skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
AlphaFold is not about solving any kind of NP-complete problem.

Proteins consist of chains of amino acids which spontaneously fold up to form a structure. Understanding how the amino acid chain determines the protein structure is highly challenging, and this is called the "protein folding problem".

People use mathematical models to predict how proteins fold in nature. Many such mathematical models are stated in terms such as "proteins fold into a configuration that minimizes a certain energy function". Even the simplest such models [1] give rise to NP-hard decision problems, which are also known (somewhat confusingly) as "protein folding problems". To make this a bit less confusing, I will call the mathematical decision problems PFPs.

Like all mathematical models, our protein folding models don't correspond exactly to reality. Even if you are somehow able to determine the exact mathematical solution to a mathematical PFP, that _still_ doesn't guarantee that the real protein that you were trying to model behaves like the mathematical solution would indicate. E.g. the protein may fold in such a way that it gets stuck in a local optimum of the energy function you were using.

How do we detect this? We make inferences about how the protein should behave, given the mathematical solution to the Protein Folding Problem, and then we perform experiments, and find out (empirically) that the protein behaves in a manner that is inconsistent with the inferences drawn from the mathematical model. Scientists _do_ do this. And they would have to do it even if they had a fast, exact way to solve NP-complete problems, because the NP-complete problems are still just part of a mathematical model, and need not correspond to reality in any way.

The success of AlphaFold is not measured by how well it solves (or approximates) mathematical PFPs. The success of AlphaFold is measured by making successful predictions about how certain proteins will fold. And this is exactly how it was tested [2]: they threw it at a bunch of problems for which scientists have empirically determined how certain amino acid chains fold, but didn't release the results. And then they compared the solutions predicted by AlphaFold, and found that most of the predictions were consistent with what they knew to be the case.*

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_protein

[2] https://predictioncenter.org/casp14/index.cgi

* That's an understatement. The solutions were really very good, much better than those produced by any other submission to CASP14.
Those guys had to have unions to fight for safety practices. It's to protect the workers. This code quality stuff is about various competing business objectives and now annoying stuff is.

I've never seen a programmer be dismembered from a missing test though I'm sure such things happen in embedded systems and robotics. Tesla Autopilot or the Uber self-driving accident in Arizona are great examples of programming leading to deaths.

I guess if your Uber app doesn't work in the rain that is bad. It's when people are making safety critical decisions that this stuff matters more.
You absolutely could design a multiplayer game such that the client only has access to what the player should be able to see. Whether such a game would actually be performant is obviously a different question, but as Internet bandwidth continues to improve on average I wouldn't be surprised if the server ends up becoming much more involved - both for anticheat reasons and to reduce the client-side workload.
Honestly full linux desktop in a handheld form factor is pretty attractive.

One of the biggest pain points of linux laptops is getting the drivers right.

That being said The screen is quite small if you are dealing with text & while you can do some typing with the steam controller you won't want to do too much.

If your general set up is doing a tiny bit of work while away from a dock (with mouse + keyboard + monitor) and you dock it most of the time I think this could be a really nice package.
Obviously not. Neither does DMCA, but that doesn't stop the USA from enforcing it worldwide.
Oh oops, when I said "pacman" I meant "or a GUI on top of it". I figured that would be obvious.
This is absolutely awesome!
Off-topic but reflecting on the PV in the domain name:

What kind of home PV solar panels should a person ask a contractor for? How do you know they're giving you quality rated panels?
If you are using a temporary shared secret then after you forget that shared secret you will need a new secret which you will have to generate. I mean nothing more than that.
Agreed that they're different audiences. The deck is for people with existing steam libraries who don't feel like sitting down at a PC to play games.

The switch is for everyone else - way cheaper, unique games you won't find on a PC, etc. Plus, co-op. I recently spent 6+ hours at my friends house playing Super Mario 3D World Deluxe. They got one joycon, I got the other. In my college dorm, we have a switch dock attached to a monitor in the dorm lounge. Split the joycons, and 4 people can play smash or mario kart. I don't see the deck supporting these use cases.
Re: blocking ads guilt free:

Not that long ago someone posted this beautiful Banksy quote about it on HN:

> “People are taking the piss out of you everyday. They butt into your life, take a cheap shot at you and then disappear. They leer at you from tall buildings and make you feel small. They make flippant comments from buses that imply you’re not sexy enough and that all the fun is happening somewhere else. They are on TV making your girlfriend feel inadequate. They have access to the most sophisticated technology the world has ever seen and they bully you with it. They are The Advertisers and they are laughing at you. You, however, are forbidden to touch them. Trademarks, intellectual property rights and copyright law mean advertisers can say what they like wherever they like with total impunity. Fuck that. Any advert in a public space that gives you no choice whether you see it or not is yours. It’s yours to take, re-arrange and re-use. You can do whatever you like with it. Asking for permission is like asking to keep a rock someone just threw at your head. You owe the companies nothing. Less than nothing, you especially don’t owe them any courtesy. They owe you. They have re-arranged the world to put themselves in front of you. They never asked for your permission, don’t even start asking for theirs.”
- Banksy

I’ll damn well block all shitty ads on every site.

You’re a newspaper site and want to block me for using an ad blocker? Feel free, I’ll leave your site.

You’re an advertiser who refuses to bid on ad space as too many people block the ads anyway? Please stop bidding then.

But don’t pretend that by offering your site for free and me using it for free somehow requires me to see shitty ads.

If you want my money, ask for it. If your content is worth it I’ll pay for it.
sounds like a win/win situation for the consumer
Maybe a few decades ago, but dams have more problems than batteries, especially along near the ring of fire/faults. Hard enough to ensure proper maintenance is done in serene Michigan.
I definitely agree that paid services should not be allowed to use public broadcast spectrum.
Humans influence predator–prey spatiotemporal interactions
You make good points, I don’t necessarily disagree. But at a certain point I just don’t have the time or energy to analyze and stress over every detail of every company’s business practices.

When it comes down to it and I’m presented with the choice of opening Chrome or Firefox, I’m taking Firefox every time and it’s not close.
The problem with lots of people drinking lots of tea
You think Sony Computer Entertainment didn't wait until the supply chain was ready before launching the PS5?

It's not about being ready or not, it's about supply and demand.

An example from Valve themselves from early this year regarding Index, an interview with Gabe:

“We actually have components that are manufactured in Wuhan and when you’re setting up your manufacturing lines it doesn’t occur to you that you’re suddenly going to be dependent on this peculiar transistor that’s sitting on one board that you can’t get,” Newell said.

“Everybody ended up running into the same problem simultaneously — you go from, ‘Oh, we’re in great shape,’ to, ‘What do you mean Apple or Microsoft just bought the next two years’ supply of this just so they could make sure they aren’t going to run out?’ You went from a situation where everything was getting done just in time to people buying up all the available supplies.”

Newell says these constraints are also why the headset still doesn’t ship to some markets like New Zealand or Australia. “The only thing keeping us from shipping in New Zealand at this point is just getting enough of them made — we’re very much manufacturing constrained.”

[1] https://uploadvr.com/gabe-newell-index-supply-shortage/
Thank you for the correction. I read 5.9 in the article and somehow typo'd with 19 in my comment.
unrelated: how do we know there are no alephs between 0 and 1?
Everyone is irate that they have to pay a nickel a paper bag now that they've banned plastic. The paper bags used to be free if you wanted them instead of plastic.
I can't believe you called this shallow and didn't even include an explanation as to why, ironic. There's nothing shallow about this at all, it goes to the heart of this fake intellectualism on this site.
Study shows new 'warm vaccine' effective against all key virus variants
Not really. Keep in mind that getting the headset out in your room is very different to getting a whirlwind tour in a shop. You can just sit down and gasp at the sensation of seeing the trigger move in sync with IRL
I think that Transmeta (and the others working on the same stuff at the same time) had fixed instruction sets, along with hardware and software to recompile x86 code into that instruction set.

The difference here I think is not that the chips don't have an instruction set, they do, but they don't have an ARCHITECTURAL instruction set, the next version of the chip will have a different instruction set and a matching LLVM back end - they expect you to recompile your code for every new CPU.

What I don't see in the literature is any mention of MMUs and system level stuff - I'm sure it's there
God I hope not. I don't want invasive proprietary kernel modules screwing up my system.
I would honestly have paid Facebook a monthly sub long ago if they had asked, but they've grown to such a creepy state that I've lost interest in giving them any money. I refuse to buy the Occulus because of the creepy lock-in they're attempting. They've also worked hard to merge IG and FB, they're just waiting for the right moment to do it. It's really telling when if one of their services has an outage, the rest do as well.
Artbreeder has some interesting prior art here: nVidia forbid commercial use of StyleGAN, but artbreeder disregarded it and happily sold all the breeding you wanted. No one seemed to care.

I suspect that the clause is there to prevent a startup launching on the basis of “see this trained model? Yeah, that’s literally our business model” though, which is a mildly amusing thought, wot wot.

So basically, a few tens of thousands, sure. A few million, big G might have a problem.

Still, the smart move would be to launch the business anyway, and gamble that you can work out a licensing deal.
Interesting. So instead of recommending your friends, you would be recommending best-suited companies to your friends?
I have seen a few of my friends do that when they are helping someone with a job switch.
This argument just shows how blind people have become to the possibilities. It's not either/or. There should be at the very least an option to pay and not be tracked. Most services offer no such option.
This can be had for free with uBlock Origin ( I never see an ad on YT ).
These type of articles are really annoying. Obviously the world is overpopulated already. Any decline is a great thing but these articles always make it out to be a dangerous thing.
Why are they less maintainable? It’s just code you can write in a code editor, version control in a versioning system, have automatic tests for, have automatic deployment scripts for, etc. In the end the database is just an application server executing your code close to the data. Only thing you have to ask yourself is how much your code needs to scale. But it can be much more efficient to run business logic in the database as stored procedures.
Twilio handles SMS and MMS for my https://textpost.me side project. Great platform and reliability.
Making Merit Work at the Entrance to the Engineering Workforce
So I've worked in the game industry where this happens even more aggressively than the rest of tech, and I've had contracts in at least 2 jobs where I was explicitly forbidden from engaging in any activity outside of work (I don't remember how it was worded, but it was so strict that even doing charity work could have fallen under it).

That combined with the frequent contracts of "we own everything you make while you're employed by us" effectively means side projects are either forbidden, or can be stolen by the company at any time, which is similar.

Not all companies are that bad but it's still a thing, and a lot of employment contracts make it very hard to work on a side project without your company potentially being able to claim ownership of it.
Show HN: Bite-Sized Crypto News App – Moving
In Search of the DevOps Ideal
When you reach a certain age e.g. 40 you start to realize that you only need to appeal for yourself and no one else matters including you family members.

And then suddenly everything goes much better from there.
I for one love my Shield and would upgrade / buy again - real-time upscaling/upmixing makes YouTube into a competitive "channel" I regularly watch on my 4K TV.

The shield runs all the major streaming networks and there's now Airplay apps that run in the background, closing that gap.

As with all chrome-based devices, the Google voice assistant blows away AppleTV and Roku.
By the sound of original statement, the reason is the idea of teamwork and clearing all planned tickets.

It is completely absurd to change the situation into completely different one and then complain the original statement dont fit it.
Though it is interesting that Microsoft's own efforts have been moving away from the virtual filesystem approach and back towards making sparse checkouts better/more reliable and better/more reliable support for partial checkouts (of history especially) and better memoization and caching of history reachability information (git commit-graph).
The USSR tried the "tons of little boosters" approach.

It's taken ~60yr for the manufacturing and control systems to get to the point of being reliable enough to chain together enough boosters to put really big stuff into orbit.
I'm in the same boat as you and I don't have a solution but I would say that I'd be fine if the web were far, far smaller. Most content on the web is trash. The information density of most YouTube videos is so low that it would be quicker to read a concise text article on the topic if such a thing existed (it usually doesn't). Gone are the days (perhaps before 2007 or so) when most blogs were labours of love; now they're mostly clickbait to show ads and affiliate links. Maybe a partial solution to paying for it all is to reduce the amount of content being pumped around the internet in the first place.

As a side point, many labour-of-love websites start to monetise to sustain the hosting costs. But some of the best blogs I read are flat HTML. The running costs of such websites must be negligible for all but the most heavily trafficked blogs. When my blog got hit by hundreds of views per second over the course of a few hours via reddit, Apache on a Core 2 Duo barely broke a sweat because it was flat HTML. With modern CSS websites can look fantastic with minimal assets and bandwidth. I'm happy to pay €20/month for such a server myself, and donate my content to whoever wishes to read it.
This is not possible as USA elections are the most solid and secure in the world... SolarWinds coughs... Kaseya coughs... Microsoft cough...
Business logic goes into the code, data goes into the database.

Sometimes business logic is implemented as rules, in which case the rules (configuration) can go into either configuration files or a database. But that doesn't make it data...
I have a single game that clocks in at 374gb. (Ark + DLC and 50gb of mods.) And I don't want to be limited to a single game. I am really hoping the 64gb can have an nvme drive added.
Touch pads a better than a joystick by far. You don't need to snap back the stick to stop moving. Where ever your thumb stops is where your aim is at. A fast flick of a touch pad can 180 which takes a lot longer on a joystick. Plus gyro support it's almost as good as a mouse.
Hpy 0.0.2: First Public Release
> 2) Do a bunch of steps

It's not just a bunch of steps. It's an infinite number of steps. It requires the axiom of choice.
I've seen people increasingly buy stablecoins to earn interest from lending them (higher rates than a bank or bond gives you), which I would argue is inherent utility. Plus, the idea of holding USD stablecoins in countries with poor banking infrastructure is gaining steam, which is inherent utility.
When I was in the army I use to rail against contractors all the time, until I got transferred to a maint. center for communications equipment. The equipment you get there is usually the result of a failed attempts by trained personal to fix things, but were trying do it in the field, without the proper reference materials, equipment, or parts. There units were issued all of these, but after several deployments, books get lost or destroyed, tools walk, etc... Half the times the equipment was fried by its own protection systems being tripped because it wasn't dissembled correctly, making the issue they wanted to fix a moot point.

So some PFC just destroyed a $40,000 system because a Capt. was up his ass about fixing it right now, he has no ability to push back, nothing that can be done but to follow the order to the best of his abilities. If he destroys it, well if the capt. is a dick, he gets written up, and charged for it. If not, the equipment is still fried, and has to be replaced.

With a contractor, they are outside the chain of command, and can tell the capt. to pound sand, and tell them the equipment will need to be shipped and fixed properly. And reminds the capt. that there are several dummy switches that without the right tools, and training, the equipment will fry itself, and if this is discovered to be the case, the indecent will be turned over to CID (army detectives) for investigation and that he should make arrangements to source a replacement from supply ASAP.

Seeing the straight don't give a fuck of these guys could exercises, in relation to what is best for the equipment and not the commands ego was amazing, and made total sense why on the high end equipment this method was used.
Rear touchpad is that one feature that amazes me every year by not being introduced by any of those very many manufacturers desperate to have a USP.
Electrochemists may one day invent a combined battery and solar panel.
>I think most PC gamers like gaming on their PC because it is a very open platform that allows them to play games they bought the 90s

This is just not true. Most pc gamers are playing free to play competitive multiplayer games. Think league of legends, fortnite, call of duty warzone, and hearthstone. The people playing these games care about framerate for competitive reasons which means they need good gpus.
I think the main problem with high school is that it wastes an absolute shitload of time. About 8 hours of your day shot actually in school, most of which is extremely low value or idle, and then (in my case, at what I think was a pretty middle-of-the-road school) 60+ minutes of homework on top of that every single day, which you're to do after you're already mentally beat from the intense boredom and "pay attention at all times or get in trouble" atmosphere of the rest of the day, with no option to defer it until you don't feel quite as much like your brain is running out through your ears.

As a staunch advocate of teaching the humanities and someone who thinks the "what k-12 education needs is math education that looks more like what the 0.1% of people who are math nerds wish they'd been taught" folks are dead wrong, I still think high schools ought to re-consider having every class be the same length, and maybe cut some of their social studies and history entirely (because it's almost never well-taught enough to be worthwhile) so the homework portion of mid- and high-level math classes can be brought into the school day proper. It'd be a much better use of time, and I think having a teacher available for questions and guidance during "homework" time would do wonders for math comprehension and test scores.

Though how schools would justify giving their coaches full teacher salaries without as many history and social studies classes for them to teach, is an open question.
Ultra-processed food linked to higher risk of IBD
I don't think it's currently possible for any cloud service to make this obsolete, at least in the ways that I'd want to use a portable gaming device. Which is to say, mostly in transit, which tends to have spotty (at best) internet accessibility. (In the air on an airplane, between stops on the subway, ...)
There are products out there that would increase my quality of life that I'm not aware of or not actively thinking about. In an ideal world ads are about informing the consumer, so absolutely ads can provide value to you as well. One of the recent life improving products I never thought about before an ad is an electric toothbrush - honestly I saw them but I considered it a silly gadget. Saw a plug in a random video, got some cheap version and was really surprised how useful it is I upgraded to a decent model. Likewise I never used an electric razor, tried Philips one blade after seeing an ad and it's also a great improvement. Point being there are products out there that would improve your life if you knew about them.

That being said I dislike tracking not because I might get manipulated - I also prefer relevant ads. I dislike the fact that they can better target vulnerable groups - like depressed people with addictive personalities and gaming - this is the majority of app stores profit, I would bet it's a huge ad% as well - mobile gaming is basically milking people with low impulse control and nothing better to do with their time. It's just like those scamming telemarketing scum targeting old people
I am sorry to be this blunt, but for all practical discussions, those people are wrong.

Unless your goals are a reduction in US GDP, and dramatic decrease in financial ability in the USA, you need a central bank. In analogy terms, they’re the next evolutionary node in the banking tree. The higher complexity let’s you exert stability against things like currency manipulation, macroeconomic instability and the like.

The crash is because oversight disappeared and people bought into myths.

Crucially one of the myths that Wall Street believed was that someone else was always checking the work to find advantage.

Most of Wall Street aimed for safe advantage and were following along as a herd.