> how difficult it is to distinguish between a legitimate domain expert jargon meant to condense complexity and unnecessarily obfuscatory jargon

Yep. It's a problem at all levels. Sometimes it's also difficult to distinguish real science from well written crackotery

You can look at the webpages of a few universities. Many of the course have the list of official bibliography visible, and that's a good start. Try to follow the same order of courses, it's impossible to understand quantum mechanics without a good base of classic mechanics.

Sometimes the main book for a physic degree is too technical. You can also try to read the Schaum's Outline book for the topic. They have a lot of examples and exercise, but the theoretical part is shorter. I like them as a side book, but if you don't want to become a super expert, they are fine.

If you want books without math, that's a problem. Some are good, some are bad, and it's difficult to distinguish. There are a lot of fun topics that you can learn without too much math. For example there are a lot of things you can learn about particle physics imagining that quarks are just small balls, but some technical details are too difficult without math (for example why there a 8 gluons instead of 9). There are some good collections of divulgation of science that don't have too much math and are checked by a good editorial team.

> Noether's theorem

The main idea is that if you magically teletransport everything in the universe one mile to the right, then nobody will notice the teletransport. It's important that it's true if you choose any other direction (what does "to the right" mean?) or any other distances (like 1 feet, 1 light year, because "1 mile" is no special).

Obviously nobody has tried this experiment, but we as far as we know the laws of physics are the same everywhere, for example the mass of one proton is like 2000 bigger than the mass of an electron here and the mass of one proton is like 2000 bigger than the mass of an electron in a lab on the other side of the earth and the mass of one proton is like 2000 bigger than the mass of an electron in Andromeda. So this though experiment is just a good guess (if you ignore the curvature of the universe due to General Relativity).

But if this guess is correct, then the Noether's theorem says that momentum is conserved, that is a property that is verified in a lot of experiments. So it initially looks like a abstract magical though experiment, but the consequence is that there is an important number that is a constant in each real experiment.

This constant numbers sometimes simplify some calculations a lot. It's similar to the conservation of energy that in some cases is useful to prove that something is impossible or get the final result without looking at the nasty details of the experiment.

The magical translation of everything in the universe is a symmetry, and the idea is that you can discover other symmetries of the universe. Ignoring some technical details, then you can use the Noether's theorem to discover new numbers that are constant in all experiments.

Sometimes the symmetry is a symmetry of all the universe that is easy to see, sometimes it's a more abstract symmetry, sometimes is just a symmetry of the experiment and you ignore the rest of the universe. There are many applications of the Noether's theorem.