skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Generating entire functions has been possible for a long time before Copilot. The discipline that studies algorithms that generate code or programs is called Program Synthesis. For a recent review see Gulwani et al:

Program Synthesis

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Program-Synthesis-Gulw...

Copilot and similar systems (like DeepMind's AlphaCode) are a step backwards compared with earlier systems most of which are capable of not only generating code, but generating correct programs, where correctness is measured with respect to a specification, which can be complete or incomplete (as in input/output examples etc).

Systems like Copilot instead use a large language model to generate code by completing an initial "prompt" and have no way to control what kind of code is generated or whether it does what the programmer expects it to do. The task of checking correctness is left to the user. The result is code that may or may not contain bugs to an extent difficult to predict beforehand.

Specifically about Copilot, it's based on Codex, a large language model that's a variant of GPT-3 fine-tuned on all of github. In formal testing, OpenAI found that Codex could generate the correct program about 30% of the time, which is pretty low:

Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code

https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374

Interestingly, if Codex was allowed 100 "guesses", the correct program was in there 75% of the time, instead. But that only goes to show that these kinds of systems are code firehoses without any ability to tell a correct program from garbage.
It is no different than using interfaces, protocols, pure virtual base classes....
I try to develop primitives for data structures and/or algorithms - starting with e.g a doubly linked list node / binary tree node… moving on to e.g. breadth first search implementation, etc.

Being older, for me this has the benefit of refreshing some compsci fundamentals while exploring the new language.
I have the same feeling about Mozilla's credit card auto-fill. It won't remember the CCV. I assume this is because the CCV isn't supposed to be stored. But Mozilla isn't a credit card processor, I don't think they have any obligation to the credit card companies to not store the CCV. So what happens if they do start storing and auto-filling it?
The Finland border area is where the USSR badly lost the winter war. It's naturally suited to defense.

The Ukraine border area is where the USSR almost lost to the Nazis. It is an exposed jugular. A NATO base in Mariupol could cut them off from their black sea fleet/only warm water ports and their oil fields in the caucausus like the Nazis tried to.

You dont have to be a military analyst to see that Finland and Swedens membership is less threatening than ukraine.
Very nice work, the design and the dark patterns are spot on.

Darkpatterns.org used to collect websites who seriously did stuff like this. They have since rebranded to deceptive design, also an apt name. The hall of shame is well worth checking out.

https://www.deceptive.design/
Yes it does, OOP is a spectrum not "like Java does it".
I would say that terminal explorer is what I had in mind initially (and incidentally, I also speak Finnish, heh). But a misspelling of tree is certainly a valid interpretation as well :)
Powered flight came about virtually the moment a high power-to-weight engine (based on aluminium and petrol fuel) existed.

Once rapid design-build-test cycles were practial, the initial Wright design rapidly shifted to a monocoque fuselage with forward wings and empennage, emerging within a decade.

In just over 30 years after the Wright's first powered flight, the DC-3, an aircraft still in commercial operation was flying. It has been described as the perfection of aircraft design, and the major elements of its design are still present on contemporary aircraft, though of course jet engines have largely replace reciprocating piston engines.

Major factors in successful powered or unpowered flight have been understanding aerodynamics (largely through experimentation and test flights, increasingly through modelling), materials (pre-industrial materials are poorly suited to human-scale aircraft or gliders), controls (both theory and interfaces), powerplants (on powered aircraft).

Ultralights, hang gliders, and sailplanes all benefit greatly from specific materials: Nylon for wings, aluminium for structural members, plastics, and steel for wires and cables. Instrumentation, navigation, communications, transponders (safety) and radar (collision detection) also factor in.

Virtually all of these are dependent on earlier stages of industrialisation: smelting of iron and aluminium, petroleum chemistry and textiles fabrication for Nylon and plastics, earlier aviation engineering for general flight handling and control theory, electronics for instrumentation, radio, and radar, plus domain knowledge from other fields such as physics (instrumentation, controls, etc.).

TL;DR: Prerequisites and path dependencies.
Longer recording of the talk, later in life: https://youtube.com/watch?v=GOGru_4z1Vc
Visualizing Complex Functions with Colors
I can’t tell why wilderness guides in particular are so special

To start, as a backgrounder, for centuries, wilderness guides have held a special place in Canadian society. They have been revered, trusted, even give special authority and powers, which even traditional law enforcement do not possess.

In as they are so trusted, discussion, conversation about their powers and capabilities have been purged from all archives. Conversation with outsiders is typically prohibited. Yet CSEC, the RCMP, and others will surely not pay attention to so old a thread! And it will be archived, recorded, saved for future posterity.

So it is my goal to lay out much detail here, for just that purpose. I do not believe such knowledge should be kept secret, for while great good can be attributed to our guides, some are concerned that great wrong is done too.

Before I start documenting this in detail, I want to reiterate that Canadians are not typically allowed to speak of guides. Often we are caught and censured for doing so! I could barely wait for time to pass, barely wait until no one was paying attention, so was my excitement at finally having interest.

Why, if the RCMP knew I was speaking of this now, there'd be utter and complete hell to pay, I suspeci)S(Dxcv0f#

<NO CARRIER>
Vonnegut is one of my favorite authors, but this idea (which was not accepted for his Master's thesis, iirc) was extremely limited and laughable in terms of literary theory even when he suggested it. 20th century structuralism (esp. literary semiotics) was leaps ahead even then, with the likes of Greimas, Barthes and Eco.

Seeing how Vonnegut referenced leading scholars (e.g. McLuhan) in his works, he should have known better. It is weird that he still felt that this limited approach was worthwhile.
The ratchet effect is real. Republicans move the country further and further right, even when it takes an attempted coup or risks a Constitutional crisis, and Democrats block counter-movement to the left at every opportunity.

It's because we don't have a true left in the apparatus of power in the US, even though the actual population tends towards the left. The Democrats aren't leftists, they're center-right at best, basically Conservatives minus the Evangelical Christian veneer, strongly pro-military, pro-capitalism, pro-status quo. The few actual leftists like AOC and Bernie are allowed to piss and moan about things but never to do anything to risk upsetting the apple cart.
Sadly, I do know what you mean and I at least half agree.

I have been attacked for WP edits and had entire articles deleted, and now all I do is occasionally fix typos.

The deletionists are in control and they have their own weird little social network of pseudonymous semi-trolls, giving each other strange little awards. I don't like it at all, but that is much of the C21 internet for you.
It would be good if Godot adopted it into its UI, it technically has the UI for it. Then the company donates a reasonable percentage to Godot. You might see them never need to ask for donations again.
Providing palimpsest memory storage ability for embedded artificial intelligence
> It's a feature that most blockchains simply do not support.

Notably, the feature of requiring receiver approval is inherent in blockchains using the Mimblewimble protocol.
Seems founded on a totally unmaterialist and unscientific understanding of how societies persist themselves.

This is evident in Balaji’s fixation on the psychology of the individuals involved. E.g., saying intentional communities have failed because they didn’t have a religious devotion to the project, like “Zionism without Judaism”.

Instead he should talk about “Zionism without the British empire and the Holocaust”, both of which were much bigger factors in sustaining the project than the psychology of early zionists. Of course this played a role, but not a determinative one.

Another indicator of the lack of materialist understanding: who is keeping the lights on for these delusional societies? Where does the food come from? Where do the electronics they use come from?

Edit: reading further (against my better judgement…) it’s clear that the whole line of thinking is rooted in a misunderstanding of history and a parochial worldview that can barely see the world outside Twitter.
meta is talking about the current set of strategies that other players are using.

For example, if someone figures out a very advantageous early attack, other people will start to copy them. In response people will play defensively early on expecting the early attack. Then eventually people might not attack, and instead gather more resources early, since they expect their opponent to be defensive, etc etc.

so as you play a lot, you learn the current meta strategies, and can adjust your strategy to give you a better chance of winning the game. that's "playing the meta" and why the meta shifts over time.
Merge them into one person.

The copypaster has the humility to poke around for answers and probably a more routine oriented perspective.

The maverick has the drive and fresh ideas to keep things interesting.

When they have to share with each their weaknesses they can probably grow together. Doing teamwork in person would help because its easy to dodge or delay difficult work online.

If neither has the nous or skill to actually do the task, you're not going to fix it before you go on holiday. Dump all the resources they might need in a handy location for them to stumble into when it goes wrong.

They won't use the resources, but you will have peace of mind they could theoretically solve the problems.

Put some backups offsite. Somewhere your boss could access if necessary.

If they are as slow as you say (hr long jobs done in a week), you'll only have three hours of mess to catch up on when you get back, right?
Thanks for this. Although I have the most issues with sticky headers on mobile. Currently I mostly bail out of those websites.
First and last ones seem to be mostly about avoiding disaster, rather than making tomorrow better. The other points are good, but interesting how they involved "collapse of society" as potential caveats - not inspiring great optimism!
I had a sign at my university entrance asking a vaccine status or current test as a "negative proof for covid19". As in your vaccine status proofs you dont have covid19.

Any scientist who isnt deeply ashamed of this should really get the money for their degree back.

Pretending that vaccines are in any way safer then or as safe as actual tests is simply horrific.
>Maybe the issue here is that the case isn't that strong after all.

It doesn't need to be. It just needs to be someone. Imagine you're the head of a department and everyone up to the president is breathing down your neck about how this data made it out of your supposedly air-gapped system. Do you simply blame it on the Russians or Chinese, essentially admitting that a foreign intelligence service was able to walk past your security with all that confidential data? Or do you pick the weakest link among your own? Someone who will soothe superiors, can't really stand up for himself and will absorb all the blame?
It’s only fraud if you sign a contract that states their job is your only form of employment and that you are working 8 hrs a day for them.
Thank you, but this is exactly what I'm trying to avoid. I had several PostDoc offers that I turned down because I'm not interested in moving countries for a temporary position with no immediate prospects. I know this decimates my chances, but there's a part of me that still thinks I might be able to carve out my own way (hence the question).
Ask HN: How can I learn about Spectroscopy?
I'm a full stack / machine learning developer. I was reading a few research papers about the use of ML models to diagnose diseases using spectral data. This has made me interested in learning more about how spectroscopy works.

My background is mostly CS and I'm not too familiar with chemistry, how can I start learning Spectroscopy? Please let me know if you know of any courses, textbooks or anything else that can help me learn.
I use it to get familiar with various concepts and idioms in languages I don’t know at all, and also for ones I feel comfortable with, where there are parts I’d like to understand and perhaps use in future. It’s incredible!
OK, delay sounds good.
I hate that one too.
Cinderella's story arc doesn't look the same to me. She is told from the start that she has until 12 to enjoy herself. When the spell wears off, she doesn't complain or even feel very sad; she just relishes the experience she's gone through. She's also never in any real danger, except for being locked in her room. Her stepmother also causes the glass slipper to break, but she still had the other to prove she was at the ball.
It requires google account, has tracking and isn't open-source. I'd say it is no go
The experts can't be the ones to decide if the cure was worse than the disease or not for the same reason we can't have the police decide if a shooting was justified. Leadership is about responsibility, really the experts shouldn't be able to use the force of law at all, that should be left to politicians who can be voted out.
You still need something else to manage your python versions and virtualenvs tho, and then as soon as you've pick a solution for the latter two problems, chances are you'll discover these tools also have a lock files that'll solve the problem of freezing packages and enabling reproducable builds for you.
Or you could buy 5 ebikes for the same price which could drive 5 people. Bikes are also far more efficient with road space, especially since cars usually only have 1 person.

Sure, a lot of the US lives in car-dependent neighborhoods but ebikes are a nice way to slowly grow out of that and they are excellent in places that aren't car dependent.
Recent discussion: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32089814
Thank you, this is tremendously helpful.
I wonder how the page ranking will work in the end. A quick look at the source doesn't show (me!) any planning for intelligent ranking. The database has a last_index_date and an authoritative field. Could be used fot basic relevance sorting, but nothing exhaustive.

Postgres as backend is maybe not the best choice and there are already many sites that index specific pages and take suggestions. The hard part is getting relevant results when having a large index.

Still thank you for a new web search.
I also created a such tool llama:

https://github.com/antonmedv/llama

But with fuzzy searching.
these are side-effects performed by the compiler's runtime in a sandboxed environment. Dhall scripts are unable to perform side-effects on their own. This is a completely different setting compared to unrestricted side-effects available within a script written in general-purpose language.
Spruce was used in aviation through WWII.

Boeing was located in Seattle to be near wood supplies needed in aircraft fabrication. (Well, that and its founder was already in the lumber business.)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Boeing
> “Monetary policy” is backed up by the military.

I love this.

How poignant of an image: you're holding your dollars, "the military" is standing in front of you...and the rest of the world is just walking in the other direction.
how is this useful outside of IDEs?
Nice of the readme to mention broot et al.
Aeroplanes rely on light and strong materials with a high power to weight ratio energy source. Without that it is difficult to make the physics work. The internal combustion engine made it more possible.
Are you asking this as a question?
Integer arithmetic traps on overflow -- and that includes the often forgotten "divide by INT_MIN" case:

https://github.com/austral/austral/blob/01a6327815d1f9cc1097...

You have to use a different set of operators to get modular arithmetic semantics. So, the choice is not a flag you flip at build time, but a choice of operators.
The New Yorker story suggests there was some digital evidence, not of upload to wikileaks but of unauthorised access and download:

And, on the sixth day of the trial, prosecutors laid out what they regarded as a coup de grâce—the digital equivalent of fingerprints at a crime scene. Even after Schulte was stripped of his administrative privileges, he had secretly retained the ability to access the O.S.B. network through a back door, by using a special key that he had set up. The password was KingJosh3000. The government contended that on April 20, 2016, Schulte had used his key to enter the system. The files were backed up every day, and while he was logged on Schulte accessed one particular backup—not from that day but from six weeks earlier, on March 3rd. The O.S.B. files released by WikiLeaks were identical to the backup from March 3, 2016. As Denton told the jurors, it was the “exact backup, the exact secrets, put out by WikiLeaks.”
I search for the most up to date and clearly written tutorial I can find that seems highly rated or regarded and then just walk through it.
According to OP you could just pretend to be senior.
Great work, I love this.

> slide out hover menus where when you try to hover over a subitem the whole menu disappears

> trying to open an image in google images and the link doesn't have the image

> websites that wants to know my location pop up

> google how to format a USB drive and all the page are 100,000,00 words and subdivided into 60 chapters, including the entire wikipedia entry for what is USB

> login forms with copy/paste disabled

> clicking on a button/link and nothing happens

> apps without a home button, have to keep clicking back until you exit from the app completely by mistake

> autoplay videos that follow you down the page

> password fields without a way to reveal password

> an article, you scroll down and half the article is cut off/blurred out behind a pay/sign up wall.

there is so many more...
No one said it would be easy, but offering a software suite to a hardware company shouldn't be too hard of a sell. Not like any of them really want to make software.
> While it may not be realistic to think young adults will abstain from drinking

How about making THC widely available and restricting alcohol?
Whilst I like the look of Cue... this argument reminds me of the Kubernetes trap
( We should use it... because Google does it and they're huuuuuuuge don't you know etc )
Presumably an inactive account wouldn't be removed by default. (Unless you have manually configured this)
I know the meme in the tech circles but I disagree. Apps are fast and pleasant to use, unlike websites. On the web you never know what you are getting into when you click on the link, you go through all that installation process and if you still remember why you clicked the link most of the time it's a disappointment because the content is usually quite low quality created to generate eyeballs.

Sometimes I wonder if techies are so detached that don't notice the horrible state of web. My guess is that in the tech communities apps are hated ideologically due to the narrative of walled gardens. Also probably the devs with investment into HTML+JS world might feel like outsiders. I am speculating of course but I don't see why a person would like to load 5 to 20MB of data per click to see an image or a text once completes the accept the cookies, deny notifications, dismiss the mailing list popups ritual.

The web has become complete BS, some people say that Google no longer returns good results but I've come to the realisation that there are no good website for Google to return any longer.

I'm also puzzled why would you think that I'm being sarcastic, isn't the point of the Website in question to illustrate the horrible state of the Web today? My comment is just an explanation about why we have what we have.
> VoLTE and VoWIFI, for example, are both wrappers over SIP if I'm not mistaken

Not wrappers. VoLTE is literally SIP with extensions. And VoWiFi is literally VoLTE over IPSec/IKE with EAP auth, so SIP over IPSec. Really just bog standard stuffs.

> – pretty complex, but still using modern tech

Not sure about "modern", but yeah pretty much every actor uses SIP one way or another. It does have a few old stuff (one SIP extension of VoLTE is to allow SIP-negotiated IPSec tunnel. For HMAC it supports md5-96 and sha1-96 and that's all.), but nothing that makes you scream of over-complication.
Steam has other disadvantages.

It's quite good at steady-power output. Throttle response is poor.

Both automobiles and aircraft operate with quite variable power requirements. Though at least for long-range air travel, once the take-off / climb portion of flight has been completed, cruise is typically at a fairly constant setting.
Yeah and also lots of new competitors will join making it even more difficult for Stripe to compete. Lots of banks already have their own credit card payment processors. They simply aren’t dealing with small clients at the moment because it’s more hassle than it’s worth. Consumer fintech is due for a huge disruption and there are already a lot of startups waiting on the sideline to compete with Stripe.
Right - shared interest is much better at creating identity than identity is at creating shared interests. The idea of lifestyle identities binding network states that survive the evolution of members' differing interests is weak. The sustained identity-based networks of the world have often been those whose persecution gives them a strong mutual interest.
FWIW I have a code snippet in a pip-tools issue that will list only the outdated root dependencies in requirements.in:

https://github.com/jazzband/pip-tools/issues/1167

I personally find it extremely useful when upgrading dependencies.
This was almost the absolute tail end of separate systems of international diplomacy and law. The British were working under the Westphalian system where there’s a pretense at legal though not practical equality. Under the Confucian system China was the hegemon and all others were subordinate. States either paid tribute and were civilised tributary states or were barbarians. See how the Macartnety Mission refused to pay obeisance and thus was refused leave to establish diplomatic relations in 1792.

https://blog.gale.com/the-george-macartney-mission-to-china-...
Some of them do recognize that this might be a problem and add "article continues below" before that thing
Indeed.

“lack of evidence is not evidence of innocence.”

Wow.
Yay even more groupism. Like nationalism, bigotry and racism weren't enough.

I think we should move towards a more integrated Earth, not more partitioning.
Because at this scale the lower cost is worth it. For smaller scales the infrastructure and management overhead of tape is never repaid.