"not that CEOs of bigger companies have larger effects."

I am arguing this. Enron and Microsoft are examples. What small company CEO is capable of directly blowing up billions of dollars? Or with Nadela, pulling off a turnaround worth multiple billions? These are larger effects that are inaccessible elsewhere.

Your point seems to be that a small company CEO has a bigger impact relative to the size of the company. I agree with you on that. If a company has one employee - the CEO - that will be true by definition. But it's a trivial point and not one that is relevant because a one person operation who increases revenue from $200,000 to $400,000 shouldn't be compensated more than a large company CEO that drives an unexpected 5 percent growth in $100bn of revenue. The latter has much more value add and people that are thought to be able to do it will therefore be paid much more.

"So arguments about globalization etc. don't apply."

It is highly relevant. It's why US manufacturing collapsed, because China does it cheaper and better. The average Joe now has to compete with an increasingly global workforce who have a lower cost of living and no minimum wage laws.

You are correct that domestic jobs like Uber drivers don't face international competition. But that's missing the point that low skilled labor is a fungible commodity. If all the factory workers get laid off, they start competing with Uber drivers for those same domestic jobs which increases the labor supply for a shrinking number of jobs and depresses wage growth.

"Instead, CEO compensation rises and falls relative to the overall strength of the stock market."

This is a great point but I will take issue with your claim that it has "nothing" to do with performance. The reason stocks have positive beta in general is because the macroeconomy largely drives revenues for most sectors. Apple will legitimately make more money if the overall economy is healthy.

And not all stocks have positive beta. Biotech for example.

But I actually agree that beta should be stripped out when determining CEO pay, not because the market moves don't correlate with company performance (it does due to the macro confounder), but since market moves are merely good luck and not attributable to the skill of the CEO.

It doesn't happen which I see as a failure of boards.

At the same time, I can sort of see the validity in keeping it rather simple. The shareholders just want the stock to go up, and adding complexities that might disalign incentives could lead to bad second order effects such as a CEO pursuing an unnecessary hedging strategy (consider a CEO of an airliner who would be tempted to over hedge oil prices) in order to secure outperformance and therefore compensation in a downturn. But on balance, I do support the idea of stripping beta out.

"Do you consider that justifiable? What about companies that use (and used) slave labor?"

I believe I addressed that in my initial post. If they're making money not due to legitimate value add, then no I do not think they're entitled to keep their wealth. Whether that's via rent seeking, pollution, slave labor.

There's obvious grey areas where the devil is in the details and a binary answer isn't appropriate. Airliners that contribute to pollution, consumer goods companies that might have some child labor in the supply chain, etc. I can't give a one sized fits all answer to these cases. But if we pick specific examples like SpaceX or the hypothetical person that invents fusion, then I want them to keep all of what they earn.