Critical systems: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_system :

> There are four types of critical systems: safety critical, mission critical, business critical and security critical.

Safety-critical systems > "Software engineering for safety-critical systems" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety-critical_system#Softwar... :

> By setting a standard for which a system is required to be developed under, it forces the designers to stick to the requirements. The avionics industry has succeeded in producing standard methods for producing life-critical avionics software. Similar standards exist for industry, in general, (IEC 61508) and automotive (ISO 26262), medical (IEC 62304) and nuclear (IEC 61513) industries specifically. The standard approach is to carefully code, inspect, document, test, verify and analyze the system. Another approach is to certify a production system, a compiler, and then generate the system's code from specifications. Another approach uses formal methods to generate proofs that the code meets requirements.[11] All of these approaches improve the software quality in safety-critical systems by testing or eliminating manual steps in the development process, because people make mistakes, and these mistakes are the most common cause of potential life-threatening errors.

awesome-safety-critical lists very many resources for safety critical systems: https://awesome-safety-critical.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

There are many ['Engineering'] certification programs for software and other STEM fields. One test to qualify applicants does not qualify as a sufficient set of controls for safety critical systems that must be resilient, fault-tolerant, and redundant.

A real Engineer knows that there are insufficient process controls from review of very little documentation; it's just process wisdom from experience. An engineer starts with this premise: "There are insufficient controls to do this safely" because [test scenario parameter set n] would result in the system state - the output of probably actually a complex nonlinear dynamic system - being unacceptable: outside of acceptable parameters for safe operation.

Are there [formal] Engineering methods that should be requisite to "Computer Science" degrees? What about "Applied Secure Coding Practices in [Language]"? Is that sufficient to teach theory and formal methods?

From "How We Proved the Eth2 Deposit Contract Is Free of Runtime Errors" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28513922 :

>> From "Discover and Prevent Linux Kernel Zero-Day Exploit Using Formal Verification" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27442273 :

>> [Coq, VST, CompCert]

>> Formal methods: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_methods

>> Formal specification: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_specification

>> Implementation of formal specification: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pattern#Software_engineer...

>> Formal verification: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification

>> From "Why Don't People Use Formal Methods?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18965964 :

>>> Which universities teach formal methods?

>>> - q=formal+verification https://www.class-central.com/search?q=formal+verification

>>> - q=formal+methods https://www.class-central.com/search?q=formal+methods

>>> Is formal verification a required course or curriculum competency for any Computer Science or Software Engineering / Computer Engineering degree programs?
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28513922

From "Ask HN: Is it worth it to learn C in 2020?" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21878372 :

> There are a number of coding guidelines e.g. for safety-critical systems where bounded running time and resource consumption are essential. These coding guidelines and standards are basically only available for C, C++, and Ada.

awesome-safety-critical > Software safety standards: https://awesome-safety-critical.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#so...

awesome-safety-critical > Coding Guidelines: https://awesome-safety-critical.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#co...