skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
> So literally every ‘if’, ‘echo’ and ‘for’ (etc) has its own process ID in Linux/UNIX

echo: yes

if, for: no

Control flow statements do not execute in subshells (processes) unless explicitly told to do so.

You may be thinking of test(1) aka [

if [ a == b ] ; then ....

which was originally written:

if test a == b ; then

test(1) is its own executable. But [ is a builtin command and does not execute in a separate process.
Do not forget that Bach's music needed to feed 20 of his children over the course of his life. (10 survived)

I have a hard time believing that he was intentionally carving out the rules of eg _Gradus ad Parnassum_ rather than consistently trying to make music that sounded good with good timbre given the constraints of his living situation and employer.

What seems prescriptive to the children is often originally descriptive to the elders.
>How so? Aren't the GPL and CDDL both copyleft?

They are, but GPL is (tl;dr) incompatible with anything that's not a subset of GPL. That's because GPL is viral, and CDDL isn't. And that's why in the Open Source world you can't get license incompatibility without throwing GPL in the mix.

So, yeah, it's GPL that's possibly being violated; CDDL is fine with whatever license there is. Oracle could sue you if they relicensed ZFS under GPL, but can't with CDDL because of implicit protection CDDL contains.
It’s interesting that the article refers to “classical music’s obsession with the major scale”. I was raised on rock guitar, where the minor pentatonic scale was king. For that reason I often thought of keys in terms of their relative minor.

Whole heartedly agreed that our current model of theory is excessively academic relative to the music most people are making and consuming (at least in America).

All that said, a grounding in theory is still a wonderful thing to have as a musician. Even if you choose to ignore what you’ve learned (and you should sometimes!), it allows you to understand a lot of music more deeply, allowing you to learn it more quickly.
Calling SQL crap just because there's a way to abuse it is like saying C is crap because I could do `int * userGuess = get_number_from_user(); * userGuess;` with nothing more than a compiler warning (if I'm lucky).

Would be nice if we all stopped with these blanket statements and just focused on evaluating individual pros/cons of things.

EDIT: formatting of pointer
I understood your point to be a concern that skills we value today will become marginalized or lost if the majority of people choose the new automated tools instead of doing it 'by hand'. You worry that people will just consume output, instead of engaging in creative expression. Did I misunderstand?

My point was that it does not matter whether you can "perform absent the aid of a digital prosthesis", because digital tools are not fundamentally different than any of the other kinds of tools humans have developed throughout our history. Creativity is always a function of the tools available. Creative thought is always shaped and enabled by the capabilities one can draw on. Different skills come and go as they are needed.

When the camera came along, the art of representational painting and illustration lost the importance it previously had. Why hire someone to spend hours making a picture when the camera can do it better, quicker, and cheaper? But of course painting and drawing did not go away, they just evolved into something else. Meanwhile a whole new creative form developed on top of the new technology of photography.

A different analogy: once upon a time, making music involved years of practice, learning to play an instrument, understanding how music works, memorizing compositions. Then records came along... and a few decades later, someone invented DJing. Is a DJ a musician? Not in the traditional way, they're just playing recordings of other musicians after all! But a whole new art form developed at a higher level of abstraction, looping and mixing recordings into a seamless performance.

I believe the same will happen with tools like DALL-E and midjourney. Some creative practices will diminish, because the robots will be good enough, and it won't make sense to have humans do those jobs anymore. But those skills won't disappear; they'll just become specialized, and people will find new strange creative things to do with them. Meanwhile whole new kinds of creative expression will emerge on top of the new AI tools. They won't look like the skills we value today, but people won't stop making creative use of their environments, so they will eventually become new disciplines as well-developed as anything we have today.
It does if doing so causes the selected frequency to drift to another channel
It almost be funnier if there was NO real punchline to the first joke and it was all a setup to spend endless hours trying to figure it out like the second one supposedly.
Forgotten history of small nuclear reactors
I see what you're saying, and defining what makes art is nebulous to the point of being impossible. Rather than a positive proof, I would just counter by asking whether you think art can be defined purely by its aesthetics, or by virtue of the methods used to make it - that is, without considering at all any concepts or ideas put forward by it.
I like using vi-style keybindings for various applications.

Hence, for file managing, I had been using `vifm` for a long time and then discovered `ranger`. I switched to it due to its advanced preview capabilities and the default interface being closer to my taste.

However, said preview function (and also other functions) sometimes crashed and I recall some strange behaviour of copy operations in ranger when symlinks were involved (?). In any case, I switched back to vifm for stability reasons and have been effectively using it for years.

What I had been missing from the console file managers was a "copy & paste between windows" option. With vifm, I implemented it as a patch getting nice assistance from vifm's developer xaizek. This resulted in the (back-then) new feature `syncregs` which I have kept using ever since. Not sure if ranger came to offer something similar in the meantime :)

YMMV
A friend of my dad is a professional book hound, and he says it amuses him when he sees others who can’t understand what to do with a book that doesn’t have an isbn.
For me theory is most important as a debugging tool - I write without considering it and if something sounds “off” in a bad way theory will often help me pinpoint why. It’s also useful for analysis when I’m trying to capture a certain sound. Either way it is not a composition tool and shouldn’t taught that way except for exercises to understand theory.
It will be another win when it's on the grid and running
rm ./-f
Well, GraphQL aside I've been using the same stack for almost ten years and it's only becoming more and more popular so I'd say I'm doing pretty well in terms of choosing the tech, thanks for your concern though!
I think what makes it more confusing is that the inner workings are almost too simple.. so one wonders why there are so many commands etc.

Git is basically a linked list (if you have one branch) and a graph (if you have more than one branch). Then all you are really working with are pointers to certain nodes in that graph.

In git terminology these nodes are called objects and there are different types of objects such as tree objects and commit objects etc. Objects are compressed with a library called zlib and are stored as files within the .git/objects directory, the file name is the hash of the decompressed object.

But, back to the graph and the pointers to certain nodes. A branch itself is nothing more than a pointer either. You can look at the files in .git/refs/heads to see where they point.

Now, what you do with git checkout is changing the node you currently view in the graph. If you make a commit you create a new node. Merging is nothing more than taking two nodes and creating a new node that is connected to both of them.

The main problem i think is that concepts like branch, tag, commit etc are actually just overcomplicated abstractions of the much simpler graph nodes and pointers and are thus confusing.
Rentals are available for a lot of equipment. Although there are liability concerns for gear used for relatively high-risk activities. But renting a kayak or a canoe is mostly not that hard--especially if you have a local club.
>functions as first class with underlying lambda calculus semantics (as opposed to lisp)

Do you mind elaborating on this? How does lambda calculus underlie JS/TS functions but not functions in LISP?
Isn't the whole reason that the CDDL is a problem that it is viral too? Otherwise you could just distribute the whole bundle of ZFS+Linux as GPL and be fine.
A Google engineer on their science/climate team moonlights as a registered lobbyist:

https://www.thirdway.org/memo/how-advanced-nuclear-got-on-th...

(The article provides a really interesting window into a real-world lobbying project IMO.)
> What is the particular appeal of e.g. living to be 130 years old?

Assuming you can stay mentally and physically healthy during that time, what is the downside? Why would someone _not_ want to live as long as they can?

There is so much that has happened in the last 130 years, it'd be great to see what happens in the next 130 years.
My sense of smell came back but I feel like my memory hasn't been the same. I used to have a phenomenal memory. Now I often have trouble thinking of lesser used words.
I'd love to find a way to dunk on this, but, fair enough. I did a bunch more reading on this title; the consensus seems to be that it's a very well-written book that's appropriate for mature 16-17 year olds, but the ALA only has the 12-18 category, and I couldn't fault any parent for having a problem with this book being promoted by a school to a 12 year old.

Again: the library we're talking about here had the book originally shelved in an adult section, and later behind a desk available on request.
45 SF traffic cops issue just 10 citations combined a day
This is actually the content I come to HN for. You could argue that HN specializes in one-upmanship or pedantry but it's also a breeding ground for a lot of good discussion on incredibly niche topics.
I don‘t think any particular style of art is ever finished. That just assumes is all about differentiation from what was there before. OP is obviously showing interest in generative art and is probably doing it for fun and that’s required for doing anything great in my opinion, that you’re in for yourself. Everything else would just be manufacturing.

Other than that great recommendations! I had the pleasure to attend a course of Frieder and must say that he is one of the kindest, inspiring people I’ve met!
They are super cute and I always get a kick whenever I see one on a walk. No idea why they are named after "the mother of monsters", early Europeans must have been on another planet

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)
The majority of updates are minor bugfix patches. I can't think of many updates to games that follow your definition outside of those "seasonal" games
If you are referring to fertilizers, a lack of those definitely wasn't the main reason for mass deaths in the years following their discovery - and I'm only asking that safe products are delayed for a bit until we are reasonably sure they're safe. I don't know what you mean by diseases, because we are already doing exactly that for pharma products.

It's mainly a change of mindset - leaded fuel is such a good example, it was known to be toxic right from its invention (almost killed its inventor), yet it took us decades of arguing before we were ready to act on that knowledge - because said inventor and his cronies always managed to cast a shadow of doubt, and we seemed to act like as long as we weren't 100% sure we couldn't ban anything (so basically 'safe-until-proven-otherwise').

Things haven't really changed, not even in the EU that purportedly already acts under this principle, if you look at the current debates like on glyphosate.
About point 1, and not exactly SLOC, but the comparison is between Linux (a kernel) and FreeBSD (a full OS).

Now, it’s possible that the number of vulnerabilities are much higher in the Linux Kernel because there is more research interest due to its larger usage.
> I know people using DynamoDB for a tiny dataset that would easily fit in sqlite (or any other DB) running on a $20/month VPS.

I have to say your comment comes off as very ignorant. If you are a AWS customer then you either pick any of the database offerings, such as DynamoDB or Amazon RDS, or run your own database on a EC2 instance. Except running your own db in EC2 can cost around the same as running Amazon RDS, and DynamoDB has a very roomy free tier.

Therefore the piece of info you somehow left out is that DynamoDB is free for "a tiny dataset", and you do not have to manage anything at all with DynamoDB too.
OpenAI's GPT-3 and DALL•E2 might be life-changing for their creative users, writers and illustrators or beginner creators, I can't remember any life-changing use case for groups (outside of the creators themselves). For ML researchers, transformers seem to not be used as AGI at all (despite general or multi-modal potential) but mostly used for test and probability tool.
I work on engines for a living as a master diesel tech, and this post just gave me a second job. you've ruined my entire weekend with this absolutely enthralling and amazing game.

I hope you step on a Lego.
Run AlphaFold from the Command Line
"Personally", as someone who currently has... (counts trackpoints)... _eight_ trackpoint enabled devices in the house, I would highly recommend the Rollermouse Red [0] to anyone who doesn't want to leave the home row, but doesn't like trackpoints. It is a stellar device. Seems to have gone up in price in the last few years though.

[0] https://www.contourdesign.com/product/rollermouse-red/
ubisoft be like "you know that game we released 3 years ago and are still selling for $20? yeah you won't be able to play it after September"

Also... can we talk about the fact that they're killing off these old games because of, supposedly, the maintenance burden... but they're keeping the remastered versions. Wouldn't it have been simpler to just use the same game server in the first place?!
To revolutionize drug discovery, you need to solve a number of problems that ML can't really address right now.

We do not have well-formed theories of the molecular details of many diseases. There is no immediate computational approach that address this defect. The community has had fairly simplified models for some time, and there's a lot of historical belief that by knowing protein structures in details, we can understand the nature of a disease through its molecular etiology, and from that, we can make drugs (either small molecules or biomolecules) that modulate proteins in rational ways to eliminate the disease with a minimum of side effects.

In my mind, much of the problem is similar to modern deep learning compared to previous techniques. Several extremely challenging problems (high accuracy voice recognition, image recognition, object detection) simple were not solvable through the statistical techniques and mental models adopted by the practitioners. It is not abundantly obvious that stupidly simple deep networks can be pretrained on enormous amounts of labelled data, or even unlabelled data, but we didn't even have the ability to know this confidently until we had the right network architectures, enough high quality labelled data, and adequate compute power to train them.

I believe that by starting to think about disease modelling from the same mindset as deep learning (simple models with many parameters, the models don't actually represent the assumed mechanism, large amounts of high quality data, lots of CPU, GPU, and RAM) and also thinking of the disease treatment process in the same way will greatly increase our ability to "understand" and "treat" diseases, while knowing far less about their underlying mechanism that we thought.

A common example is disease/patient stratification. If you've developed drugs that treat disease A, but it turns out later, there are really two diseases, A1 and A2 with different underlying mechanisms but superficially similar exterior symptoms, you'll realize why some percentage of your population didn't get better (and often got worse, given the underlying toxicity of some medicines). If we could just stratify diseases better, and classify patients into the right bins, the effectiveness of medicine will go up (and drugs will get through clinical trials faster/better).

None of this addresses the later-stage issues, such as successfully running all the phases of a clinical trial and the other gauntlets you must pass in order to get a drug FDA-approved.

I would continue to expect marginal improvements for the foreseeable future. But be aware: some companies already have managed to do a good enough job developing new medicines that they routinely create multi-billion-dollar blockbuster drugs year after year after year (my employer, Genentech, is a perfect example of that). It maintains an enormous and well-funded R&D arm that expends untold neurons attempting to understanding disease better even before we start to consider something as "druggable".
Since an undergraduate degree takes 3 years of not quite fulltime study, I imagine following Susan's list will take approximately half that long, since you will not be doing any practical classes.

The key word here is _study_, not reading - you must work through the exercises and get feedback on them somehow. Reading popular science books, even Penrose, is not enough to get you there.

> I am interested only in the current understanding of Physics, worked starting from the laws as understood today. Sort of like what Principia Mathematica was intended to be.

I do not know of an equivalent for Physics. Physics is about creating models that describe the universe, not building up a theorem from first principles. If such a thing existed (string theory maybe?) you would still need the undergraduate background to recognise the emergent behavior.

Do not waste your time on the OP.
IIRC these days he says he had nothing to do with that decision.
For ML researchers, transformers seem to not be used as AGI at all (despite general or multi-modal potential) but mostly used for test and probability tool.

What do you mean?
The Lowe's and home depots around me all let you tap with a credit card, could just be where parent is?
Man it is gonna be so nice when the average young adult has a device in their pocket that folds out to the size of a paperback, or even a magazine, and we can start making popular culture that fits that size again instead of everything having to make sense through the tiny window of a phone.
> I’m basically talking a couple gigabytes of data.

You'd be happy to learn that DynamoDB's free tier covers DBS up to 25GB.

https://aws.amazon.com/dynamodb/
The sad part is that the power grid is exceptional vulnerable to military operations and the single most vulnerable source that caused the loss of more lives than any other energy source during war is hydro power. A single hydroelectric dam has the potential energy of multiple nuclear bombs just waiting for a single fuse to go off, and as demonstrated during the second world war, even a mostly failed attempt to set it off can cause a massive amount of death and destruction.

Attacking hydroelectric dams during war is a major war crime for a big and deadly reason.
Which is why we need legislative change to force them not to sell a designed-for-obsolescence product in the first place.
You've been a self-identified conservative since before you signed up for HN, so the liberalism you're implying you had here must have been confined to your very early 20s, before you were "the token conservative" at law school. :)

(I'm not dunking on you; you've gotten, uh, pretty strident in the last year or so, but your conservatism is one of the things I appreciate about your presence here.)
As someone who has just been tearing my hair out over v1 and v2 cgroups and containers for testing systemd services, I think I need to spend some time in FreeBSD land.
I didn’t realize Greg Maffei used to be CFO of Microsoft. He now leads part of John Malone’s empire of media and entertainment companies.
Had to skim for a bit to figure out what was going on, because I distinctly remember playing on my iPad many years ago. Turns out it was iPad only, this was the first time it was redesigned to fit on the phone screen. The author didn’t want to force users into landscape mode, which I completely understand: playing games in landscape feels alien on my iPhone.

Interesting look at the process of making the UI work well.
I love my UHK too but the trackpoint is pretty disappointing, even after you mess with the movement settings to make it slightly less janky. The thumb modules are a huge drop in build quality compared to the excellent keyboard.
> If anything IS a problem here it is violating the terms of the GPL, not the CDDL.

The CDDL terms are violated because you can't re-license code that is under the CDDL (in contrast to for example the BSD licenses). The GPLv2 is a strong copy-left license that puts the CDDL files under GPLv2.

Even the creators of the CDDL themselves have stated that the CDDL is probably incompatible with the GPL [1].

[1] https://lwn.net/Articles/114840/
The article claims that it is about our world: "he imagined an America filled with dazzling inventions but rotting from the inside out, one in which the erosion of civil liberties is thinly veiled by chest-thumping braggadocio about technology’s power to solve every problem. Spielberg's eye-scanning cameras and autocratic cops could easily be exchanged with the overreach of the PATRIOT Act, or the NSA listening in to casual conversations."
Git isn't designed for "noobs trying to pick up coding just to experiment". It also isn't really designed for solo developers as the OP is about.

Git is designed for collaboration. Git's UI is absolutely unintuitive, especially coming from other version control software. But that's irrelevant. Everyone wants to use it because of the network effect.

In terms of _why_ the UI is unintuitive, I believe it's because it intentionally exposes its internal representation. Unlike its predecessors like subversion, Git has infinite flexibility in terms of the workflow that teams of people can adopt. But the flexibility comes at the cost of learning how to use a distributed graph of commits.

Personally, I never learned git by reading recipes of commands, like the OP. I only really grokked it by understanding how it works internally. This article helped me:

Git for Computer Scientists
https://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/
Actually attacking it is on Russia. However, placing troups inside the nuclear power station is on Ukraine. It’s for similar reasons that you don't station troups inside a school, which apparently Ruissa has been doing.
I agree with you about the falling off skateboards etc. I think people who like those things tend to be the people I don't like for other reasons.

The UK Office however, I think is entirely different.
That's because it's just marketing buzzword bingo
I love used bookstores and my retail business is right next door to one that I mostly despise. The shelves are literally overflowing and there is no rhyme or reason to shelf organization. The prices are high, which I normally wouldn’t mind because usually it comes with great curation or presentation or a point of view. But this shop has none of those redeeming qualities. The employees also don’t seem to care about reading or books, other than to point out how quickly some categories of books fly off the shelves. It’s all very transactional.

It’s the weirdest experience because I want so badly for it to be like other shops I’ve browsed and loved. I’ve even considered opening my own bookshop down the street to fulfill my desire for a great used book shop in my city. Maybe someday.
I usually don’t even reply to those. When I do, it’s simply “Hi” back.