skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
IMO the main issue with modules is that strong encapsulation is actually a bad goal. If the focus was solely on reliable configuration, I think that the transition would have gone better.

WRT why I think strong encapsulation is a bad goal: I've worked extensively in .net where assembly-private members are the norm for core libraries. It has issues. Classes and methods that are theoretically extensible aren't so in practice because core logic is inaccessible.

In the end, encapsulation, no matter how strong, doesn't prevent people from relying on internal implementation details. If the concern is people relying on "internal" APIs, either suck it up and make those APIs public (with all that entails) or come up with a deprecation strategy (or just freeze them and refactor around them).
To the contrary, I don't think that's plausible. In the whole COVID-19 decision the question of the initial load has not been discussed well enough, IMO.

If you think about the virus passing your various layers of protection it is clearly a numbers game, IMO. A mask, even if imperfect, might reduce your initial viral load below a threshold that allows your immune system to kill all infected cells very quickly so you don't develop strong symptoms. The same goes for distance.

So I don't see any reason to not expect a certain "sterile" immunity after a vaccination. The way I see it, the vaccination should prevent some of the low-load infections completely, regardless of the virus variant.
The Alcubierre drive “beats” the speed of light, for the effects described 0.7-0.9c are more than good enough (if slightly unpractical).

We can’t do that either for now, but is way easier on the feasibility scale.
If we're going to run society this way, we're going to need much more difficult driving tests.
PulseAudio already covers the ALSA interface, but I'm glad that PipeWire now unifies those two with JACK and audio workstation needs, as well as handling video.
The author didn't run the script. The IT staff ran the script, which exported pseudonymized, low resolution data, which the researchers then analyzed.

While it may not seem important, it looks like it was designed so the IT staff -- who have direct access to user emails and therefore the job responsibility maintaining privacy -- provide oversight to help minimize information leaks that an unfirewalled scheme like yours may easily have.

Umm, the "27 years" refers to the paper's title, "27 Years and 81 Million Opportunities Later". The paper reports on "the use of email encryption based on 27 years of data". The oldest email in the archive was from 1994.

I never mentioned "Why Johnny Still, Still Can't Encrypt" from 6 years ago (footnote #4 on the companion website), only the original paper "Why Johnny Can’t Encrypt: A Usability Evaluation of PGP 5.0" from 1999 (footnote #1).

There's also footnote #3, "Why Johnny Still Can’t Encrypt: Evaluating the Usability of Email Encryption Software" from 2006.
Everyone I know that suspected they had covid, when they went to doctor/hospital/urgent care, they got tested for Covid and for the flu. It's pretty standard.
> were told prevents us from getting sick

I never heard this. I belive many people jumped to this conclusion on their own. Because they associate vaccination with immunization.
> The vaccine only reduces symptoms (and might thus save yourself, or others, when extended with the hospital-bed-limit-thought), but it wouldn't stop you from transmitting the disease if you are infected (and vaccinated) but you aren't aware

Are you sure about that? Even this article refers to a study which says that vaccinated people are 5 times less likely to test positive than non-vaccinated. _Some_ asymptotic transmission will still occur in the vaccinated but it's reasonable to expect that it happens to a lesser degree. I'd be very curious to see studies that claim that there's no difference in asymptomatic transmission between the vaccinated and unvaccinated.
Citation Patterns Between Impact-Factor and Questionable Journals
Sort of. As the saying goes: the dose makes the poison. The article itself presents a quote stating that the low level of lead exposure caused by TEL in gasoline was thought to be safe at the time.
Absolutely useless: the calculator doesn't even ask if you have been vaccinated! And the risks are calculated for someone in the UK - completely irrelevant if you are not (no NHS etcetera).

Was the calculator developed before Delta? Does it already include a factor for your chances of catching it, or is it the risk after you have caught Covid? So many glaring issues - it isn't designed to be informative to the general public.
Tons of HN readers work at Google, which is much worse than whatever this dumb thing on the Starbucks website is. Ethics is in short supply.
The website doesn't have that info.
Hardened materials for poppet valves and seats, like stellite, were invented and used before TEL. It was only after leaded gas became ubiquitous after WWII that manufacturers started saving a buck and stopped using them.
> The damn thing fogs up my glasses when it's cold

Check the nose clip of your mask. Fogging your glasses might mean it's not sealing correctly around the nose, so that the hot humid air from your breath is being directed upwards towards the interior of your glasses, and also allowing unfiltered outside air inside the mask when you inhale.
Critical Attrition What’s the matter with book reviews?
of course you need exercise to stay healthy... I was strictly speaking about weight loss.
The easiest thing you can do is write a letter to your local member of parliament.
This has to be the biggest mistake of the whole pandemic. Exhalation valves dramatically improve the comfort of masks. A cloth mask might give 50% protection, and a surgical mask about 75%, but even after you double the effects to account for filtering both on exhalation and inhalation, that's still only 75% (1-(1-.5)^2) and 94% (1-(1-.75)^2), which is worse than the 95% you could expect from a correctly fitted N95 mask with exhalation valve.

If you protect yourself then you also protect others, because you can't infect others unless you are infected yourself. This focus on filtering exhaled breath just results in people wearing masks incorrectly to avoid the problems of valveless masks, making the numbers even worse than the previous calculation. It's also much easier to motivate people with self-protection than altruism, especially when the people they're helping often don't reciprocate. We've had more than long enough to solve the production problems by now, so N95 should be the minimum standard.
By reducing the number of aerosol particles that escape the mask and thus reducing your chances of infecting someone else.
The math is correct, but I don't fully agree with the explanation. The saved bits don't really come from uniqueness, taking away 10,000 possibilities out of 2**64 barely makes a dent. The combinatorial savings come almost entirely from ignoring order.

The real question is, what does a dataset have to have a unique list of identifiers be such a significat part of it that this is worth worrying about? Many identifier-heavy datasets have lots of cross references (e.g. n:m relation tables), with lots of repeated identifiers that are actually easy to compress. Am I missing something?
Very interesting, but I had a question about the background color on the page. but first some ... background. A long time ago, I worked at a digital printer manufacturer and I was building a equal perceptual gradient target for a backlit transparency material, Ilfochrome, at a customer site. One thing I found interesting was how much the perception of how 'linear' the gradient looked depended on how bright the background was.

A 'target' was a set of densities we would calibrate the machine to reach for a particular RGB value. 0,0,0 = 3.4D and 255,255,255 = .04D (for transparent material).

One group in the company insisted on a simple cube root density drop off, based on a reading of the L* formula. However, when the customer printed a large gradient with it, they rejected it. It looked like the 'linear' gradient on your site. However, when we put the test pattern (a small 4x8") pattern on the light board, it looked perfect.

So we tried an experiment, we printed 3 gradients on a full sized sheet, (50 inchesx50 inches), one with a 'clear' background, one with a 50% grey and one with a black background.

I was in the field, so I found a gradient that looked good, but did a bunch of study when I got back, I felt that some of the newer CIE models at the time did take into account background.

Tldr; I was curious is your page and those models included into its gradient calculation what the surround is? Also, it would be interesting to display these with an adjustable background. (dark, light, grey), or with colors.
Thank you! this is what senior programmers are for, you-all
It will probably be Triclosan:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan#Health_concerns
Never tried MacPorts (longtime brew user) -- sounds like the grass is a little greener there. Any downsides to switching?
I've seen nobody wear respirator or anyone recommend wearing that to avoid infection until this comment.
I believe the consensus is that Covid-19 will follow the path of previous SARS and eventually mutate into a more benign variant.

That is - Covid-19 will eventually become "it's just the flu", like what was (then,falsely) claimed in early 2020.
In my country drinks with added sugar are taxed extra. So, for example, all the no sugar Coke or Pepsi variants are one price, but "classic" Coke or Pepsi with sugar in it are more expensive in the same quantities. A small nudge. And I already noticed it impacts bars and restaurants. If you're only going to bother stocking one cola beverage, why carry the one with sugar, which costs extra, when a customer asks for "A Coke" it's no harder to train staff to say "Pepsi Max OK?" than "Pepsi OK?".

As to "Who should know best?" that's exactly what we're paying our politicians to be on top of.
PFAS and phthalates are 2 of the biggest things. An working federal government would have banned these decades ago.

Also, plastics touching food ever. "Food grade" plastic is a myth sold to us by the plastics industry. This one is going to take longer though.
They knew. They chose to do it anyway because it was the better deal for them. Couldn't care less about the people they harmed.

In my country, this is called criminal imprudence. If this isn't a crime in the US, it should be.
Buy Cardano (https://cardano.org) using a Daedalus wallet (https://daedaluswallet.io/) and delegate your holdings to a stake pool like Adadog [ADOG1] (https://adadog.io). Staking helps build the Cardano eco-system, which as of later today will also be capable of doing smart contracts.
If the standard is zero transmission, then they are useless. But that isn't had has never been the claim. N95 is better than simple masks, but they are more expensive, initially were in short supply, and uncomfortable.

But this is all about statistics. Simple masks reduce the chance of catching it by some small amount (say 15%) and reduce the emission of virus particles by something like 50% (it all depends on the mask). This doesn't mean the odds are cut in half; it means the exponent of the spread of the virus is cut in half.
> What makes you think there was more piracy on YouTube

My memory says that we went for the pirated stuff to youtube since it was absent on Google Videos. The latter worked way better UX-wise at the time.
This is NOT true. https://www.nytimes.com/article/breakthrough-infections-covi...

"after an outbreak among vaccinated and vaccinated workers at the Singapore airport, tracking studies suggested that most of the spread by vaccinated people happened when they had symptoms"

The vaccines substantially help to reduce spread. Doesn't eliminate it, but obviously something a hospital would want to require.
The harm at risk is not just to humans but to chat bots and AI projects.

Remember Tay from Microsoft? It lasted about 24 hours before it started to return offensive replies. MS got embarrassed, had to take it down, and that was that.

Unsupervised learning systems are more efficient and powerful today. Are they any better at navigating the many cultural sensitivities and restrictions in human society?

“We Regret to Inform You GPT-3 Is A Nazi” is a headline that would probably collect a lot of clicks, and instill (or reinforce) a public perception that such technologies are worthless or dangerous.

Does GPT-3 have the internal safeguards necessary to protect itself from being abused in this way? I doubt it. I suspect this is one reason OpenAI asks that people using GPT-3 supply such safeguards themselves.
And I want to be able to climb a mountain, drink alcohol, taste pizza, and live past age 70. All of those things can go out the window with a severe case of COVID-19, and potentially even with an asymptomatic case, due to the long-term effects of scarring on multiple organs, and unknown long-term neurological effects.

I know humans always prioritize short-term goals over long-term. But personally, I am fine with wearing a mask or staying in for a year, to ensure my health for the next 70 years.

I also wear condoms when having sex with strangers. Crazy, I know, but somehow getting a lifelong disease just doesn't seem worth the momentary pleasure.

All you have to do is listen to the stories of young people who are now on a breathing machine for life. If that doesn't scare the fucking bejesus out of you, I don't know what will.
The "oo" and "ou" spelling difference has more to do with the english vs french influence, with Pakistan having had more English than French influence.
German here: Angela Merkel (our chancellor) didnt even seem to care that the NSA had tapped her phone (1). The newly released cybersecurity strategy wants to backdoor all encrypted services (2).

Sure you can encourage your local politicians to do "something". You can "protest" and maybe the federal politicians will even "admire" your cause. But realistically, there's nothing to be done.

(1): https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2019-02/abhoeraffaer...

(2): https://marketresearchtelecast.com/cyber-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bs...
And at least in small engines, it's common to have an aluminum block with cast iron sleeves, so the combustion chamber is still walled with rustable metal.
>> you can discover that for f(x)=x^2 you will find that when the jiggling (call it j) is small, around a value x, the amount of change is roughly (2x)(j)

> Are you implying that the change corresponds to the derivative of the function, or is that just a coincidence in this case?

When you have a function f(x), the amount that f(x) changes as you jiggle the value x is roughly given by the amount of jiggle times the derivative f'(x) [also known by many other names]. That's more-or-less what "derivative" means in this context.

So under appropriate and rather generous conditions:

f(x+j) ~ f(x) + j.f'(x)

Does that answer your question? I've answered the question I think you asked, but that's not always the the question you intended.
Unless bad driving is an infectious airborne pathogen, I'm not following this analogy.
I'm similar— slightly warmer in the winter so you get that nice core-temp boost to enjoy afterward, plus a pillow of steam to sit in during.

But yeah, it's striking how putting it down to 96F can quite quickly make you feel a chill. And not the refreshing chill of jumping into a much-colder-than-that swimming pool, but like the bone chill of having had the heat bled out of you.
Not in comparison to other customers closer than the ISP’s data center. BitTorrent has significant overhead but can scale really well for extremely popular downloads like the latest WoW patch at it’s peak. It’s really hard to beat when your exchanging data with a dozen people in the same apartment complex.
> Nobody views Mr. Torvalds as god.

You might want to google "Linux Torvalds god" and reconsider that. The word "god" is being used hyperbolically, nobody thinks he's responsible for Creation, but the meme wouldn't stick if it didn't resonate with folks.
I think a better analogy is drunk driving because we are talking about risk to yourself and the risk you present to others. What about those people who really want to experience driving while high or drunk? What sort of freedom do we have where we prevent those activities?

Should you be allowed to drive drunk on a private road? Well, as long as I'm not paying your health bills, you fully recycle your trashed vehicle, and there's no other externality - go for it...

Is asking people not to drive drunk too much? Apparently it is because there are lots of people who do it.

EDIT: You do make a good point re: what's the exit strategy. My personal thoughts are we take some reasonable measures, especially during times when the virus is very active, but we should resume a more normal life. The people who don't get to resume a normal life should be those that have made the choice not to get a vaccine. To continue on my analogy, you choose to get drunk at the party, driving home is not an option as much as you'd really like to do that.
The federal government (via the FCC) controls the airwaves as a public trust. It is completely permissible for them to declare a quiet zone for the same reason it is permissible for them to assign frequencies to radio stations or declare certain frequency ranges as being assigned to specific purposes or even manufacturers.
also tiny, since they have rigorous procedures and properly-deployed ppe for all sorts of transmissible infections, not just covid (and where masks can actually help, unlike most mask usage).

the treatment risk calculation is also entirely different, since "someone with a much, much greater risk of death" is already flirting with death in other material ways.
> Don’t forget that masks are to protect others at least as much as yourself.

That seems to depend on the mask itself, some masks explicitly state that they offer no protection to the wearer and only serve to provide protection to others _from_ the wearer.

This article, for me, highlights one of the major problems of this entire response. Various establishments keep trying to present a rather black-and-white binary view on these subjects.

They're doing a particularly poor job of explaining the spectrum of risks and protections that are available and how to apply that knowledge to your own individual circumstances.
The “risk” is misleading because it’s the risk that you will catch it within a 90 day period based on the community spread in the UK at some point in the past (before Delta) times the risk that you will die if you catch it.

Since your wife is a nurse, she’s much more likely to be exposed than the average UK resident. I also think even in her case you likely added an extra zero or 2 based on what I’m seeing while playing around with it.

I think what most people want is what’s my risk of death assuming I get it, not that multiplied times the risk of being infected within only the next 90 days.
Educating people on the benefits for yourself and others of wearing a mask is good.

Snarky condescending comments like this just alienate people and do nothing to help. They are also against the site guidelines.
The real question is are the audio samples publicly available?

> only spectral tilt (vocal effort and intensity)

I can sort of picture what 'vocal effort' & 'intensity' mean but they are assumptions. Really would be nice to have some examples.
> Gaius Julius Caesar came from an old but not especially wealthy family (his was a cadet branch), worked his way up the system (elected a tribune etc — didn’t start at the bottom!) but made his fortune in the usual way, by running Spain and then winning some wars. His chief asset was the Julian name.

Gaius Julius Caesar family didn't have the Auctoritas or wealth, but His uncle was Marius, the most important man in Rome and he married at a young age Marius's successor's daughter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius

Sharp contrast to Pompey Magnus who was so rich his first foray into public life was using his own funds to raise a private army, without being elected or having imperium, to support Sulla.
This is true, but the whole things sounds like anathema to the OpenBSD ethos, as I know it, which seems obsessed with a sort of functional correctness and consistency.

Enabling Werror sounds like exactly the sort of thing that'd be encouraged by default, and only disabled on ports that couldn't be patched to fix it. Or at least, enabled on ports that can have it enabled.

(that said, I know that the vast majority of software won't compile with Werror, so, ?)
Here you go chief: https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/06/417906/still-confused-abou...
> Regulation is the cure

Regulation is a possible cure.

Call me crazy, but if some place would be weary of going straight up for the “let’s ban things with lawyers ” approach, I would think is HN.
May or may not be related:

https://www.rferl.org/a/saudi-russia-arms-weapons-/31425164....

So seems like they are making moves on the other side. Which US probably doesn't like. So something's going on with the timing of these news.
> Feudal nobles of Europe resented and despised the merchant class even if they could not utterly suppress it.

Sure, and as with all rank, there is an element of pride driving this. You even have racial origin theories like the Sarmatian origin myth that held for a couple centuries among the Polish nobility to distinguish themselves from commoners. But the distaste for merchants I gather is more complex than absence of noble title, or rather, the noble title is presumed to have some association with certain virtues opposed to mercantile activity. For example, pre-industrial Polish nobility were actually forbidden from engaging in all commerce save for commerce of an agrarian nature. Probably whatever else they earned came from some kind of taxation, at least among those rich enough to own villages, towns, or even cities. But why forbid commerce? Either the Crown had managed to check the power of the nobility in some way (who had become obscenely wealthy by the 17th century), or the nobility themselves saw that they should not themselves partake in such commerce for some, ostensibly virtuous, reasons. But the fact is that the wealthier nobility nonetheless had the upper hand and the advantage. Poorer family members were known to work for their richer relatives. So you have segmentation within a given social class by wealth.

> There were strict theocracies where the priestly caste would hold sway. Notably, scholars were considered more prestigious in Jewish societies than businesspeople, which might have contributed to the intellectual strength of the nation that is obvious even now.

I would say that even in Catholic Europe, which was Catholic-confessional but never theocratic and could not legitimately be by virtue of the Christian distinction between secular and religious estates (something unique in history; e.g. neither Jews nor Muslims understand this concept natively, only as something borrowed ill-fittingly and ad hoc from the Christian worldview), the priesthood was (and among Catholics still is) regarded as the higher calling owing to man's supernatural end. Thus Catholics understand the supreme pontiff as the highest ranking authority on earth and the bishops as very literally the princes of the Church. This places them above the nobility in a certain sense, even if this is more of a partial rather than total order. And of course the clergy were the best educated members of society and among whom no hereditary advantages existed in the strict sense (even if the nobility within its ranks did promote "nephews" to various positions, but this is an aberration). Perhaps we can understand this as the result of the Catholic priesthood being heir to the Jewish priesthood. Which is to say that here, a bishop has higher rank than a wealthy noble.