skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Congratulations. Although it is easy to have reservations about the concept and rollout of Clubhouse. From a developer perspective it is pretty cool.
> Is tax evasion more OK for people with lower incomes?

Legally, no, but morally... kind of? It's certainly not great, but I -- subjectively, certainly -- find less fault in a person who makes $80k a year "hiding" a couple thousand of income vs. someone who makes $10M a year hiding a couple hundred thousand. The middle-class person possibly really needed that extra cash lying around, while the rich person probably would be fine without it.
I totally disagree with the spirit of your post. Taking things to this extreme means you end up in an arena where everything you discuss is completely opaque to outsiders and dissuades otherwise interested parties from ever being able to understand anything you're talking about.
The 31st First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony 2021
Its also interesting to note that none of the GPL licenses require giving code back, so what Linus wants from the license doesn't happen via the license, only via cultural standards. Indeed, there are many companies and persons violating those cultural standards by not sending patches back to Linus, as well as many companies violating the GPL licenses by not distributing source to their customers.
> Wait, a functor is just a pure unary function?

A functor has two pieces: a pure unary function from types to types, and a pure unary function from functions to functions. The article doesn't talk about the function on types; it doesn't even talk about the function on functions. Its first example of a functor is the function `(num) => "" + num`, which isn't a functor. They map values of Integer to values of String, but they do not map any type to some type, nor do they map any function to some function. Neither part of a functor is present nor nearby.

As an example, for every type T, there is a (non-generic!) type of lists with elements of type T. The non-generic part is really, really important, and is probably a big source of confusion. When we define, say, `class List<T>`, we're defining a whole family of independent types, which we might concretely name List__Integer, List__String, and so on. The List<T> notation is a way of getting that specific type without knowing what its name is. By abuse of notation, we (programmers, not category theorists) talk about List<T> as though that were the name of the type. Theorists separate the two notions, and consider `List` to be an actual function from types T to types List__T, whatever that type actually is.

Most languages that let you define a family of types don't let you refer to the type function on its own. Java (say) never lets you refer to the List function on its own; the name List refers to some other shameful and unrelated concrete, non-generic type. When your language does let you speak about the type function itself, and pass it around to other things, we say that it has "higher-order types". (Just as a language that lets you speak of and pass around a function `factorial` without invoking it has "higher-order functions"; notwithstanding closures, that's what "higher-order" means. [0])

Just having a type function is not enough to have a functor. You also need a function that takes transformations between two types, T and S, to transformations between whatever types the type function sends them to. (For List, we said they're called List__T and List__S, but we can always refer to them indirectly by saying "whatever List maps T to", which is generally written F<T> for any type function F.)

Because of the abuse of notation, we collectively "forget" that `List<T>` defines a function from types to types, and pretend that a functor is just defined by what it does to functions from T to S. But most of the point of functors in functional design is that you can pass around the type-function part, `List`, with the knowledge that it describes a mappable type. If you don't pass around type functions, the concept of a functor will be useless to you.

[0] https://stackoverflow.com/a/6427289/159876
For the sake of making a meaningful discussion, sources for the U.S. gender gap (as that’s the focus of the article) from the US Census [0], Pew Research [1], and a Harvard study showing why a gender gap between identical MBTA union workers existed [2].

[0] https://www2.census.gov/ces/wp/2017/CES-WP-17-68.pdf
[1] https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/05/25/gender-pay-...
[2] https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bolotnyy/files/be_genderga...
Possession counts for a lot more than theoretical legal legitimacy. Who is physically in control of the bulk of Chinese territory?
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16095-its-confirmed-m...
I wish that was the reality. But CCP has the military power.
It would be a likely explaination... if mass hysteria resulted in brain damage.
Just as real as the concepts of particles at all. They're just really likely to recombine because they form in pairs of opposite charges and will attract and annihilate. Hawking radiation is adding another force with a gradient (extremely strong gravity near an event horizon) that'll absorb one of the particles of the pair, and then the other flies off into space as the real, bona fide particle it always was.
That's actually the only correct part of the blog, arrays form monoids via concatenation and empty arrays.

That's algebra tho, which is very relevant to functional programming (monoids capture the essence of composition) in general, but not the right monoids in category theory.
Interesting comment, but can you share some first-hand experience where a company spent $10M on a single ad compaign? It is a shit-load of money; anyone saying otherwise has never been remotelly close to anything near 10 million.
> a monad is a type constructor

Now explain what a "type constructor" is, otherwise these words are worthless.
It is the same here in Australia but we are being forced to use vaccine passports.
Our doctors are threatened with $20000 fines if they do a serology test to look for covid antibodies.
> SM Stirling's Draka, an attempt at a maximally evil empire

I was under the impression that Stirling was optimizing more for maximal believability than maximal evil. (If he was optimizing for maximal evil then I may need to find some beer for him to hold.)
HAProxy is written in C, which has no GC by default. Also, we are talking about "team responsiveness" which sounds more like it is the time that the team needs to react on a bug being reported. So GC pauses can't be what iancaroll meant.
Imagine Marvin, the paranoid android working at a troll factory; I guess his trolling would even be kind of interesting! Interesting, couldn't they use GPT-3 for the troll factory job? What is stopping them from using real bots, instead of humans?
Nah Japan is an example that monetary policy isn’t the be all and end all. The productivity and culture of the country matter.
Why are European countries like Denmark and Sweden able to open up almost entirely, but we're doubling down? Especially Sweden, who hasn't really implemented much of anything accept advice and vaccine availability.
I'm going to assume this is a reference to the fact a Hero of Two Worlds by Mike Duncan was just released.
> why a Functor is slightly more than just a Mappable

Explain that again?
Yeah, right! When I looked at the "ecosystem" [0], I saw a bunch of copycats and virtually no service I've heard of. Some of the projects' descriptions sound satirically!

[0]: https://solana.com/ecosystem
Squats can boost brain activity [video]
SK is waiting for China's push to unite with NK.

Japan surely want to help, but US daddy won't allow rearming herself.

Other Asian nations?

"Why should I care, where is my economy development"
The swim is absolutely an accomplishment, but this is laying it on a bit thick:

> He seems to feel pride about having achieved autonomy—from society, his parents, higher-level institutions, and the pressures to conform.

And what does this autonomy from society and his parents look like?

> Paris’s 15th arrondissement, near where he lives in a small studio apartment attached to his parents’ home

Ah yes, it's the autonomy of being 19 and having an apartment in a trendy, arty bit of central Paris (Montparnasse), paid by your mom the Mayor.
Thankfully there are emerging alternatives to money that have been increasing in usage for about 13 years and offer more control to the individual as to how the resources under their domain are allocated exactly and transparently thru governance that are more accessible work arounds than the trusts, charitable writeoffs, etc.
I would say that the biggest gatekeeping to functional programming is the abundance of messy "dumbed down" content like this.
Before the coup that happened a few days ago, my country was casually known as a dictatorship. You don't insult politicians, not especially on a public place. When you are home, you check if the coast is clear before you call the president names. Otherwise you get an armed and humiliating response, if not tragic.

Looks like lots of democratic countries are looking at us with envy and for inspiration these days.
> .. while a pleasingly informal new biography by the American podcast host Mike Duncan, “Hero of Two Worlds” ..

If you're interested in a podcast about the French revolution (and other revolutions), Mike Duncan's "Revolutions" podcast is absolutely fantastic: https://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/revolutions_podcast/
How else are you going to handle asymptomatic cases among vaccinated?
> I wish people understood that fp is much easier to understand by reading definitions.

The real landscape of its adoption begs to differ. For the great majority of people, examples and analogies are fantastically more efficient for communicating ideas than building up from first principles. You get to re-use existing mental machinery, intuition, etc, until enough experience has been gained to refine it.
I've tried Paddle, its great that its open source, but doesn't hold a candle to Google's OCR. Pro-tip: if you only need it for a few images, Google photos automatically does OCR if it recognizes its a doc.
Lots of people did that in offices too.
"A life-long Deadhead and punk music fan"

I just picked a quote from the article that resonated with me now. He is my age too.
Its also possible to transfer your copyrights before your death. For example to the FSF or to Software Freedom Conservancy. I hear there are tax implications for copyright bequeathment, which is why transferring copyrights is preferred.

https://sfconservancy.org/copyleft-compliance/
I've already had many of these arguments in my own head, and it's only been with research (education, the universal silver bullet) and experience that I've been able to find trustworthy answers, so I try to share how I got 'from there to here'.

It's also taken me far too many years to learn that ridicule and dismissal are not paths towards persuasion. Not that I've permanently learnt that lesson though.
There's no practical right to free speech in the EU. You americans don't know how easy you have it. Defend your rights!
How can you tell that he's well dressed or lives in a city?

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude
One side has to show tolerance, convince others and be kind. Instead, we are throwing people under the bus, enranging them further and permanently affecting their mental health - they'll never to ever listen to any progressive voice.

This is an absolute disaster. People forget that the point of debates and exercise in politics is to convince the other side and get their vote. May be I am crazy to think this way.
I wonder why message code culture disappeared now.
A native app from the ground up in 10 weeks is impressive.

Now I want to know how Superhuman has gotten away with not having an Android app for so long, and what on earth they could be doing given they say they have been "working on it" for years and over $100 million in VC funding.
And then you could copy what they produced the result without paying them, I expect the pirate sites would still exist without copyright.
You're implying that everyone who is not paying what a government tax board thinks you should be paying is guilty before proven innocent.

But if you've dealt with tax agencies beyond being a plain employee, they can often be just plain wrong, and you have to go through a lot of time, money and effort to prove that they are wrong, with them potentially just confiscating your bank account until proven wrong. Or your accountant / payroll provider has screwed up and now you have to go through a lot of bullshit to fix that problem, because YOU are ultimately on the hook.

More cops on the road doesn't necessarily mean more 'crime' is solved, it also means there is more cases of police brutality. If you're a small business, you don't have nearly as much strength to defend yourself. The large and rich will always have that ability, as it has been shown for 1000s of years of human history.

If a society 'arrests' every perceived jaywalker (whether or not they were jaywalking), and then pressured into a guilty plea deal because fighting it is worse than the price of the plea deal, is that really good for society? This is what I meant by the double edged sword of increased budgets for tax agencies.
And as an American, Germans/Australians/etc. will still insist they're more free than me because of something arbitrary like free healthcare. I don't think there's anywhere I'd feel particularly more "free" all things considered aside from maybe Mars.
>Functors are type constructors

So why can't we just call the damn things 'Type constructors'?
they don't, the site just falls over occasionally :)
Communication is a two-way street. When someone is making an effort to learn, most FP advocates will happily make an effort to teach. But someone who comes in with guns blazing doesn't get to complain about being met with hostility, and if telling someone they're wrong when they're wrong is gatekeeping then it's a kind of gatekeeping that we need.
Slavery has always meant a kind of subjugationa and social death but slavery in continental North America was probably among the best ever in terms of material living conditions. Most slaves in agricultural societies were always agricultural, and were worked to death, like in the Caribbean. That's how plantation agriculture worked, from Roman latifundia onward. Black slaves in wht's now the US had enormous natural increase in their population, which is if not historically unprecedented, damn close. They were also taller and better nourished than all but the upper echeloons of European society. Obviously people prefer to be free but there are multiple axes of comparison and American and Roman slavery each look "better" on different axes.
Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem often gets brought up in such discussions, but less commonly mentioned is the fact that it only applies to ranked voting systems and not score-based / cardinal voting systems. It also says that a voting system can't produce a total ranking of all options (which is a stronger requirement than just picking a single winner), and it assumes "independence of irrelevant alternatives"[0] which seems rational but doesn't reflect how humans actually behave.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alt...
I would like a balanced perspective on this. What do our German/European think about this? Is this expected or a random event? Does this have public support?
Eh, I'll admit he probably does better than average among the tech crowd. But if polling is to be believed, he was one of the most electable (in a hypothetical general election) of the primary candidates last presidential election, so his messaging can't have been that off-putting. And I heard second-hand (from a young/right leaning Trump voter) that he was very popular among the young/right leaning 4chan crowd (which is a pretty far cry from the Niskanen Center).

I think a lot of his lack-of-success for his presidential run could be attributed to a perception that he was an inexperienced political lightweight, who didn't have a serious chance at winning. And he didn't really do all that badly considering where he started, he outlasted quite a few candidates who came in with much more experience and name recognition.
Pretty sure the judge said they could be reinstated months ago, with IAP held in escrow until verdict.
> If you cannot communicate with a beginner in language they understand, A.) you don't really understand it either

This is true, but the problem is that people will always prefer the explanation that is, as the saying goes, "simple, neat, and wrong" over the explanation that is more complicated, especially if they (and possibly the person explaining) aren't aware that the simplified version is wrong. Even if one starts from an accessible viewpoint, any concept that is worth isolating as a concept will involve some difficult step in its exposition, and it is at that step that the person seeking to understand—not the explainer—has to decide whether to stick with the explanation despite the difficulty, or to be satisfied with an easy and wrong explanation.
You're right, there's a missing step. By "a monoid M in the category C" we mean that M is an object in C along with two morphisms "unit" : 1 -> M and "multiplication" : M x M -> M satisfying the "monoid laws" translated to C. (And really C should be a so-called "monoidal category".) When C = Set, this gives the usual notion of a monoid, which classically is a set by definition, as you say. However there are lots of interesting monoid objects in other categories!
These concepts are usually explained via first-principles definitions, and they are usually opaque and unapproachable for most people. That's not a coincidence.
The German basic law protects people's personal honour (article 5, freedom of expression), and this goes back hundreds of years. (strafrechtlicher Ehrschutz).

>"These rights shall find their limits in the provisions of general laws, in provisions for the protection of young persons and in the right to personal honour."

This is reflected in the German criminal code Beleidigung(Insult), unchanged for about 150 years.

>"The penalty for insult is imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or a fine and, if the insult is committed by means of an assault, imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or a fine."

This extends to everyone, not just politicians. For example, flipping someone off is not legal, and you'll be fined if someone were to take legal action. The headline of the article and the general tone of is misleading.
A type constructor is something that takes a type and gives you a new type.

For example, in C, if you have any type Foo, the pointer operator * will give you a new type Foo*.

Another example: in Haskell, Maybe is a type constructor, since it takes a type parameter a (Maybe a). So 'Maybe' is a type constructor, but 'Maybe Int' is a type.

So a type constructor is like a function, but it operates on types, not on values.
Apple has the best privacy amongst all of the video streaming providers
I do believe our future where the machines do all the work, one of their jobs will be to make us feel like we are doing useful work — just enough, a different amount for each person, so that everyone will feel satisfied and productive.
Makes you wonder how much transpired over the past COVID News saturation that may of been buried, or missed completely by the media.
This seems like a reasonable first step before creating prototypes and more advanced studies. What am I missing?
Yes, this was unfortunately my first thought too when I saw the headline. The video is really funny though. I don't know how popular a meme it is generally, the first and only time I saw it used was this one wrt functional programming and it still makes me laugh every time I watch it.
I was curious about the DIY colonoscopy. The picture in the article, but no other mention of it other than the pic.
That's quite an interesting tale Mr. Nostradamus!
It's in the second paragraph of the article, and discussed throughout it.
YC is only one kind of material event. Revenue is another one. IP creation is another one. If you book revenue before having an entity, you're comingling. You can assign IP, but if anyone else contributes before you're incorporated, unwinding that can be a significant risk. Stripe Atlas is $500 to do. Arguably your time as an MS in CS today must approach that per day. So it's like saying is one day of risk worth it - almost certainly yes it's worth having it if you intend to spend any serious amount of time doing business.
The Yale/Harvard/Stanford team at https://covidestim.org estimates that R has receded under 1 for most states / counties. Much better than a month ago. This is a good indication we are past peak delta. The medical system was stretched in places, but held. While the vaccines help keep the pandemic under control and the human cost bearable, it doesn't follow that we need 100% vaccination rate for community protection.
For those who wonder, you don't need to know about category theory to use monads as a programmers.
The wordplay in that article is just fantastic. German has this specific kind of humor that is hard to describe, but definitely stands out.

Great read, thanks for linking it.
>>Critics say it is aimed at crushing dissent but China says it is meant to maintain stability.

Of course both are right.

This is a blatant crushing of dissent, wherein merely attempting to curate a few facts is now cast as a crime deserving a life sentence.

OTOH, the CCP requires stability to maintain its illegitimate[1], brutally dishonest, murderous, expansionist authoritarian 'govt'. This "stability" and requires that the population remain ignorant of the CCP's corruption, history, and current practices.

Western democracies were massively foolish to ever engage with CCP and treat it as if it were legitimate.

While we thought we were exploiting cheap Chinese labor, the CCP strategically exploited our myopic focus on quarterly profits. They now have won a massive transfer of strategic commercial & military intellectual property, strategic manufacturing know-how, and massive amounts of capital to strategically deploy to buy more global influence. This will go down as a blunder of historic proportions.

We see the signs every week, as here, yet nothing is done about it.

[1] While this govt may be recognized, it came to power over it's people at the point of a gun, and can only maintain that power without the free consent of it's people. Being a de-facto ruler does not make a ruler legitimate. By that reasoning, the Taliban should immediately be recognized as a legitimate govt.
There were a number of instances where national news broadcasters just left him out of polls or included his competitors with lower marks.

For instance CNN had a poll for and showed 6 candidates results, the lowest being for Beto O'Rourke, with a result of 1%. But Yang scored 3% in the poll but was just left out because for whatever reason he wasn't seen as a serious candidate.

https://nextshark.com/cnn-andrew-yang-graphic/
They increase the risk of asymptotic transmission, but decrease the risk of transmission overall.
A Mappable would be anything that has a `map` function.
A `Functor` is a something that has a `map` function _AND_ obeys the rule that calling `map` with the identity function produces the same result.

ie: say I have some value `f` that is a functor. If I call `map identity f` I should always get back `f`. The mere existence of a `map` function doesn't imply this law holds.

The identity function always returns it's argument unmodified. (identity x = x)

(Now, in Haskell the type system does not encode that law, but not following it would be breaking the interface.)

If this explanation doesn't make sense or you need more examples I'm happy to expand

EDIT:
Both me and grandparent forgot another law for functors. They also need to preserve composition.

fmap (f . g) == fmap f . fmap g

In english, if I combine the functions f and g and map them, it should be the same as if I first map g and then map f