Well, how much it Just Worked really depended on what you were doing and how. At a point, it all stopped Just Work-ing.

Old old X11 apps used X11 drawing commands. These sucked, and nobody liked them. If you think you liked them, please show me your clean Xlib codebases for proof :P As far as I can recall, these still dealt with pixels, so clients were on the hook for dealing with scaling, though in theory it wasn’t too bad. They don’t really solve any of the pixel perfection issues that I am discussing, though.

More modern apps (— early 2000s should be “modern” enough by X11 standards, but my memory is foggy and I’m too young to really be an expert here —) instead blit pixmaps sent over shmem, defeating both network transparency and the inherent “vector” nature of many of the old drawing commands. X11 didn’t really handle anything other than knowing the DPI (… that you told it …)

At that point, up to GTK+2 and Qt 3, which is to say, even quite a while After 2001, you had at best limited scalability. If you had your CRT cranked up to around 150 PPI, everything was OK — you could get text scaling and the disparity wasn’t so bad. However, GTK+2 and Qt 3, and their ancestors, were not built with DPI independence. At best, they could adjust vector text sizes according to DPI and scaling preferences. Again, this looks OK for nvidia-xsettings and a modest PPI increase, but it’s absolutely terrible for anything more. Margins don’t adjust, padding doesn’t adjust, icon sizes don’t adjust, nothing. There’s no blur or jankiness because there’s no true scaling.

(Just as a quick note, this is literally the reality of GIMP today, right now. It’s still on GTK+2, and so the best you can get is text scaling, or flat out nothing.)

And that’s to say nothing about what happens if the DPI changes, which requires you to effectively restart everything. And that also doesn’t help people who have two different displays with different PPIs. The ever common case of the high DPI laptop with a cheap LCD plugged in. Have fun with that crap.

Modern Linux can do better. The Wayland protocol comes with DPI negotiation that allows naive clients to get blurry upscaling, “simple” clients to pick a set of scales they can support and have the server adjust for whatever one they decide to render to, and advanced clients can render at any DPI, in response to the server advertising what DPI the current display is. With atomicity of configuration changes that allows a properly written client and server to never render an “intermediate” incorrect frame, and scaling that ensures that surfaces across multiple displays display at the correct DPI on all of them (albeit with either upscaling or downscaling on some of them.)

And that still does absolutely nothing to solve the fact that pixel perfect layouts are inherently not perfectly “scalable.” Because truly scaling some vector drawing commands that just happen to be pixel perfect at one resolution will not always result in pixel perfect rendering in another. You would need code that compensates for the scaling. Old X11 apps did not do this.

Of course I could be completely wrong and old X11 could’ve had some amazing DPI scaling technology that I somehow missed for decades. I don’t think so. My memory is that when I finally hooked up a high DPI display to Linux, I experienced tiny Skype, Pidgin (GAIM) with tiny icons and large text, and nvidia-xsettings with weird hinting/kerning. I’d like to move on from that kind of scaling.

P.S.: PostScript doesn’t do anything magic either. Everyone’s graphics systems were PostScript inspired, and yet macOS wound up with the same DPI scaling conundrums as anyone else. Most people wouldn’t tolerate desktop apps as blurry as a PDF at 96 DPI.