skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
At a very simple level you can compare the GDP of PRC=$14.72T vs the GDP of HK=$349.5B from 2020.
Not every type constructor is a functor.
The basic analogy between them is this:

A monoid is something where you take two things and multiply them to get one thing. 2 x 3 = 6

In a monad, you take a doubly-nested thing and "multiply" and get a singly-nested thing: [[a,b],[c]] => [a,b,c]

The monoid laws say that, though you can multiply in different ways, it doesn't matter what order you do it, the end result is the same: (2 x 3) x 4 = 2 x (3 x 4)

The monad laws say the same thing: the order you do the "un-nesting" doesn't matter:

Inner-most first:
[ [[a,b],[c]], [[d]] ] => [ [a,b,c], [d] ] => [a,b,c,d]
Outer-most first:
[ [[a,b],[c]], [[d]] ] => [ [a,b],[c], [d] ] => [a,b,c,d]

-----

If you take the definition of a monoid, which has stuff like

M is a type
multiply : M x M -> M (multiplies two elements)

what it means to do it "in the category of endofunctors" is it changes into

M is an endofunctor, a is any type, Ma is M applied to a
multiply : M(Ma) -> Ma ("multiplies" doubly-nested element)

and when you do these changes for the whole definition of a monoid, what you get is exactly the definition of a monad.
Any state actor and many corporates can generate fake ID on an industrial scale with trivial ease.

The real problem is more that FB and Twitter refuse to moderate known bad actors. It's not difficult to analyse posting patterns, but the FB/Twitter-plex often refuses to act on that information, and (...Cambridge Analytica) has often been complicit in its weaponisation.

I don't think it's a solvable problem. Or rather, it's solvable with good government and legislation against any form of organised public deception. Unfortunately getting the former relies on the latter being in place, which makes it a chicken and egg problem.

And it's harder than it looks because the worst kind of organised troll posts are weaponised for emotional triggering, not facts or logic. They're based on known psychological techniques and they cannot be out-argued directly. Critical thinking is no help, because the techniques are designed to bypass it.

So it would be hugely useful if there was some kind of online emotional literacy training which would explain and dramatise the techniques so people could be inoculated against them.

That aside - HN definitely has shills. I expect all comments about one particular corporation to attract downvotes if they're even remotely critical.

This is a pointless and unnecessary waste of everyone's time, but it's at least possible a PR firm somewhere is trying to justify its existence.

Other operators are less predictable, so it's harder to tell.

This is often a problem. I came across an old acquaintance on FB this week making some very troll-ish points on a topic. If I didn't know her I would have assumed the account was fake. But so far as I can tell it's genuine, and - unfortunately - she really believes what she posted.
Why would anyone pick anything other than:

- a Union Jack, because that’s the origin

- an American flag, because it’s the largest English speaking nation

- or their own flag (e.g. Australian)

if the language is English?
It's pretty econ 101, it's called deadweight loss: https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microec...

What I was more talking about is the negative effects of spurious enforcement, much like how more cops means more police brutality, especially for the weak. This plays out more in small business.
If the indicators are ambiguous, how would you know when to be worried? Honestly curious.
Check the 2018 winners. https://www.improbable.com/2021-ceremony/winners/#ig2018
So this is a perfect example of how things could be better-explained to the average developer via analogy:

"You can think of a type constructor like a generic type, particularly the way those work in languages like TypeScript"

Edit: The C example was added after my initial comment, and is better than nothing, though I'd tend to say the pointer example is a bit of a weird one to go with. Of course intuitiveness is relative and I'm not saying an example has to mention TypeScript or whatever to be valid. But I do think, like, C++ templates would be a somewhat clearer comparison to make for that audience.
"The cause of Leiderman’s death has not been declared and will likely take months to certify, the medical examiner’s office said."

I do not understand. Is this a hint?
Citi Bank’s 'Live Richly' marketing campaign famously cost more than $1 billion dollars before it was terminated.

Amazon spends almost a billion a month on marketing. Procter & Gamble is almost the same. L'oreal is around $850 million a month in marketing spend. I'm sure some of their campaigns run into the tens of millions easily. In fact, I think it would be pretty difficult to spend a billion dollars on marketing every thirty days without at least one individual campaign spending more than $10 million.
I too am excited for OLKB's replacement keyboard for the MNT Reform[0]. I seriously have enough ThinkPads to last me the rest of my life, but that one feature... It would be enough to make me buy another black bulky tank of a laptop.

[0] https://www.reddit.com/r/olkb/comments/ocf32y/ortholinear_la...
Biden Delivers Remarks on His Plan to Stop the Delta Variant, Boost Covid-19 Vax
The formal notion of subtype seems to be getting some solid research attention; see e.g. https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2021/13888/pdf/LIPI...

Hopefully we see these ideas make their way into functional languages soon.
You have to start with the 'simplified but not technically perfectly correct' and then add in the nuances to get to the real point. Starting with words like 'functors' that most software engineers today will not be able to define is not useful.
If anyone in Ireland is offended at the use of a Union Jack to signify the button for English language then they need to grow up. Fast.
Eye opening. I would have bet a million bucks they had the Android app in their back pocket but were holding off on launch until they perfected quality control or recommendation engine. There must have been some reason they're not telling
So you would say the same for programming in general then? Should programmers not use the word "function" because that word is foreign to non-programmers and might push them away?
In theory you could have something like

interface Mappable<A> {
// Interfaces don't quite cut it here, because you want
// `map` to return a specific implementation of
// Mappable, not a general Mappable, but we'll let that
// slide for the purposes of exposition
map<B>(f: A => B): Mappable<B>
}

class MyWeirdMappable<A>(val myCounter: Int, val myValue: A) implements Mappable<A> {

// Notice the return type is MyWeirdMappable not
// Mappable, as mentioned earlier
map<B>(f: A => B): MyWeirdMappable<B> {
if (myCounter == 0) {
return this
} else {
return MyWeirdMappable(myCounter + 1, f(myValue))
}
}
}

Although this fulfills the contract of `Mappable`, it's not a `Functor`, because `map(identity)` doesn't always return the same (or equivalent) `MyWeirdMappable`.
In the telecom business, low latency is viewed as a competitive advantage!

Bonus points if your competitor pays their employee's in US Dollars! Means we can make a BETTER product, for cheaper!

[1]: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/telecommun...
Soon with machine learning erasing people out of pictures and videos will be easier than ever.
Biden announced that employees of companies with 100 or more employees must get vaccinated or be tested weekly.

It doesn't seem like he is reneging.

Getting a vaccine is not mandatory.
Is there like a "truth" repository ha, snopes... who's truth. Take some noun/term, look up the sentiment in the thread against "the truth". But it's fast like a lookup vs. finding white papers/something considered the truth that you could cite.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/requiredreserves.asp

"Reserve Requirement Example
As an example, assume a bank had $200 million in deposits and is required to hold 10%. The bank is now allowed to lend out $180 million, which drastically increases bank credit. In addition to providing a buffer against bank runs and a layer of liquidity, reserve requirements are also used as a monetary tool by the Federal Reserve. By increasing the reserve requirement, the Federal Reserve is essentially taking money out of the money supply and increasing the cost of credit. Lowering the reserve requirement pumps money into the economy by giving banks excess reserves, which promotes the expansion of bank credit and lowers rates."
Dont Open the Door
Guinea is the only recent coup I know of https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58461436
So true. Starcraft was the "self-proclaimed" national sport of South Korea for quite some time.
Agreed. The symbol for pricing could surely be the actual symbol though (€$¥£ etc).
"After a city in California passed a law criminalizing homelessness, the same client knocked one of its websites offline for half an hour. Where the FBI saw a felony computer crime worth up to 15 years in prison, Leiderman saw a peaceful protest against an unjust law—a protest, he noted, that had caused no perceptible harm."
The ACLU switches its position on vaccine mandates
Is that so funny?

As far as I know, carrier group against many modern sea skimming missiles very much is an open question. CIWS might work at least for the first few but then who knows.
Technical Leadership: Beyond Problem Solving
To clarify a bit, he didn't go nearly as far as Friedman did. As far as I am aware he was still in favor of public schools, dealing with health care separately, etc.

And he proposed people with benefits currently higher than the UBI level be able to stay on them (although presumably people on lower levels of benefits would switch to the higher-level UBI payments that don't come with any strings attached).
I learned recently that one winner of an Ig Nobel prize went on to win a Nobel prize in physics. The former for levitating a frog, and the latter for discovering that you can make graphene using Scotch tape. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Geim

There are roughly 300 Ig Nobel laureates, putting the Nobel prize winner percentage at 0.3% which is ahead of most universities I suspect.

Edit: actually I guess there were roughly 300 prizes awarded but many went to multiple people, making the percentage lower. But still probably better than most universities.
It would be hard to argue that a country where it's illegal to call someone a dick is particularly free, if that indeed is the case.
It sounds like you're asking for [MTA-STS](https://dmarcian.com/mta-sts/)

"MTA-STS is an inbound mail protocol designed to add a layer of encryption/security between sending and receiving mail servers."(..)

"The MTA-STS protocol works by having a DNS record that tells mail servers to fetch a policy file via HTTPS from a defined subdomain. This file contains a list of the receiver’s mail servers which are authenticated and approved to receive the messages and also what policy to apply to inbound messages."
> I suspect someone could write a book (or an HN comment at least) about the popular confusion about Godel's 1st incompleteness theorem. :-)

That book has already been written: https://www.ams.org/notices/200703/rev-raatikainen.pdf
> the pointer operator *

Do you mean declarator?, As in:

Foo * f; // f is a pointer to a Foo

The operator dereferences something - it certainly does not create a new type. And neither does the above - the concept of pointers to addressable types is innate to the C and C++ type systems - if you create a type Foo, you get pointers to Foo for free.
Quintessence. That's what it means:

'(In Ancient and Medieval philosophy) ether, the fifth and highest essence or element after earth air, water and fire, which was thought to be the constituent matter of the heavenly bodies and latent in all things. [C15 via French from Medieval Latin 'quinta essentia' the fifth essence]

From Collins English Dictionary
$160bn/yr is about half the $3.5tn bill that people have been calling massive, since that $3.5tn is over 10 years.

It’s probably more than half at present value.
If such a weapon were to be used it would probably be done covertly with plausible deniability. Maybe a false flag operation.
Chinese Defence Minister Wei Fenghe acknowledged and defended the Tiananmen crackdown in 2019. That's pretty much going to be party / national consensus going forward.

>stopping the "turbulence" was the "correct" policy.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48489002
Salesforce’s CodeT5 system can understand and generate code
Protein and Transpacific Power
He just didn’t come across as credible or serious during the NY mayoral primaries, and completely squandered an early lead. Just my take from listening in to his zoom, but he seemed light on issues, wasted too much time on gimmicks rather than someone ready to talk about serious problems and how to address them.
True. I wash them once or twice a year with a load already being run for jeans.
The fact that we're still doing it 30 years later.
related links:

* (code is open-source) https://github.com/salesforce/CodeT5

* https://blog.einstein.ai/codet5/
I’m learning Japanese and I’ve had a very similar experience... although I haven’t noticed the Chinese results, which is surely a result of my slow progress! (o_0)
So how can you tell a troll from a typical twitter user?
Don't forget to mention the special provisions that used to exist for foreign heads of state.

Completely ridiculous from an American point of view, but I know we're in the minority here.
I’m approaching 1500 uses per bag by my estimates. Hope to get another 20 years out of them. At least they are fully biodegradable, and don’t produce microbead plastics throughout the environment.
Fair point, appreciate your digging out the source. Interpretation of survey responses is ... challenging.

The question works well to answer the question "what sources of emergency financing do you have access to?" It's less well-structured to answer "could you pay for an emergency expense without either selling off nonfinancial assets or incurring long-term usurious debt".

Since multiple selections apply, adding percentages isn't applicable. Though 50% of respondents do mention paying with current cash savings --- that could apply to all or part of an expense.

I do read "unable" and "by selling something" as mutually exclusive, which suggests a 20% portion of the population at least who'd be severely stressed by such an incident.
They assign or enforce the impossible goals selectively.
Yes, that's why we have the secret ballot and should keep it, but let's try to trend away from why it's necessary?
How to Study Design Patterns as a Web Developer
Sounds like he personified the term “quixotic.”

I can appreciate folks that put skin in the game, doing what they feel is right.

It sounds like he was a fun chap to know. Probably pissed off people that take themselves too seriously.

I can appreciate that, too.
The drama serves as a useful tool to unify the domestic populace against an external enemy and distract them from CCP corruption.
What makes a type constructor a functor, what's the difference
That seems broadly correct to me. What do you find wrong about it?
In particular, a functor is a type constructor F together with a higher-order function deriving transformations `F T -> F S` given a transformation `T -> S`, subject to some semantic requirements. This is the `map` or `fmap` people refer to as defining the functor.

Unfortunately, due to abuse of notation, the type constructor isn't given much focus. But it's true that "type constructor" is the first conceptual hurdle.
Yet another excuse I can provide for letting myself go and growing out a beard like a professor or a 'person of no fixed address'.

"Yeah, like it is totally proven that it helps with punches to the face. It's like an armor like that."
There's nothing in this list:
- Algebra: Semigroups, Monoids.
- Algebraic Data Types: product and sum types.
- Functor, Applicative, Monad

which covers basically all the fundamentals to be proficient in functional programming that has definitions that are opaque and unapproachable. And all of those have very simple examples, both in real life and especially programming. But definition has to come first, or you have this great mass of people that do not understand what they talking about even when they blog about it.

If you can take your time to understand that a type constructor (and take the time to see what it is) and a map function form a pair called functor, you are equipped to learn about monads.

It's not rocket science, but yes, it requires a bit of studying and learning, which is what people don't want to hear, and instead choose the long road of contrived example-driven, inaccurate and confusing blog posts.
>I'm sure the doctors and lawyers dodge less than CEOs, though they're all 1% members.

Virtually certain that's exactly the opposite of the truth. CEO income is primarily in the form of pay that's subject to income reporting and withholding - which are the areas which are least subject to misreporting.

On the other hand, doctors and lawyers are more likely to have pass-through businesses like sole proprietorships, partnerships and S-corps - and those are the areas which the IRS considers to have the most misreporting.
My initial assumption was that the flashes were related to power infrastructure failures. Granted, I’ve only seen cell phone videos of the events.

Is there any reason to think otherwise?
>>The Federal Reserve essentially uses inflation as a club to force people to keep their money moving, thus simulating the economy

Sounds like you think this is acceptable, to manipulate the currency to force people do things they would not normally do..

We have fought wars over other nations doing things like that...

I do not find that practice to be acceptable. So we are starting very different economic worldviews chances are we will not agree on much when it comes to taxation
>vested interests who prefer the status quo over fact

I'd say that the Left is the status quo in the West at this point.

We probably need new terms for everybody.
Great, save some small amount of disk space in exchange for increasing operations complexity.

I'm sure the storage savings far outweigh the cost of extra more senior headcount required to troubleshoot issues on containers with no diagnostic tools installed.
Tuition was $50k per year. Room and board was $10k per year. So over four years that would be $240k - $30k in benefits, so $210k in student loans. For undergrad.

The school wasn’t as good as Stanford but top 20 and had a similar policy and tuition.

The numbers don’t represent any outside work. The $1500/year was like 8 hours a week doing random university jobs. It possible they could work, but it would be really hard on top of the 8 hours work study and class load.
Some terms are used for radically new concepts with no analogue, some terms refer almost exactly to concepts people already know, and some terms refer approximately to concepts people already know (and could be explained as "like X but with these differences")

For example: I might explain the programming concept of a function as "like the equations you remember from math class" (for pure functions) or "like a recipe" (for imperative functions).

I would also not, for example, make up a totally new term for a concept people already know about that just happens to be in the context of my new system of ideas. This actually comes up a lot in my day to day software engineering work: I avoid creating new abstractions in general, and when I do I strongly avoid introducing new terminology in the naming, and when I do I document and explain it to death in the comments, using analogies wherever possible.

There are lots of opportunities where I could come up with a whole new concept with a beautiful new name that nobody understands, and I explicitly choose not to.
This. By that same virtue (although admittedly with far greater stakes), I wonder if the GP would call safety regulations on civil engineering a similar kind of "gatekeeping" in need of "disruption".
Yes the whole public support aspect can swing this either way, if Twitter comes out in support of the politician then that user will be guilty before he even hits the court. If on the other hand they come out in support of the user, then it may very well just go away and be slap on the wrist affair.

But the sad thing is that most if not all twitter users, have seen far worse go unpunished.
See this is exactly the point where FP fans lose the rest of us.
(1) You're proposing displaying a Union Jack to users in the Republic of Ireland

(2) You have a dependency on the number of states in the US. British people tolerate seeing the US flag, but it implies en-US, rather than en-GB

It's much more simple to avoid these issues by using a generic "A/文" symbol
Type constructor that lifts to functions is even a pretty intuitive (ahistorical) intuition for “functor”.
All employee compensation is a tax benefit. What are you talking about?

Wages are an employer tax benefit too. From a tax perspective, wages and tuition are pretty similar.

I think the main benefit is that not many employees will take the benefit. And they can negotiate some big discount with an online university. So buying 10k degrees is cheaper than 10k paying on their own.

In my case, I’d rather have tuition because I’d get more return than higher wages.
Nothing has changed. Bluffers will occasionally get called. That's part of the game. Holmes inhaled deeply of the SV stash. I am not sure whether she needs to experience the full wrath of the law, because her case is so typical (with bigger $ values). What needs to change is the incentives.

True believers in technology need to revisit and recommit to the idea that breakthrough tech is a windfall for all, in terms of human benefit, not as a profit center.

Go forth, and make things that are good for people, even at a loss. Go make things that are good for people, that help the helpless, that prop up the weak, even if it means you fail.
Being a teacher is a labor of love. There’s nothing wrong with a student coming in with any attitude.

This attitude justifying gatekeeping reminds me of Stack Overflow - mods tired of seeing the same wrong questions asked. But it’s a Q&A site and the purpose is for people to get answers to their questions.
That's no different than what I said, except you're conflating the ledger money created by banks with their reserves at the Central Bank.

Only Central Bank reserves and cash are considered "money" in this system. And I'm saying the "money" is leveraged 9:1 in our toy example, whereas you seem to be saying assets must always be greater than liabilities - which obviously I agree with. Since if they weren't, the bank would be insolvent.
Good point. A generic type is a great example of a type constructor.
It's common for complicated proofs to have little gaps that got past the referees. The basic standard of whether the proof is valid is that if you do find a gap in the written version, the author can say "oh yeah, you can fix that by doing X", making some small patch. It's like finding a bug in a program that the author can fix right away once you file a bug report. If the author is unable to fix the bug despite a reasonable amount of effort, then there is a problem. You get credit if you can fix it where the author couldn't. Otherwise it's almost like trying to invalidate a proof over a misspelling.

In the case of Wiles' proof of FLT, someone found a bug, Wiles worked unsuccessfully for something like a year trying to fix it, basically concluded that FLT was not really completely proved after all (i.e. he had "merely" made enormous progress, but not actually closed the ticket). Then right after more or less giving up, he and Richard Taylor figured out how to fix the bug, so it came out ok after all. Of course Taylor now gets a slice of the FLT credit.