skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Here's a brief reminder of how large language models like GPT-3 work.

First, you train until the cows come home on billions of tokens on the entire web. This is called "pre-training", even though it's basically all of the model's training (i.e. the setting of its parameters, a.k.a. weights).

The trained model is a big, huge table of tokens and their probabilities to occur in a certain position relative to other tokens in the table. It is, in other words, a probability distribution over token collocations in the training set.

Given this trained model, a user can then give a sequence as an input to the model. This input is called a "prompt".

Given the input prompt, the model can be searched (by an outside process that is not part of the model itself) for a token with maximal probability conditioned on the prompt [1]. Semi-formally, that means, given a sequence of tokens t₁, ..., tₙ, finding a token tₙ₊₁ such that the conditional probability of the token, given the sequence, i.e. P(tₙ₊₁|t₁, ..., tₙ), is maximised.

Once a token that maximises that conditional probability is found... the system searches for another token.

And another.

And another.

This process typically stops when the sampling generates an end-of-sequence token (which is a magic marker tautologically saying, essentially, "Here be the end of a <token sequence>", and is not the same as an end-of-line, end-of-paragraph etc token; it depends on the tokenisation procedure used before training, to massage the training set into something trainable-on) [2].

Once the process stops, the sampling procedure spits out the sequence of tokens starting at tₙ₊₁.

Now, can you say where in all this is the "actual reasoning" you are concerned people are still claiming is not there?

____________

[1] This used to be called "sampling from the model's probability distribution". Nowadays it's called "Magick fairy dust learning with unicorn feelies" or something like that. I forget the exact term but you get the gist.

[2] Btw, this half-answers your question. Language models on their own can't even tell that a sentence is finished. What reasoning?
The example that is used in this blog post is completely and absolutely wrong. He portrays wealth accumulation as a zero-sum game with people coin-flipping against each other. In reality, someone does not have to lose for wealth to be created.
It is misleading for sure in it's current state. In my opinion when it becomes a proper L3 (my estimate is in 2 years) the FSD name would be fair, even if a L3 implies that the car may ask you to take over.
Ah yes -

Go -> A programming language created by Google

Google Go -> An android app to help you search

Android Go -> A lightweight version of Android created by Google.
This yard-sale model isn't really how the economy works though, people don't continuously bet 20% of their net worth. It's something similar going on though, I think a lot of these variables would seem to be explained by considering the lognormal distribution for personal wealth.

In a normal distribution, the shape of the distribution comes from a "random walk" left and right from a large number of steps of varying size.

In a lognormal distribution, on the other hand, the random steps are not additive but multiplicative: e.g you multiply the previous figure by a (Gaussian) random variable many times.

This seems to reflect economic reality that people make decisions proportional to the scale of their current wealth. If I make 10k, it would take 2k extra to entice me to a different job. If I make (or lose) 10% on an investment, etc. It's all multiplicative.

The lognormal distribution also has a fatter "right tail" than a Gaussian, which is what we see IRL.
RTutor – Talk to your data via AI
Whoa; calling it awful is a bit Overkill! Overkill! Overkill!
My over middle aged colleague got into and enjoying cycling again with an e bike.

And he gives no dammn if this is cheeting according to some condescending self righteous hole of excretion. Did not even hear about those poor people. He just likes to move more and that's it.
I know all of this but reading it again made me angry.
I love explorables! Simple model but good to see.

I am not sure I believe the reasoning in the title but the effect they show is interesting. Money is power, even in a heads or tails game
Weirdly enough my first thought was that they could just put the equivalent of printer dots in the output to track who creates web rips.
> To solve all this, it's pretty simple, and the U.S. actually used to do it: heavily tax the super rich.

That never happened. https://mises.org/library/good-ol-days-when-tax-rates-were-9...
That actually makes whitespace syntax in Nim much better. Can't recall the number of times I copied Python code snippets and had to track down lurking tabs.
I don't think they're better at anything. The power of money to make money and to buy opportunity, time, and mitigate risk is extreme. Being able to take risks and fall back on your family's wealth can enable huge gains when taking high risk chances. See basically every "entrepreneur" like Gates, Bezos, Musk, Zuckerberg, etc.
Indeed- the more money a person has, the more adventurous they can get in producing value. It's not rocket science! (most of the time)
Thanks! It's also my daughters birthday (9 yesterday) so I always remember it. I celebrated by eating cake, cuddling my kids, listening to music and listening to the audio book biography of the dark lord himself Tony Iommi.
I understand poverty.

What is so difficult in finding a friend or organization with a car? Maybe it will take 2 or 3 or 4 weeks of trying to find someone to help, but eventually one can.
> Actively wanting go avoid that is, well, anti-social.

Ah the epitome of social interactions. An underpaid and overworked service worker mis-hears my name, pretends to not find me in the system then gives me a card. Well worth queuing for!

But you know it is a must, since if I continue the conversation with my travel companion uninterrupted all the way to our room then I am actively tearing apart the fabric of society.

> Anyway, it's a losing battle at this point.

Battle? Why do you care how others choose to live their life this much? Are they hurting you?
That’s a cool ship! I spent some summers sailing (well, mostly rowing) on a bit smaller Viking ship replicas:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/bergie/albums/7215760328404647...
They are already inside almost all cars though. This is just one with magnets.
This smells misleading / overly simplistic but I can’t quite quite put my finger on precisely why?

Some thoughts

- consensual trades are win win (you want a sandwich, I want $5 let’s trade! And we both win)

- something about the model is overly simplistic, like it produces a statistical distribution that looks like extreme inequality from randomness, but lots of different sorts of distributions can emerge from aggregating random (for eg a normal distribution several dice and looking at their totals).
This is a nice solution. I came up with something similar where once it got stuck without making much progress I would just blow away a big radius and that would often help it get unstuck. I did eventually abandon this approach though. I can't remember the exact reason why but I think my back tracking system was not compatible with it. So if it got stuck after blowing away some tiles then it would be truly stuck and could not backtrack anymore.
You should try capture one instead of lightroom, it's not just "good enough", it's better. You can pay once and get that version forever too.
The docker daemon has basically root over your system, so any escape can end very badly.
HELLO HAMBINI FANS AND WELCOME
Ian Fleming wrote 2000 words per day and was able to produce a v1 of a novel in 6 weeks. This appeared on HN a couple of weeks ago:

https://lithub.com/ian-fleming-explains-how-to-write-a-thril...

I read Casino Royale (the first Bond installment) for the first time last week; it's quite good and fast-paced. The chapters follow the 2000 words rule quite closely, and it's working.
IP address, browser/device fingerprint.
But tell me, how are you going to tax the super rich? It's incredibly difficult to tax someone who's actually poor on paper. Most super rich people actually don't seem to have much wealth officially declared, all of their wealth is sort of like "pseudo" in that it's all tied up in assets, and sometimes assets that aren't directly owned by them but their companies etc. and they have a lot of shortcuts for tax breaks on the stuff that can be taxed. With the current system in place then it's impossible to actually tax the rich.
Besides @elcritch's and @pjmlp's excellent points {language "level" is vague & all compilers translate}, C as a backend target has other virtues (though is by no means The Only Way). E.g., TinyC/tcc optimizes for time to compile (it is a single pass over its input) not generated object code qualities like run-time/file-size. This can give Nim code almost interpreter-like edit-compile-debug devel cycles, but even just changing the default gcc -Og to gcc -O0 can be a huge improvement. [1] (`passL:"-lm" --mm:markAndSweep` and recently `--threads:off` became necessary for tcc due to atomics/C11 dependencies, but it is already a kind of "debugging compilation mode".) Similarly, work on space-saving/alternate libc's like musl [2] can be leveraged, [3] although using `config.nims`/NimScript can also lengthen compile-times by 100 milliseconds or so.

[1] https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/8677
[2] https://musl.libc.org/
[3] https://github.com/kaushalmodi/hello_musl/blob/master/config...
> Corporations and the super rich have bought out democracy, and what is crazy is that they are supported by the very groups they intrinsically hate and hurt through their policies.

This is known since at least Marx, and still it doesn't change. This makes me very sad.
I think it is more efficient if you need power conversion i.e. gear shifting.
I just tried it on WSL2 with Ubuntu to create a python-based development environment. The experience was very rough. Devbox failed on multiple levels. I had to uninstall both devbox and nix. The funny thing is that there are no uninstall instructions at all.
It would link it to other pseudonymous identifiers that don’t (yet) know who you are but would very much like to.
>There is a good chance SBF will be released on bail so he does not have to spend time in detention in NYC. The charges against him are all nonviolent crimes

I don’t agree with this theory, as I think it’s rather likely SBF will be viewed as a flight risk.

• His heavy involvement in the cryptocurrency space makes it likely he has significant moveable digital cash reserves that cannot be easily seized and which would greatly aid an escape.

• He has shown himself to be extremely mobile and was seemingly already attempting to get some distance from the USA, given that he was arrested in the Bahamas

• The gravity of sentences charges he’s potentially facing are vast, and he has many incentives to flee prosecution if it means potentially dodging spending 10-20++ years in jail

I therefore think it’s very unlikely he gets bail.
It is a compiled language, how the backend is implemented it is an implementation detail, transpiled was a term the JS community came up with, which you won't find in languages like Eiffel that always compiled to native code via C for the last 30 years.

Or C++ and Objective-C in their yearly days, or the P2C Pascal compiler from 40 years ago.
Low quality foodstuffs are available anywhere, even in the wealthiest communities - cheetos, twinkies, cookies, crackers, etc. One can make poor food choices anywhere, that is for sure. Anyone canget the cost externalized to healthcare.

The point is that it is a choice to buy fruits, vegetables, eggs, etc, rather than cookies.

Everyone knows what a poor diet is at this point. Who doesn't know potato chips are not healthy, even in the most poverty-stricken areas? Who doesn't know that brocolli is healthier than Sugar Puffs cerial. Nobody, that's who.
Have you thought about getting deeper into system architecture/design? Distributed systems are a large beast, pretty technical and highly correlated with many business aspects.

You could leverage your web dev experience but still transition away from implementing CRUD apps.
Oh, chipaggedon... I was few weeks off trying the assembly service (think it was on seeed studio?) of small dev board, and then I realized near nothing I had on it was still in stock. Even managed to run Rust on the previous breadboard iteration of the project.

Year and half later I got all the parts finally delivered...

> But peripherals, power-usage, Flash/SRAM, etc. etc. are all getting better across the board. Its just one of those 'tredmills', you can never really be an expert on the market, cause the market of chips keeps changing so quickly.

Sure but you can stay on same chip family for 10+ years and just grab new part when you need features. Especially on hobbyist level there isn't that much reason to chase the latest and greated
The small fraction of a BTC and ETH I mined about a decade ago mostly as a GPU benchmark are on coinbase at the moment. Currently worth about $1000 they've oscillated wildly and I am both resigned to them going to zero and slightly tempted to leave them there for the full ride (and to avoid tax liabilities)
I have always used play projects as opportunities for professional development: learn a new language or UI framework, try out a programming paradigm, explore audio programming, &c. But always because I love what I do.

And I frequently ask, in interviews, what sort of programming candidates do in the spare time. It seems completely sensible to me to take play projects as a sign that candidates love what they do; and if they love what they do, they are invariably going to be better at it.

Typically, my play projects are a bit larger than what you are doing. My most recent play project was a a guitar pedal that runs on a Raspberry Pi that can be controlled via Wi-Fi from a phone.

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.twoplay.pi...

https://rerdavies.github.io/pipedal/

Professional development benefits I accrued while working on this project:

- learn TypeScript

- learn React Framework

- experience with optimizing C++ code for ARM processors

- learning that GCC auto-vectorization consistently produces faster code than hand-rolled ARM NEON assembler (but only with the right pragmas).

- experimentation with design of adaptive, complex touch user interfaces.

- using ML techniques for real-time audio processing.

I have given thought to monetizing the project; but I really don't think there's a huge opportunity, without a 6-figure investment. And I really don't think it's the sort of product that's going to make me a multi-millionaire. For the most part, it was done because it is beautiful, and it is useful, and it gave me more than adequate joy to compensate for the effort put into it.

Over my entire career, I've probably done about a dozen of these sorts of projects. Three of them were eventually released as shareware projects that earned 5-figures-ish over their entire lifetimes; one of them actually was used as a foundation for a startup. But all of them were done for joy not money.

From my perspective, if I'm interviewing a candidate that is coding in his spare time, for the sheer joy of it, that is a Very Good Sign that I'm going to be hiring someone who is going to be actively working on improving their software development skills.
The logitech MX ergo trackball mouse, a kinesis advantage keyboard, the asus rog x13 flow laptop, a PS5 and a spare controller.
The US is only very loosely constrained by its tax base. It does not lack funds.

It has also been spending much more on education over the past decades[1]. With very little to show for it.

[1] https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_236.55.a...
I assume GP posted ironically because the Rust snippet is mostly pretty bland function and method calls, the only weird-ish bits are the postfix "?" (which have become very common[0]) and the block syntax[1], while they're using 3 different sigils in a Perl snippet I'm not even sure makes sense (though it's probably valid because perl) e.g. from what little I've retained of perl (against my will) "@ARG" is an array with the command line arguments, $ARG does not exist, this just passes `undef` repeatedly to `do_something`.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_navigation_operator

[1] e.g. it doesn't have let..else, macros, raw-idents, complicated type signatures, turbofishes, ... which could make the code a lot weirder
> It's incredibly difficult to tax someone who's actually poor on paper

You think this because the super rich want you to think this. Actually, it's not hard and there are some good ideas floating around (e.g. more inheritance tax, don't let them get loans without taxes againt their illiquid wealth). Does it require a change of laws? Yes, but that's the whole point of democracy.
Pudding.cool is amazing. Go back them on Patreon (I think you get stickers)
When is this hypothetical vest? If you got them at the end of 2021 or Q1 this year you'd be up compared to today.
areas that aren’t usually called “inner cities”. That’s about a half step up from slum.
I think this time we should go above and beyond regular heavy taxation.
We should seek to extend republican norms within the corporate sphere and downright prohibit rent-seeking.

A country whose inhabitants have no say in its internal politics is called a tyranny. It's more than time to see the current workplace the same way.
OMG the image is terrifying! Glad you were ok...
What is "that" that you're referring to? Tax rates have absolutely fallen. If you're referring the article's claim that the rich pay much more taxes in terms of dollar amount, that doesn't necessarily mean anything because the rich are wealthier and more concentrated than every before.

For example:

> According to investment bank Credit Suisse, the fraction of global household wealth held by the richest 1 percent of the world's population increased from 42.5 to 47.2 percent between the financial crisis of 2008 and 2018. To put it another way, as of 2010, 388 individuals possessed as much household wealth as the lower half of the world's population combined—about 3.5 billion people; today Oxfam estimates that number as 26.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-inequality-ine...
https://archive.ph/5fM1a
This is one of this things I always found funny about PAL vs NTSC arguments.

There simply wasn’t a better option, at the time. Both options were engineered with limited resources to best fit their respective needs. NTSC had a better refresh rate and easier hardware integration, plus 70+ years of backwards/forwards compatibility (a 1941 NTSC B+W television set could be used to watch the series finale of Friends in 2004 using a bog standard antenna for over the air signals); PAL had almost 30 years of experience and fixed some of the major issues with NTSC (primarily the Phase signaling) and had increased resolution at the cost of refresh rates.

Both were pushing analog transmission bandwidth to the limits and did admirably until digital options were available and became the norm.
To slow down a car while speeding up a flywheel requires an infinitely variable gearbox. Ie. When you first start deceleration and the flywheel is stationary, you'd ideally have infinity:1 ratio. When the car is pretty much stopped, and the flywheel going fast, you'd use 1: infinity. And in between you'd use every other ratio.

Such gearboxes aren't really a thing (at least not without massive caveats).

The best you can do is fixed gear ratios and a clutch, or a CVT and a clutch to handle the ends of the range.

Both are mechanically complex and not very efficient (a typical shift under load with a clutch wastes half the energy into heat in the clutch material).

Compare to electric, where a 'gearbox' consists of software/inductors/capacitors/switches, and you can effectively have an infinite ratio (software) gearbox.
After months of multipronged investigations, we find no _conclusive_ evidence that the earth is flat.
most film grain since the mid 2000s has either been fake, or augmented.

Anything that went through a VFX pipeline was denoised (so that trackers, painters & rotoscoper can work more efficiently.) once the effects applied, then film grain was put back in. (even if it was to be lasered back out onto film.)

Film stock improved significantly from 2000 to maybe 2008. grain getting smaller. optical resolution getting better. (well maybe digital intermediary got better.)
It’s useless to upgrade with every new version (if you are not upgrading your camera); unfortunately all the companies slapping minor upgrades and making it a number release.

I suggest Lightroom 6 for those who has older camera, otherwise discounted standalone version of Capture One (often goes in discounts). DAM feature is great in Lightroom; but this can be resolved by using some other app Can not wait to ditch Lightroom though. C1 is great for tethered sessions.

Rethinking DAM, i think i need just a good filemanager, i am already organizing my folder by myself.

If you are working in professional environment as a photographer, Capture One is a quite gold standard for photographer. In anycase, retouching is done in Photoshop.
Swift uses ARC to mean automatic, and its use comes from Objective-C's ARC.
depends which country you are
Intellectual property is intangible and cannot be stolen. Copying is not stealing; the original does not go away.

https://drewdevault.com/2021/12/23/Sustainable-creativity-po...
More importantly, the super rich get to choose when, how, how much, and where, and from where they are paid.

And even more importantly, they all live on low interest ELOCs.

There's also no reasonable way of fixing this.
The Intel P-Series was a mistake
I tested Jami briefly before swarm and was impressed / surprised at how far it flew under the radar. Will have to give it a spin again with the new architecture. Meanwhile, curious about who the developers are behind the project and what the business model, if any, is?
Hmm, the topic is a nice one, but I think it proves the adage, “a force-directed graph visualization is never the right way to articulate anything.” It’s very hard to discern much of interest.
That’s the return offer one of the interns I mentored got when they came back after they graduated. They had no reason to lie to me. They work remotely and decided to move back in with their parents. But even if they didn’t, they could live some place cheaply.

I don’t work for some hip non profitable startup surviving off of VC money either.

These are standard offers - go to levels.fyi and see what the starting wage is for the BigTech companies are in America.

Some of the younger cohort who are just coming out of college getting FAANG jobs (including the one I work for) are talking about FIRE (financially independent retire early). They are saving/investing $50K+ a year.