skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
The block 200 will be adding validation to the previous blocks, and will be validated by the future ones. Without other types of checks, nothing stops you from rewriting the previous 199 blocks and using block 200 to validate them.

This is not FUD, it's the most obvious PoS flaw, called long range attack, and the reason PoS chains often need more checks to be more trustworthy (e.g. keeping hardcoded checkpoints, choosing the first received block as valid, introducing penalties and so on).
Germany differentiates between "Schriftform" and "Textform".
The former is "paper, hand signed" or "qualifizierte elektronische Signatur" (qualified electronic signature), the latter "basically SMS and up" (notably excluding voice, AFAIK even if recorded).

This has (just searched for a link) been turned into EU law under the term "eIDAS Regulation" [0].

[0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_electronic_signature
The vimtutor tutorial is very good, though it will feel cumbersome at first. It's fine to start and stop trying the tutorial a few times. Just start each time from the beginning again.

Other than that, most VIM plugins are documented very well.
We need a business model for visualization and quantification of narrative warfare. Journalistic objectivity was always aspirational, but at least it tried to reconcile multiple views into one reality. If readers are now more responsible for reconciling conflicting narratives, they will need neutral tools for analysis.
Occam’s razor points to PoW.
If this results in Europe annexing us, that will be a positive.

We're already in Eurovision, surely we're halfway there? Just sign a few forms and we're part of the EU?

....please?
https://archive.md/1nL1D
Um, yes. I should have phrased that as 'your transactions based on it are invalid in the network'. You just described consensus working correctly, but like I said hard-forks and policy changes are outside the scope of PoW, so saying PoW does not handle hard-forks is not really a valid criticism of PoW.
> Do you know any other way to bootstrap a peer to peer network without centralised authorities?

I’m not the parent, but – no, I don’t. But that’s exactly the point. The need to bootstrap from centralized authorities is what’s supposedly so bad about weak subjectivity in proof-of-stake. Yet in practice, it’s needed with proof-of-work as well.
Questioning people's motives is always a boring endeavor. You don't actually know that's the reason, why not respond to the arguments that were made?
I work in Computer Vision with a passion for image synthesis. I recently discoverer I have aphantasia when I heard someone else in the synthesis community talking about it.

I never realized I was “missing” something because I have a very strong sense of internal spatial mathematics and can keep track of geometric folds, twists, transforms, etc in my head very well. But once I read this I realized most people have color. My internal world is all black.

I can feel colors and shapes. But I can’t see them.
The Australian PM is massively down on the polls and following a Trump style collapse - and following a lot of his strategies too.

So there will be lots of political stuff coming out of Australian in the next 3-5 months (until an election is called).

This I'd simply take as an announcement with little chance of it getting through.
>Pando arose after the last ice age had passed ... potentially up to 14,000 years ...

The age is a guess that varies from 1My+ to 80ky to 14ky ... some parts of it may have hibernated through a series of ice ages. 'Protecting it' from wildlife may be the greatest danger it has ever faced.
https://archive.md/alEMU
Read Uncle Bob's books.
But you don't have to pay bank fees, and you have access to global payment and smart contract networks. It's all trade offs.
Thanks for that link, it has been a few years since I've read it.

I spent a lot of time talking about this topic with people. The article does have a point, that the security model of proof of stake is fundamentally different and relies on a key assumption (from the article you linked):

> any new node coming onto the network with no knowledge except... the set of all blocks and other "important" messages that have been published...

This is referenced in the OP as a point of security failure. The assumption is that we can rely on social interactions between nodes and that that is good enough. The criticism is that a new node can have no way of definitively knowing that their copy of the chain is the widely used canonical chain. An eclipse attack can occur, or as the OP stated new nodes may need to rely on authoritative sources to get current state which puts centralized power centers in the security model.

It is not a deal breaker (IMO), remember, PoW relies on the security assumption that it is prohibitively difficult for more than half the network to collude. I'd argue these assumptions are equally tenuous. I think as long as disparate, non colluding sources of the canonical chain are available (arguable if this is foregone, seeing as we need PoW to ensure consensus and resistance to collusion, probably not, but all it takes is one person to not collude and contention exists) it wouldn't be a problem.

Another big sticking point is the fact that no external resources must be invested, and/or that there is no ongoing cost. I find this to be the big problem with PoS schemes, I've had quite a number of discussions focused on these two particular issues (stemming from the same fundamental difference, that an internal capital stake is made) and I see benefits of not having ongoing cost and benefits of having it, and also of having a fully self contained system as well as having a system grounded in the outside world. All in all I have come to the conclusion that these differences make neither better nor worse, but that they are simply two completely different game theoretical environments with different security and incentive properties.
And away from govporate-owned telecom cables and ISPs, right?

It's like coming to a MacDonalds and demanding that all the personnel gets their asses out for a walk while we have a party there with other 5y-olds.
We seem to speak different languages. In my language non strictly enforced mask mandates, mild social distancing, and vaccine mandates for approved vaccines that do actually provide solid protection (while yes not complete protection, this was not promised btw) sounds highly reasonable. You seem to say those measure mean authoritarianism you. Thus we speak different languages. I could talk in my own language, writing pages on my beliefs, but unless I spend a huge amount of research to write it in your language, it’s pointless.
You really don't need to trust a "friend" while bootstrapping into the network with PoW, because the proof of work is irrevocably embedded within the blockchain, and the real world cost of creating those blocks can be pretty easily estimated.

So long as you have a general idea of how much hash power is being used currently for the network, or even just how efficient ASIC computing is in general at your point in history, you can work out how great the hashing difficulty should be. You can trivially verify that the block hash with a large number of preceding zeros, e.g. 0000000000000000000b98dd8e7504793c0644cb0c27eb98f06aab9ea93c4ec2, is the hash of block it's attached to, and that a hash value that small would require a huge amount of energy to find. And every block beneath it also required a huge amount of energy, creating a huge real world economic cost to produce. You can't fake that chain without equivalent sacrifice of energy and compute resources.

Anyone trying to deceive you with a false chain would have to expend approximately as much energy as the entire legitimate bitcoin network does, and then keep doing it for as long as they want to deceive you. Sure, that theoretically could happen, but the economic incentives to do it just aren't there.
Venus on QEMU: Enabling the new virtual Vulkan driver
I’m inside my house right now with my eyes open. I couldn’t tell you how many windows it has without either looking at each wall or going through my memories, yet I’m not blind. So it is with visualisation. Your minds eye has a field of vision and just like in real life, you can focus on whatever you find interesting, manipulate it and move about.

You’re conflating memory and visualisation. You think that a visualisation of an imperfect memory isn’t a visualisation. Nobody’s claiming it’s a superpower, or really any different a way to live in the main, but I find your denial of people’s lived experience slightly odd.
It's not dissimilar to the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan owning the Toronto Raptors for a decade, I imagine they'd need to prove they have several years of operating budget available before purchasing but I can't see why they'd be disallowed outright.
Promotion of piracy web-sites on the front of HN, nice. While we're at it, gen.lib.rus.ec is a good one, too (less fancy but without the 5 books/day limitation).
> It started came back after working with visionary plant medicines.

In the industrialized west we simply call that "doing drugs".
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29365286
I took the title at face value and went to look for a movie for feeling sleepy…

> Karnan, a fearless village youth, must fight for the rights of the conservative people of his village, due to the torture given by a police officer.

I don’t think this would fit my mood. From skimming the comments it seems like this was intended to counteract my mood.

I guess that might be valuable to other people but for me I’d rather find something compatible with my emotional state, not challenging it, especially if I’m tired.
Most actual implementations use a position encoding, though, which breaks permutation invariance. This is a good inductive bias... word order matters, for example.
An introduction to topos theory (2011) [pdf]
An attack on bitcoin might have other motivations. For instance, a powerful government might attack bitcoin specifically to undermine bitcoin's credibility and utility.
How were Charles Hoskinson and Gavin Wood enriched? Is this about Cardano and Polkadot?
https://archive.md/jGRDZ
Energy consumption of anything is irrelevant. The carbon footprint is the interesting marker of a technology and this will depend on the source of energy used.
What’s delayed? Beacon chain has been running on mainnet since last December-ish. http://beaconcha.in
I think this is a really neat project, but I'm still confused on why YouTube would remove dislikes in the first place.
> Instead it relies on trust between the main stakeholders: miners, big nodes and developers.

In other words, it relies not on one central authority but on a small clique of central authorities.
This is like two homeless people arguing who is richer.

Yes both PoW, PoS solve the double-spend problem, but in a brute-force way. And they never really get rid of the ambiguity of which chain is the one to go by. They just aggregate all the little ambiguities into one or another consistent version of history (a chain) and let them duke it out by massive electricity or stake or whatever. But at any moment, someone could have been mining a chain in “secret” and will emerge to thwart the rest of the network for a while.

There is a better way. Blockchains are actually quite centralized since to make any progress every N seconds you need to send all transactions in the entire world to one miner, and the block is limited in size. Actually it’s worse than that in Proof of Work — because you don’t know who will solve the silly problem, you have to gossip every transaction to every miner!

Oh yeah, and if you store UTXOs then you have to store the history of everything. And even if you didn’t, you have to store the current state of everything. Oh how nice and decentralized! LMAO
The vehicle was unsafe. That's a flaw I want to hear about.
It’s an area of law in its infancy. A few states, Delaware and Wyoming, have laws permitting corporate and LLC records to be kept on blockchain. I think I was probably the first attorney to file Articles of Organization for an LLC in Delaware that incorporated Ethereum smart contract addresses.

More recently Wyoming passed a law creating a “DAO LLC” which is pretty novel and allows “algorithmic management” of the LLC. The only entity I am aware of that has used it is CityDAO LLC, you can look them up and review their Articles on the Wyoming Secretary of State website. I’m not overly familiar with them but understand they are experimenting with owning a parcel of land.

Hypothetically say there were a DAO that got sued, without a legal entity it is a very real legal risk all participants of the DAO could be jointly and severally liable (which could include personal liability above beyond the DAO funds). Legally the concept of a DAO LLC is giant, because it creates a legal mechanism to shield participants of a DAO from personal liability.

I have a trademark application from March that has been approved by the USPTO examining attorney and been published (~10 more days left of publication), then I will set up a Wyoming DAO LLC and assign the DAO the trademark (I think it will be the first registered trademark owed by a DAO). It’s very simple, minimal risk of liability (unlike property) and I think will provide a solid legal framework moving forward (almost like an anti-troll mechanism for IP). It’s a real problem in the space, just as an example there have been bad-faith actors filing trademark applications for Doge and Dogecoin, which if left unchecked could lead to all sorts of legal problems.
Pragmatic programmer is rather problematic for me.

I think it covers some good basics for people early in their career but a lot of its guidance can be harmful when taken extremely literally or like dogma.
You can get SMT8 if you're IBM. Unsure why they don't allow cores to do it without their blessing.
> So you can sit around in your new subreddit with enough subscribers that you can count them on your fingers, posting freely, while /r/politics (or wherever) has a subscriber base measured in millions.

And if by some chance your subreddit manages to become popular, the admins and power mods will conspire to take it from you. Reddit sucks.
My general observation is that blockchains are, at best, secure in the same way https is secure. Yes I have padlock icon on the browser address bar, and my connection is secure, there’s a security certificate, but the whole thing can still be a scam.

Who personally verifies every contract they use? Wallet implementation? Cold wallets are closed-source, trust-me devices, maybe with a security certificate from a centralised, government-linked security org.

The strongest link in any security chain is not irrelevant, but the whole system is really not perfectly trustless anyway.
Thanks, this already helps quite a lot! I came to rust from mostly higher level languages, Haskell/JVM/JS. So there is this continuous battle of Rust solving problems that I’m not necessarily sure what they are and why those problems exist in the first place.
Yes, but it is a little more than that: that future nodes will not be able to distinguish these two blocks without relying on some authoritative source for the canonical chain, thus introducing centralization to the game environment.
I Appeal to Twitter for Remove Suspension
I don't see how more confirmations makes it exponenrially harder to mount a 51% attack: you just need to be mining faster privately than the remaining community until you (a) have a lead, and (b) have maintained that lead for the confirmation window.
I live and work in the industrialized west, and that characterization misses a lot of things.
Ericsson to buy cloud firm Vonage for $6.2B
> LMAO

I don't get your criticism. Why does requiring gossip to every node cause centralization? Why does everyone having the current state of everything cause centralization?
Huh, I think this is actually a case where uber's model is a net good rather than just extractive.

There's still congestion to deal with, but a bunch of people whose main work has no set hours who can go 'it's raining, time to taxi some people who don't want to walk or cycle today' synergises well with active transport and transit.
Any system that is very low complexity and also deterministic (or has a deterministic interpretation, i.e. many worlds), ought to exhibit time reversal pretty easily. I.e. common reactions whose reversal occurs often. No?

Are there any non-reversible reactions at any level of physics that don't have a statistics component to them?
This seems to be from 20 years ago, the most recent citation was from 2000 and it describes a MIPS chip built on a 1998 process.
Attestations don't have a real world economic cost that can be validated trustlessly within the system. If you compromise or coerce enough validators, you can rewrite the history for no cost.

That's what PoW provides that PoS just doesn't. Immutability.

In fact, I would argue that one of the most important products of bitcoin, is providing the hardest, most immutable database human civilization has ever created. We could theoretically lose it and we could control and manipulate what goes into it going forward, but once a piece of data gets confirmed and buried under a few days worth of bitcoin's PoW, it can never be changed or removed from the blockchain. This is a severely undervalued use case in my mind.

I suspect that most PoS coins will eventually decide to periodically peg themselves into bitcoin's blockchain to timelock their blockchains and provide some immutability to their users.

Having said that, humanity probably only needs one PoW blockchain. Bitcoin.
Doesn't this apply to the whole internet?
Internet connects both good and bad people.

The moment you create something that can be used to upload any type of content, some people will exploit it.
As much as the common good benefits from tools like SciHub, I was not expecting there to be any legal footing for this case until the end of the article which mentioned:

> Bapat, of Internet Freedom, says India’s copyright law is more progressive than many developed countries. “By that I mean that there's a research exception provided under the copyright act. It means that if you are using copyright material for research then it would not constitute infringement.”

And sure enough:

> 52. Certain acts not to be infringement of copyright. — [...] (i) private or personal use, including research [1]

I guess this is tangential to "fair use" exceptions under US copyright lawas.

[1] https://copyright.gov.in/Exceptions.aspx
Hi Nick, very well said and this is precisely my point as well.

Satoshi tried to convince us that we could decentralise trust by doing honest work instead of relying on authority. It turns out that doing work is actually pretty hard, people are lazy, and security is still the nemesis of efficiency.
It's a fud piece by a bitcoin maxi and HN is anti-crypto so it resonates with them and gives the echo chamber some good confirmation bias kool aid.
A fair point—there also isn't much of a global judicial system to regulate property ownership. WIPO perhaps but doesn't seem too relevant/powerful to most and probably doesn't cover most things.

So then we have global things often being regulated by national laws, which, seems to be a conundrum I see happening more and more.
First time in crypto ?
Here’s a recent ETH2 block: https://beaconcha.in/block/2604970#votes

It was voted for by 8000+ validators. Many of them have been validating since beacon chain genesis a year ago. There are like 260k validators active right now.

I find it highly unlikely some entity is going to come along and try to pretend their alternate history, with a whole new set of hundreds of thousands of validators (which wouldn’t be supported by any ETH1 deposits) and millions of signatures signed by 260k freshly generated public keys, is in any way legitimate.
You'd also have people die of thirst, just like the homelessness problem in expensive cities in the US right now.
But-but-but! frustrated by facts
bee.movie
well there's this one https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/27/western-men-wh... which seems to have conveniently managed to convert some guys.
Nearly all my confusion is gone. This is amazing, thanks!
Doesn't seem like everyone in Sweden agrees with that opinion, especially not the people actually running energy companies: https://twitter.com/ercwl/status/1457114531314995206
Well I'm an Australian citizen, so I am "the horse" as well, so let me share some first-hand information. The military was engaged on a short term support basis to assist with logistics, contract tracing, swabbing for tests, etc [0]. The oft-repeated claim that the military was deployed to forcibly contain people in quarantine is false. Australia often deploys its military internally to help mitigate natural disasters.

> forcibly injecting people against their will, and that is what I was seeing many posts advocating for

I believe you. Seeing the viciousness, tribalism, and callousness that other Australians have treated each other with during covid has been nothing short of disgusting.

One part of the Australian psyche that is not often discussed, is that in times of disaster, we are expected to engage in collectivism. Australia is besieged by more than its fair share of natural disasters (bushfires, floods, cyclones and droughts are all commonplace) and in those times, the community pulls together and supports one another. Covid was largely viewed through the same lens, where those who don't pull their weight are shunned. Given the amplification of toxicity that the internet can provide, you get posts like the ones you've seen. Not excusing it, just explaining it.

[0] - https://www.defence.gov.au/operations/opcovid19-assist
Why Ancient Roman Concrete Outlasts Our Own (2017)
> the content was put back up.

The repo is back up, but the project is dead. I suspect the developers got nasty letters from lawyers behind the scenes. I believe yt-dlp is the future of this project, but it's presently lesser known than youtube-dl so the lawyers got what they wanted in the end.
I've tried SPARK. Compared to Frama-C, SPARK is not as powerful. Frama-C can prove the correctness of arbitrary heap manipulation algorithms. SPARK can handle singly linked lists but not doubly linked lists (last I checked).

Although, usually the people who use SPARK use it because it is certified for their industry (such as aerospace).
> This seems like... obviously a security?

Or obviously an ETF, or obviously a mutual fund, or obviously a market maker, or obviously The Fed.

There is literally a 1-1 attempt at mimicking the current financial system under the label "DeFi".

The problem is that the vast majority of the participants don't care about this. They care about 720,687% APY as of this posting on things like this, which anyone should realize is nonsense:

https://euphoria.money/

That's $100 to $3 billion in two years.

Good luck with that.
Pakistani sat phones , VoIP channels etc were always used for attacks in India[1] . So this too probably adds to that.

[1] https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tmc-cla...
Yea, the other day I had the thought that many cryptocurrencies are basically just the stock without the business. So much easier to sell a stock when there's no business behind it, potentially contradicting the hype story.
It's not bad. This piece is written by a bitcoin maxi.

https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html
I'm just imagining downloading a porn client which fetches 300 gigabytes of bullshit before it finally lets me watch a movie at a whopping five frames per second.

And best of all, someone complaining that this is clearly a wasteful scam and being told back, "how much energy did videocassettes and magazines consume, huh?"