't just dinner with family in quite a while.
This 100%. If you understand what needs to be done, you want the long term goal, and yet you still feel severe emotional pain when trying to engage in the work required, it might be ADHD. I highly recommend to anyone who struggles with procrastination that they go see a doctor or psychologist who can assess them for ADHD. And, yes, it takes a skilled professional to diagnose you.

Take heart: “ADHD impairs the functioning of highly intelligent people, so the disorder can be diagnosed in this group. A population-based birth cohort study of over 5700 children found no significant differences among children with high, average, or low IQ and ADHD in median age at which ADHD criteria were met, rates of learning disorders, psychiatric disorders, and substance abuse, and rates of stimulant treatment (Katusic et al., 2011; Rommelse et al., 2017).”

https://www.adhdevidence.org/ics#diagnosed
Yep. This is entirely our choice.

"Oh, corporations have to be massively harmful entities that crush people under their feet in order to enrich their investors" is a choice. It is a system created entirely by humans.

This is what people say when they talk about how capitalism has so thoroughly won. People speak about it like it is a force of nature or a property of physical reality itself. There is no alternative. If megacorps don't abuse their employees and vacuum up dollars from their customers in every possible way then the line will go down, and we can't have that.
> From my point of view, the issue tech companies are facing right now is not so much the possibility of an upcoming recession than them having finally reached the point where their impressive growth is slowing down with little chance of ever coming back to the insane rate of the 2000s and 2010s. It means their P/E ratio which has always been extremely high might slowly come back down to the economy average. That would be a very significant share price drop.

I'd also add that all of the bets made to expand their TAM's haven't paid off.....

Amazon - Brick and Mortar Retail
Google - Everything other than search
Tesla - Self Driving
Facebook - VR/Metaverse

At some point, investor expectations will tell you to stop investing in future ideas
It’s okay to quit. The academic world has exploitation baked into it so it’s rare for people to be told that directly by those benefiting from your continued participation, but it’s okay to quit. If the thesis is making you this miserable you might not be cut out for research, and that’s okay. There are many other easier and more economically fruitful ways to spend your life.

I quit my PhD and it was one of the best decisions I’ve ever made. I came pretty close to killing myself (no exaggeration) during my PhD because of how much shame and humiliation I felt about not succeeding at something for the first time ever in my life. I made regular visits to the rooftop of my lab building at night where I would sit crying and trying to work up the nerve to jump off. If that’s how you’re feeling, just leave. It’s not worth it.

If you can find your way into tech you’ll soon be making more than all your professors without having to spend another decade or more going through the hazing process known as the tenure track. The grass is most definitely greener.
If you think RSS is old, wait until you hear about HTML and Javascript!
It didn't fail, Kona has the ICAO code PHKO:

https://metars.com/stations/PHKO.html

IATA codes like KOA are not necessarily airport specific.
On Good Parties: https://www.plough.com/en/topics/life/on-good-parties
Google of 2008 didn't do this, I was there.

The difference is that current Google is full of non-tech non-sales people who fight with eachother to reorganize tech people who are trying to build things.

Other tech people change the API for no reason and give work to 1000 more people to ,,upgrade to the newer system'' and stop maintaining the old system.

Also the new CEO is not a software engineer, so he doesn't understand the problems they are facing day to day.
> the best moment to invest is during a crisis

Are we at the beginning, middle or end of it? Investing broadly at the beginning of a crisis that has the signs of being deep is less advised.
Hypothesis will generate a lot of things for you, it can be used for stuff like names, e-mail adresses, passwords, etc... . Instead of having to populate your test data with stuff like John Doe, Doe street 1111, Doe City, you can just use it to generate stuff on the fly.

It will then tirelessly try different permutations in the neverending search for more bugs.
Genuine question: I’ve never taken LSD, but could some of its purported visual effects be explained as seeing photons via a depressed neurological filter?
>when the ad focus had set in

Isn't that the point? Something like 80% of their revenue is from ads so that's where their focus lies. As cool as a lot of the other products are, they just don't seem to do much for the "business" other than supporting the data for targeted ads. Meaning, anything that does support their main revenue stream is at risk during economic downturns. (I'd be happy to be proven wrong by someone who, unlike me, has real insight)
Is this also acknowledging the more recent study linked in one of the top comments?
Science has no agreed consensus on what the definition of 'life' is. If we can't agree on its definition, how can we accurately calculate the odds of it arising ab initio?

Also, your second point is the wrong question being asked.
The first is "how likely is it that life arose by chance in a lifeless universe?" The second should be "how likely is it that this ordered and organised system in front of me is the product of engineering and intelligence?"

Based on what we know about information management systems, it's extremely likely that any information management system that we stumble across is the product of intelligence and intention.
And as always... Never use production data in the test pipeline.

At the very least, I don't think the company was operating like every random developer should have full-access to the no-fly list, which is what they de-facto gave them when they dumped an old copy into the test pipeline.
What's the objection to that? Who should play aliens?
Changing the nnnnn should not magically give you an invoice.

If your argument That a guid is better used here then you’re wrong. If the endpoint is not secure it doesn’t matter if your used a sequential id or a random id/guid. You could brute force a discovery.

You should always validate the input and verify the accessed invoice belongs to the person requesting it.
https://www.politico.com/story/2013/04/army-thanks-but-no-ta...
Another piece of this puzzle is that in a lot of cases, chemical reactions have an exponential sensitivity to energy levels.

The visible light spectrum corresponds to photons with energies of roughly 1.6 to 3.4 electron volts. That's a non-trivial amount of energy, enough to break the weaker bonds in many kinds of molecules.

In comparison, our environment is awash in huge numbers of thermal infrared photons, with energies on the order of 0.025 eV. But each of these photons has much less than 1/100th the effectiveness when it comes to interacting with atomic bonds.

As for the photopigments themselves, you can think of them kind of like atomic-scale mousetraps. Once a photosensitive molecule has been put into a highly energetic state, it only takes a tiny stimulus to make it release that energy, eventually leading to a much larger nerve impulse. Biological photosensors have been optimized by evolution to take advantage of this effect.
> I used to love cars and driving, now they disgust me,

++

I live in fly-over country, and cars, pretty much all of them, are monstrously large now. I notice the change, even to 15-20 years ago. Just as a small example; the physical experience of just being in a parking lot now, it's gotten really foul. The rooflines of cars parked on the street now block the view outside my local coffee shop. Not sure if this is real, but there seems more of that casual sociopathic driving (weaving in an out of traffic, texting, tailgating, ...). I'm not exaggerating, any given day and I likely see, with my own eyes, the aftermath of a wreck.

It's absolutely insane to me. It's a true saying; "things can always get worse". I feel like we're finding that out now. The public realm is just worse. Straight up. Worse. More deadly, violent, unwelcoming. And it's cars. The only concrete thing really. Big, fast going cars. Slow them down, have them smaller. And immediately, almost from day one, life outside is better.

> whole my-car-is-my-identity culture

This is not projection, it's a core truth. Many americans have reified independence into an extremely specific material _thing_. Big cars. Even if not all, then still enough to hold everybody else hostage.
There's something sexy about the CZ Shadow 2, even though I don't own nay handguns.
That's increasingly happening with YouTube videos for pop science and listicles. The creators just have to find some way to twist in some politics, usually with a snide or smug delivery, even if they don't have even a tangential relationship to the video's advertised subject matter. Usually, it's not about Trump but about various political and ideological causes currently popular with twentysomethings. Often it feels like the video was finished and someone went "Oh crap, we forgot to stick in some politics" and went back to add it in.
So why do the stock implementations suck?
Are you trying to say that Herman Cain wasn't a famous union leader?