skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
While still significant, the impact of lithium cost on battery cost is commonly far overestimated:

"A 50% increase in lithium prices would for instance increase the battery pack price of a nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) 811 battery by less than 4%." [1]

Nevertheless, together with improvements in (low-cobalt) battery chemistry, this sounds like an important piece of the puzzle.

[1] https://about.bnef.com/blog/behind-scenes-take-lithium-ion-b...
Languages evolve and it takes time to learn all the quirks. Usually you need a systems language, a scripting/shell language, and a front-end language. Sure you can get good at the entire stack, but that take time. I would say spend 70% of your time to get shit done, then 30% learning/researching.
> when the per-GB cost of SSDs reaches parity

That's the point.

SSDs keep achieving lower US$/GB, but so do spinning hard drives.

This means that the point in time when parity is reached is continually postponed.
An energy-sector engineering shop had SPARCstation 2's and 4's used for running nuclear reactor Fortran compilations and simulations. The software ran on any UNIX (SCO, HP-UX, BSD, SunOS/Solaris, SGI, AIX) and I helped port it to Windows about 1997. Oddly enough, Windows of that era had extremely inefficient virtual memory swap strategies.

The university I worked at had a large Solaris deployment for internal IT systems for the CS department. They kept it for many years because it worked, it was a known quantity, and was reliable. They could've changed it over to commodity boxes running Linux or FreeBSD sooner, but that would've been a major headache for downtime, costs, and staff processes.

A friend-of-a-friend ran an extremely large deployment of Solaris boxes for batch jobs of a military data processing facility.

The scariest SunOS feature was metadisks: striped drive volumes to expand storage.
REBCO was discovered in the 80s and we're only now rolling tapes into production. HTS are a game changer for what humans can do and yet it still took 40 years from discovery to first industrial use.
I think being cynical about the hype is a different thing to being cynical about the potential.
Firewall changes are only needed if your firewall rules were unreasonable to begin with.

> connection tracking in routers may not work anymore

What do you mean by this? Tracking of UDP flows has been supported by routers for decades.
Move on to other things. Stop trying to make it happen, it's a waste of time/life. Just accept that you don't enjoy it anymore and find new things to enjoy. YOLO.
There is a temperature-dependent probability for the magnetization of a magnetic domain to rotate spontaneously, causing one erroneous data bit.

For materials with high coercitivity and at temperatures much lower than their Curie temperature, the probability is low but it is not null.

A few years ago, I went back to archiving my data on magnetic tapes (LTO). However, before that and after optical discs became to small to be usable as an archival medium, I have used HDDs for backup and archival, for more than a decade.

After returning to tapes, I have gradually transferred the old HDDs to tapes. I had a case with one HDD that would no longer spin after a few years of offline storage, but most functioned, at least enough to be able to transfer them on tapes.

All the archival HDDs were duplicated, for redundance, and all the files were stored with checksums to detect data corruption.

The checksums have been absolutely essential, because after several years of storage there were a lot of corrupted files, but for none of them the HDD reported any error. The HDDs were about half WD and half Seagate, all of them Raid Edition or equivalent.

I had a HDD archive with about 200 TB of data, and on average, after 5 years of storage, there was a corrupted file about every couple of TB.

However, because each HDD was duplicated and the errors did not affect the same file in both copies, I have recovered all files.

All the corrupted files were almost certainly caused by spontaneous magnetization rotation affecting a few bits, so what the previous poster said is not only theoretically correct, but proved in practice by at least one example.

Most people do not realize how frequent data corruption is on HDDs, because they do not use file checksums or extra file copies, to detect corrupted data.

Bit errors are frequent on HDDs, but most are corrected by the HDD firmware. However, from time to time the correction capabilities of the codes used in HDDs are exceeded and silent data corruption happens.

After a lot of experience, I never trust the firmware of any storage media, so I store checksums, in extended attributes, for all the files that I will keep for more than a day.
Static site generated from the repo. Can be hosted locally or online. Github pages are usually leveraged for this usecase
My view is that raises and promotions don't tie to whether someone is heared or not. If one criteria matters, it's negociating skills. After that probably comes competence.

Not joining meetings should provide you with as much time saved to focus on actual work. Growing competence, and lead to higher/better throuput.

I've seen a number of people playing the "let's be heard/noisy" card. It often works for a while but not in the long term.

Time spent at "work" can be spent with a short sighted objective, or a long one.

Even if I made a mistake of interpretation and attending meetings can result in better outcomes, I would still favor mental health and maximising time spent to improving my competence, over fears to loose my job or not getting a promotion raises from the current employer.
> A few transactions like these every day...

You don't do "a few of these" every day. It's for moving significant amounts of money, where security starts to matter.

Lightning network is for small transactions. You don't need your daily purchase of a coffee to be on the Bitcoin blockchain for the rest of history.

> Whereas you could use cash and pay no fees.

Somebody still has to spend time and money managing all that cash, particularly in less safe countries.
What do you mean they don't have control of the network? The bitcoin network is by definition the network that runs the bitcoin software developed by the bitcoin dev team.
Spinning disks under GMR heads are fundamentally a 2D technology. You might eke out a few more layers with a GMR array (like radar for magnetism), but there will be a noise limit. Flash technology will become stackable. Not just multi-bit per cell. The major limitation to NAND flash going to multiple layers is the inability to do epitaxy on deposited layers. The other approach is to use new materials that offer some form of hysteresis in amorphous or polycrystalline form, like 3D X-point. This product line was abandoned for business reasons, but I’m fairly confident that it will make a comeback in a big way, either by [insert big Asian company] buying the IP, or a well-funded startup.

There’s also more exotic data storage like optical holography. That’s also 3D data storage, but with very little heat accumulation, which is the problem with anything based on 3D electronics. It is technically a spinning disk though.
Show HN: Embedded Ring Buffer C++98
Looking for CC, advice and bugs!
It makes sense that the person would be scouring the news for an incident that involves himself. Isn't that in Sherlock Holmes - The Study in Scarlet? Sherlock used false advertising in a newspaper of a missing ring found near the crime scene. The person who claimed to have the ring is the culprit. This also happens in Death Note, another work of fiction, where L, the detective, uses news media to narrow down the possible suspects.
> I even think most big websites prefer it, for better mobile experience.

Actually the clients get to present a list of ciphers in descending order of preference, a server can (and most will) choose the first from the list that they're willing to use.

So from most heavier devices AES will be chosen because they have a hardware AES accelerator and so they put AES suites at the top of the list, while devices that don't are likely to put a suite with ChaCha20 at the top.

AES is Mandatory To Implement for modern TLS, even if your client can't do it efficiently you will need to support it in case your peer doesn't want to agree anything else.
or in the US why lessons that actually bring in money are preferable to those that don't
The lack of street names, coastlines, line-width cues, etc., can demand close study to find even familiar features. This, and the spareness of the interface, makes for a very captivating website. Streets are a maze well worth exploring.
I'm so sorry to hear that, really. It's a shame you didn't find a better therapist, sometimes it takes a couple of tries before you find one that gets you.

I hope you find a path forward where you have health and happiness.
> Somewhere, there's a few very scared hackers.

The hackers probably only sold the software, and will be difficult to trace. Also, they have plausible deniability as they can say the software was for research purposes only and never meant to be used, do harm, etc.
Did I get this right: the primary process is basically an LTO battery where salt-water sits behind the LTO's membrane, and when the battery is "charged", the Lithium ions are "sucked" into the battery-side's electrolyte by osmosis?

Not a chemist so I'm just trying to see if I grokked it. If I did, then this is remarkably simple!
It hurts to see a call to strong arm people into not using what is essentially a coordination tool, based on such a limited analysis. For a good summary of the potential of cryptocurrency, I recommend this 2014 article by Walter Isaacson:

https://time.com/3476313/can-bitcoin-save-journalism/

We're starting to see realization of that potential in the emergence of a mechanism to directly monetize the production of culture, via NFTs, as this 2021 details:

https://a16z.com/2021/02/27/nfts-and-a-thousand-true-fans/

An illuminating 2013 article by the same author:

https://cdixon.org/2013/12/31/why-im-interested-in-bitcoin

The calls to ban cryptocurrency now remind me of the efforts to stop the public from having access to strong cryptography in the 1990s. Without the success of the cypherpunk movement, in which a critical mass of tech activists, private sector interests, and forward thinking government officials all supporting democratization of access to the technology, led to export controls on the strong cryptography being lifted, the multi-trillion dollar e-commerce market as we know it today would never have emerged.
They discuss this on pages 3 to 5 of the paper if you want to read up on this. Here is an excerpt:

"Based on these data, we estimated the total electricity required to enrich 1 kg lithium from seawater to 9000 ppm in five stages to be 76.34 kWh. Simultaneously, 0.87 kg H_2 and 31.12 kg Cl_2 were collected from the cathode and the anode, respectively. Taking the US electricity price of US$ 0.065 per kWh into consideration, the total electricity cost for this process is approximately US$ 5.0. In addition, based on the 2020 prices of hydrogen and Cl_2 (i.e., US$ 2.5–8.0 per kg and US$ 0.15 per kg, respectively), the side-product value is approximately US$ 6.9–11.7, which can well compensate for the total energy cost. It should also be noted that the current Cl_2 utilisation capacity in the chlor-alkali industry is ~ 80 Mtons/year. Even in the case where all the world lithium capacity is produced from our extraction process, the amount of Cl_2 produced will be 3 Mtons, and so will have very little effect on the total market", from https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2021/ee/d1ee00354...
> Also, crypto discourages consumption by discouraging spending through social HODLING behaviour. HODLING a token collectively to make the price go up means that community members have less fiat available to spend on consumables which reduces their collective consumption and reduces carbon emissions.

This doesn't make sense. Holding an asset so that it appreciates in value causes it to, well, appreciate in value. There are plenty of ways to exercise that value without actually exchanging it: it can be used to issue loans or secure other financial instruments. The blockchain space seems to be rife with these sorts of schemes.

But also, to the larger point: you're not reducing consumption if your goal is to inflate the value of an asset until you're stinking rich. You're deferring consumption until you have the resources commensurate to your desired level of consumption. That's what everybody does, to be clear: it's only blockchain people who seem to have trouble looking it in the eye.
Yes I mean JS with node
If the SSD is in a computer that's kept on: just schedule an AV scan for once a month.

If you don't write to it and it's kept at a constant and low temperature/humidity and it doesn't get jostled then the data will probably outlast you.
An interesting category of problems are like Bongard problems in that you have to deduce the rule from examples, but the examples are presented one at a time at random long intervals so you have to work from memory. Most real-world learning is like this.

When working from memory, it's normal for your memory to have already parsed the previous situation into features. As some of the later examples in the blog illustrate, it's easy to fall into parsing examples into the wrong set of features, which is how you'll remember them.

While I could solve all the problems in the article, I doubt I could solve any but the simplest if I was shown 1 image per day over 12 days and not allowed to write anything down.

Perhaps the lesson is that when you're trying to deduce a rule (say, for what conditions your software crashes in) you can increase your rule-discovering power greatly by making notes and being able to look at several examples side-by-side.
I had the same experience with percentage calculation. In my case brass was two PhDs in Chemistry. Well, both were reaching retirement age, but still.
This is definitely the best approach in my opinion, providing the people writing the docs are capable of contributing directly.

One of my projects[0] builds and deploys a static documentation site[1] on every push to master. The static site generator (Nanoc, in this case) imports the library and uses it to publish its own documentation. All the examples are snippets of code[2] that are both displayed as-is and eval'd into the final output.

The guide can never be out of sync with the library.

[0] https://github.com/dfe-digital/govuk_design_system_formbuild...

[1] https://govuk-form-builder.netlify.app/

[2] https://github.com/DFE-Digital/govuk_design_system_formbuild...
This is an opinion piece from 2015.

It goes without saying that there are no universal standard solutions. As an engineer, you learn how to proceed in a structured and systematic way and (hopefully) apply appropriate methods and technologies that fit the problem at hand. ECS is a good approach and there are many problems where this is a good fit; however, there are also problems where it is a less good fit. The same applies to OOP and all other methods of software engineering.
> Latin America isn't North America.

A significant part of North America is also Latin America, and vice-versa.

> There were large populations of agrarian peoples used as a workforce by the Spanish.

Therr were large populations of people virtually (and sometime precisely) enslaved by the Spabish as agrarian workforce; they weren’t always specifically agrarian (any more than any other preindustrial population, including the colonizers) before that.

And, yes, through enslavement and other mistreatment, they, and even moreso their pre-conquest identities and cultures, were often wiped out. Sure, there are some remnants and admixture with the colonizers and other imported subject populations; that’s true of the native subjects of genocide in the parts of North America colonized by the British and French, as well.
I would say it is.
It didn't start as one but over the decades it sure has become a general purpose language.

I can't find a domain where JS wouldn't fit the description. While it may be a bad fit for certain problems, it can still be done.
Ways to Stop Dangerous Cars
They may benefit from it, but they won't pay more if it's not required. So if you expect more compensation for your mastery, you may get passed over for someone with less skill, but the required skill.
In other words lithium from the seawater adds 0.5% into the battery price.

(Assuming lithium battery cost is USD 100/kWh and 100 g of Lithium metal (not LCE) per kWh)
tends to east the other plants as well as the lawn though
> The real test is whether Bitcoin makes sense in an otherwise functioning economy where people aren't given free Bitcoin and they have the option to use a credit card that comes with a lot of consumer protections and zero (or even negative) fees.

Why don't they have this option today? These people are unbanked and it's good that someone is offering a service. It's pretty customary to have an upfront incentive to acquire the customer. I got a $10 Uber credit when I signed up and even a few hundred dollar bonus when I opened my brokerage account. But I guess I'm not from a "relatively poor town" so its not manipulation.
David Chapman has multiple sites for approaching the same problem. However, all the sites (or 'books') are incomplete.

Every time I come across something by him I just want to read a complete book on the topic of metarationality from cover to cover.
It kind of sounds like you are speaking in hypotheticals. If we were afraid for every possibility in life we would be crippled by fear all the time.

How does your worst case scenario derive from this situation, where a user was banned for inciting violence (against the ToS of the platform)?
I can't really figure out how the color coding of cables work.

And I'm also wondering how we experience bandwidth shortage, if there is, just congestion, slow links?
Single-crystal graphene is the leading candidate material.

I guess we just need a continuous graphene-making builder robot.

If it were me, I would arrange a dozen or so ribbons in a circular configuration for redundancy with a platform climber made mostly from carbon fiber and covered in multilayer insulation.
Ah, the good old narrative about private "drones" posing all kinds of treats to planes, birds, children, privacy of stolen wealth and govporate monopoly on spying and data hoarding!
> One of the best programmers I ever hired had only a High School degree; he's produced a lot of great software, has his own news group, and made enough in stock options to buy his own nightclub.

How did Norvig interview JWZ?

Did he use the whiteboarding rituals promoted by Norvig's company?
hence the /s, presumably
Managing Panic
The article doesn't argue that ECS is a good fit for everything. It argues that it is a better fit than OOP for some of the things OOP was intended for. And that it's a broader theme, where OOP is usually not the right tool for the job, even when it was originally intended to solve that particular job.
Attacking password managers is still a scalability problem, there would be always better targets out there to gain access to credentials.

Sure if you are in a position that your threat model includes actual targeted attacks then you need to reconsider things. But then software password managers might not be the way to go regardless.

A lot of security advice needs to be taken in the context it was given - that context is always a specific threat model(s).

Writing down passwords in an office is a terrible idea, keeping a small book with passwords in a drawer in your study is quite fine for most people.

Security is always a trade off between different threat models, anything you do reduces the likelihood of ones and increase the likelihood of others.

Encrypting the laptop reduces the chance of some random person extracting data if the device is lost or stolen, also to some extent reduces the chances of it being successfully searched by law enforcement. It does however increases the chances of a threat agent torturing you or your loved ones for access.

Now this isn’t an argument to not use device encryption, unless ofc the threat of violence is actually real at that point neither option might actually be viable and you would look for other means to store and transport data other than an encrypted device.
To be pedantic, the map is not the territory. If there are new roads not yet in Open Street Map, this website won't render it.
I disagree that it's 100% on the poster, because:

I believe the poster is jesting at the whole marking of it and let's be fair, it has been marketed as the next big thing and how it will solve so many things very soon; Many new science articles of how they did this and that and yet nothing.

Now, whilst I can appreciate that from lab to industrial production is a very long bumpy process and can often be longer than it took to do the many year lab work. That whole aspect is almost always overlooked in the marketing (news release) rewrites that filter down into Joe public news feeds. That I appreciate and get.

So for me the real issue is not cynicism slants, it's the way news media takes such science and run with it to the stage that they build such expectations.

Though we have been here before - remember flying cars and the public mindset in the 60's-80's era or indeed robots circa the World fair and how they would be in everybody's homes.

Oh and I'm extremely mindful that to do some science you need funding and with that, you often have to up-sell what your doing to be able to do that science in the first place.

Which is why I don't default view such cynicism as 100% down to the individual, when they are a product of so many links in the news/science chain and I'm just aware of that whole news production line from scientists after some money to do some science, to those that fund it wanting a ROI on their investment, down to institutions making carefully worded news release statements that will not say how or when, just push you into how this `could` or `will`(without specifying a year) do X,Y or Z better; And on paper they are right. But then the whole reality from lab to your home is a very long bumpy road and not everything is cost effective or that clear cut. Which explains your flying cars phase and kitchen robots phase of decades past.
chips, pcb and mask (for the soldering pasta) are not so expensive. Soldering remains difficult and time consuming
Show HN: Mockupea – 3D book mockup creator in a browser
Fellow Product Hunters
Hi felllow Hunters, I just released my app on Product Hunt and would love some feedback. https://www.producthunt.com/posts/siimpl-bookmarking
But can some with a house in a hoa decide to sell their house without it so the next person can opt in?
I have a pet-peeve about people using the word "fluid" as an adjective. When it is spoken though, at least it doesn't sound like "moist."
Sounds similar to what EnergyX is doing: https://energyx.com/technology/#lithium-refinery

They built technology to separate lithium from brine that has high concentrations of it. Their short term plan is to test this in Bolivia where lithium is currently being mined by evaporating water in basins (using the sun). This takes huge amounts of water and a lot of time. This would potentially be a lot more efficient. The same company is also working on solid state batteries.

Doing the same with sea water would just require pumping a lot of water, I imagine. If you are desalinating that, you'd end up with a brine with relatively high concentrations of salt, lithium, etc. Same for hydrogen production. So, not the worst idea to do something productive with that brine (as opposed to dumping it back in the sea).
50 years is optimistic. The equipment needed for vacuum, plasma sputtering, and masking hasn't changed much in the past 50 years.

Sure, if you want to make a 1 um process you can do that with a purchased wafer, some chemicals, and a spin plate. If you want to make a nm-scale process you'll need to have a serious budget.