It is a fundamental problem with the imperative paradigm because of the equivalent of:

lock.Take()
thingThatMayCrash()
lock.Release()

The imperative/structured paradigm is that those statements are evaluated in order. While this is not the only way of writing Go, it is legal Go, and the runtime must account for it. Paradigms for which that is not fundamentally true have different options available to them. One of those options is still to crash.

However, "access an array element out of range" isn't the question. The question is, what can the language do in the face of any exception? Haskell, perhaps ironically, doesn't avail itself of the opportunity to do something useful about it. You can implement a wide variety of mechanisms that are safe to have exceptions in even in the face of concurrency, but at the base language, it is essentially as exception unsafe as Go, exactly as you observe. (And you can create "exception-safe wrappers" in Go as well, as easily as having an intermediate function that does something with panics, then invokes some code. Nominally this is unsafe because the code being invoked really ought to have a guarantee that the user has written it to be safe in this usage; in practice it works fairly well at significant scales due to a combination of other things beyond the scope of this already-large reply.) This causes significant practical stress within the community and probably would be in the Top 5 wishlist for a lot of people as to something a sequel language would fix. (It is very annoying that the supposedly "pure" code "head []", supposedly of type "[a] -> a", throws an IO exception.) Just as in Haskell you can write safe code, you can write safe code in Go here as well.

lock.Take()
defer lock.Release()
thingThatMayCrash()

is every bit as safe as anything you can write in Haskell. (It may not compose as well, because "locks" are arguably the least composable primitive ever devised by computer science, but that's an entirely different discussion.)

Thus it is not a coincidence that when I named a language that has a different paradigm that allows it to systematically recover from this sort of fault, I named Erlang, not Haskell. Erlang has no locks. (At the Erlang level. NIFs may do their own thing but they are basically a form of "unsafe" and for language analysis should be treated as such.) Since it has no locks it can't blow up the way the Go code can and leave dangling locks. Processes get access to resources that need to be cleaned up through the IMHO somewhat confusingly named "ports" system, which can be conceived of as wrapping up sockets and files and other such resources behind other Erlang processes, and then there's a linking system that says "if this process crashes, send this message to that other process or crash it also". So an Erlang process can safely crash, release all associated resources, and the runtime may continue on with the assurance that there's no dangling locks or other concurrency things half done.

In fact in my opinion Erlang isn't even a particularly "functional" language. This is idiosyncratic and I don't deny it. A better way of understanding Erlang is that it was built around this functionality existing, and the ports system and immutable terms are the tools that were used to accomplish this goal, with the fact that the result looked sort of "functional" being an accident. So I wouldn't necessarily highlight "functional" languages in general as being natively good at this sort of handling. I think it's pretty clear it could be added to a Haskell++ without much effort but it is not something that merely "being functional" automatically gets you out of the box.

(Historically, Erlang actually descends from Prolog. While all the logic functionality is stripped out, the heritage is very visible. You can't really call it a "logic language" since it can do no logic, but in my opinion it isn't in the functional stream of languages either. Your mileage will vary; like I said I don't deny this is an idiosyncratic take, but for what it's worth, it's one from someone who used Erlang professionally for many years and knows Haskell fairly well too, so it's not an entirely uninformed one.)