skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
> If memory serves, that was a single generation. An rdrp produces one error per thousand bases, which comes out to 30 mutations per generation, so we're talking 40 generations away? That hardly seems significant.

Hi I made this exact calculation (as have others). You can find it here: https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/gk6y95/covid19_did...

Here's an excerpt of the important bit:

>>>>>>>>>>>>

SARS-CoV-2 is mutating at the rate of about 2 changes/month (68,69,70,71), out there in society, circulating in millions of humans. 2/month in the overall population of millions of tiny viruses, among 30,000 letters in each genome.

So, at the fixation rate (~2 fixed mutations/month), with all the many billions of SARS-2 viruses making copies inside all those people, how long would it take to change RaTG-13 into SARS-CoV-2?

Answer: about 50 years. 30 years before the world even knew about SARS or MERS or any other pandemic-potential coronavirus. Before we knew these viruses even existed. Before we knew they liked to live in bats (72,73,74,75). And, for the record, they didn’t even build a BSL4 (the kind of lab you really need to handle this kind of virus in animals) in Wuhan until 2016 (76).

And that estimate (50 years) is with all the many mutations that are happening in all the many infected humans during a pandemic situation.

We know that with a smaller group of lab animals (or even human subjects), the virus is much slower at “finding” mutations that “stick around” (77,78). You have to picture it kind of like a big room full of millions of slot machines. Each machine is a virus, pulling the lever each time it makes a copy of itself. And you only win a payoff when you’ve found a change in the virus that A) makes it look different, and B) doesn’t screw it up, so it can still survive and do its job (infect people). A lot of these mutations screw the virus up, so they wouldn’t be a payoff. They wouldn’t be a “fixed” mutation.

>>>>>>>>>>>>

We can't just focus on random mutation, we have to think about fixation. Because virus populations don't just evolve in one concerted direction. They evolve /outwards/ in a cloud. It's not simply A to B, it's A to B then back to A then over to C then to D, then back to B, then over to A again, then finally settled on C. A random walk.

That's why the population level data is so important.

> How many of those are in frame for an amino acid? How many of those are two in frame for arginine in a protein, next to each other?

Who said recombination events only happen in frame? Or that viruses only drift in frame?

> There are many reasons why it's unlikely. The first is pure statistics. But the statistics are almost certainly influenced by millions of years of biology.

I would respond to this if it contained any evidence other than 'statistics say it is so.'

> I don't think it's in the scientific spirit to discount other viable hypotheses.

Who said I'm discounting anything? I said it's just not very likely. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
nah they are probs racist
Taylor Swift, intellectual property law, and due diligence disasters
Aiding and abetting of a getaway driver is more involved than a bystander watching a tour group jump the velvet rope.
building an isolated rail line is a horrendous investment. Dense urban planning that reduces the need for individual car ownership is a boon to productivity.

What are the costs to the local community for car ownership, gas, insurance, accidents, pollution and parking?
You are right, and I'll add something, too: the 3rd party financiers will sometimes lend to the low credit score people, but they charge high rates like the payday lenders

And on the point, financing your home appliances is a popular thing (but please, pay up front!)
Indeed!:p
And you can’t cheap out on the role. It’s also really hard to recognize the right kind of person for this without a somewhat Mature engineering team.

The wrong person in this type of role at a smaller company can things back significantly.
Thank you very much for your warm words.

Of course, I sometimes make mistakes :-(

However, I do try to learn from them!
It’s a long PDF, and gets very technical in parts. If you’re short on time, an overview is on page 16, section 1.4 “Structure of the thesis”. For implementation advice and recommendations, skim section 7 and look for section headings and italic recommendations, then section 7.5 on Other open issues and section 8 for less specific conclusions.
> Are you against buying a license to unlock advanced software features as well

I'm against "licenses" in general. If your software is running on my computer, I make the rules. If it's running on your server, you make the rules. It's very simple.

> do you have the same irrational belief that only products that include a HW component shouldn’t be allowed to charge for advanced features?

When I buy a thing, I expect it to perform to its full capacity. Nothing irrational about that.

> Would you prefer if companies made 2 separate pieces of silicon designs, one with virtualization support in HW and one without

Sure. At least then there would be real limitation rather than some made up illusion.

> even if it would reduce their ability to work on advancing the state of the art due to wasted engineering resources?

The real waste of engineering resources is all this software limiter crap. They shouldn't even be writing drivers in the first place. They're a hardware company, they should be making hardware and publishing documentation. Instead they're locking out open source developers, adding DRM to their cards and blocking workloads they don't like.

> Or would you prefer that all features are enabled all the time, but with the consequence that prices are raised by, say, 10% for everyone, even though 99% of customers don’t give a damn about these extra features?

That is how things are supposed to work, yes.
Dns blocking is limited, very annoying advertising such as in video ones needs scripting to get around
People think I am being conspiratorial when I say this, but I think the majority of antiunion rhetoric online is astroturing
iOS has ~40% of U.S. smartphone market, but has an even higher adoption among teenagers (something like 80-90%).

https://www.counterpointresearch.com/us-market-smartphone-sh...
I think the future is machine learning based blocking.

Ads are obvious, they have to be for users to see them. You could probably use text classification and object recognition to filter ads effectively. And you could do it from the view layer where nothing on the page can tell they've been blocked.

This is also my tinfoily theory for why Chrome restricts the API's used by ad blockers. It's to prevent more effective blockers from being developed.
The banana republics were originally actual countries south of USA (like Colombia) that were actually manipulated by banana producing multinationals.
From the beginning Firefox's advantage was that it was a platform for extensions. Crowdsourcing features that later became standard, such as ad blocking and web debugging. It's mind-blowing to me that Mozilla has been on a quest to kill extensions and customization in the name of simplicity and supposed security. They will never be able to beat the wealthiest companies in human history that way.
How can you invent so many things?
suppose you serve clients who want their reports to be generated at 02:30 local time. you could try to run a cron container for every time zone :bleh:, but with daylight savings, the 2:30 event can fire twice, or not at all!

instead you simply see if there's a report for yesterday, and if there isn't make one.

the edge cases are still there, see replies
I think maybe we're misunderstanding each other because your question seems like it's asking about a different topic. There's a big difference between software the government creates using a library and software the government buys using a library. Oftentimes when the governments acquires non-OSS COTS they don't even get access to the source code.
Every single thing about the interactions worry me deeply. Your solution is far shorter and easier for me to understand, jamessan's is very mature but also more complex. I'm impressed you covered all the landmines you had.
His podcast is still free - just needs to be viewed via Spotify. He's a hypocrite considering he's commented how he's pro free speech and likes talking to controversial people but then he goes along with it himself.
Ask HN: Advice on entering help desk field?
I'm worked for 20 years in legal admin. But during my life I've accumulated a lot of computer and Office expertise (Windows, Mac, bash, zsh, etc.), and usually can grok the ins and outs of new software pretty quickly.

In addition to my existing knowledge I'm a good problem-solver and know how to Google answers and adapt them to the problem at hand, and already have done a lot of informal help desk at every job I've been at. The help desk at my current employer know I'm a good liaison.

I get a kick out of helping people with their problems one-on-one.

In short I feel I'm a talented amateur who has the above inclinations and the skills, but I'm at a total loss as to how to take that and transition it to a paying job opening in the field.

Do I need formal certifications, and if so, from which entities (I see Microsoft and Google both have certificates)?

Are there ways to discover where the gaps in my knowledge lay (which I probably don't know exist) for a typical help desk technician?

Is there a way to learn what an average help desk tech salary in my metropolitan area would be?

This and any other advice would be appreciated.
> Read the article and the complaint and it's the FBI grooming another useful idiot while patting themselves on the back. I'm just picturing this kid with his hand drawn crayon maps of the AWS buildings and talking bout "70% of the internet" and "oligarchy". Funny but sad.

It's still incredible how in this country, even more so after what's happened recently (not to mention all of the events stretching back through the 1990s) that domestic terroristic threats are lightly and jokingly brushed off by so many in society, while any other form of terrorism is asked to be dealt with with the full brunt of the law.

It's incredible to watch.

Someone with a specific plot to blow up a complex of buildings, goes and purchases materials to do it, and it's laughed off with a crayon joke...

The double standards of this country.
Oh! Well then. Thanks for pushing back. I learned something new today.
Are Your Illegal Drugs Pure? New Zealand Will Check Them for You
I've thought of making a DE apps for mobile linux entirely with something like electron. But like asaddhamani said, Linux doesn't really pay. I'm not 20 anymore, I don't really fantasize about Red Hat finding my "brilliant" projects and taking me under their wing.
Starting with Event Sourcing
What you're saying here is that more transparency cannot help them and can only hurt them.
>We can't just focus on random mutation, we have to think about fixation. Because virus populations don't just evolve in one concerted direction. They evolve /outwards/ in a cloud. It's not simply A to B, it's A to B then back to A then over to C then to D, then back to B, then over to A again, then finally settled on C. A random walk.

Fixation relies on selection, which is entirely different in a laboratory environment than in a population with immune systems.

>Who said recombination events only happen in frame? Or that viruses only drift in frame? No one, but the fact is that two in-frame CGGs next to each other are substantially less likely "to be fixed" than two CGGs out of frame, or in a non-coding region. Almost every gene evolves more slowly than non-coding space, beyond very few specific non-coding regions. CGGCGG is very different than ACGGCGG and we both know that. You get an entirely different peptide out of each one. And selection almost exclusively happens at the protein level.

>Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

This is the part that's confusing me. I haven't made any claims other than that it's possible? And I have provided plenty of evidence that it's possible. I'm not sure what claims you think I'm making.
yes i think this is right for duckduck go.
Crazier still....

> Imagine – a person could have been married on April 26, 1710 and died on Feb 2, 1710.

(Because the new year began on March 25 prior to 1752)
> I don't think anyone can call themselves a C++, or possibly Rust, programmer unless they can also understand assembly code.

Slow down on the gate keeping there. It really depends what you’re trying to achieve. I’ve spent the last few days optimising a btree implementation in rust. The code runs fast, but the performance varies +/- 15% or so seemingly arbitrarily based on how I structure my code.

I could hop into compiler explorer and figure out what the compiler is actually doing. But the code is long and complex, and my mostly-allocation free approach is already about 80x faster than the javascript implementation this code is trying to replace. Optimising it further is not worth my time. The fact that I don’t have the skills or the time to squeeze a few more % out of my algorithm doesn’t make me a bad rust programmer. It makes me good at planning - I’m optimising my time.

There will always be a line in the sand where further optimizations based on even deeper understanding will stop being worth your effort. Where that point is depends on the project. Is it worth running benchmarks? Doing profile based hotspot optimization? Is it worth looking at the compiler’s assembly output? Are you going to hardcode asm routines? How about per-cpu variants of core algorithms for popular CPUs?

No. We all stop somewhere, depending on the needs of the project at hand, depending on how our time is best spent. That is the only reasonable answer if you want to ever finish projects. You don’t get to tell me I’m not a real rust programmer because I’m not microoptimizing this project as much as you would. That’s silly.
Human slavery was also the game until 150 years ago.

Patents and copyright are immoral, or the word immoral has no meaning.

Don’t play immoral games. Think from first principles.
With legalization I encounter potted Marijuana plants more often than Basil, this is not a problem. Weeds are the easiest thing grow at home.
The exact opposite is true of totalitarian governments like the CCP.

The CCP's only goal is to stay in power ("stability"), and admitting failure to their own people is at odds with that. The CCP doesn't care what the rest of the world thinks.

You're a useful idiot:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useful_idiot
I only tested that on this site, but I've been looking for something like this for a while. I thought there would be plenty of extensions to do this automatically, but I've never found one. "Popups", "overlays", now "floaters" is a new term to me, is there a more conventional name for the whole class of "junk that pops up when you try to read a website"?
I built a PC with two decent GPUs with the intention of doing this (one GPU for windows in the VM, one for Linux running on the host). It works great performance-wise but any game with anti-cheat will be very unhappy in a VM. I tried various workarounds which work to varying degrees but ultimately it’s a huge pain.
> But I hate the stupid racism and hate around it. COVID-19 attacked every country. With the exception of, like, New Zealand (but it affected them as well... had to shut down their borders, etc).

As someone who lives in New Zealand, we were still "attacked" by covid all the same. The only difference arguably is the coordinated response from our government compared to others. Some of that is presumably culture too (we don't have a document held to a pseudo-religious standard ie the constitution for example) although being too laid back can have its consequences too if emergency health laws were to be abused in order to infringe on personal freedoms for example
Inspiring entrepreneurship and curiosity: taking risks on an unknown to expand his business and craft, following through to prove its usefulness, and improving lives.

This is a craftsman.
> S3 directly lifted Apple patented QuickTime Road Pizza technique of encoding 4 colors using 2 values (same math, same values, same purpose, no prior art acknowledgment), to ~10 years later sue and win.

This seems like the type of thing that an amicus brief could point out regardless of Apple's strategy in the case. Did that not happen?
And the reason Jurigged breaks on changes to toplevel is it's re-running the top level in its own thread... including the infinite loop that is your application.

This makes sense: it has to re-run the module's code. As long as you don't touch the module that kicks off your application it'll work fine. How can we make it work in the same module that runs the app?

One approach that seems to work is to use the: if __name__ == "__main__" guard on your app code, then modify Jurigged to change __name__ to something else upon reloading. I'm not familiar enough with Python internals to tell if changing __name__ is kosher.

Another possibility is to examine the stack and stop executing code when reaching the root of the current stack... although there's no guarantee the code has been running long enough to reach the program's infinite loop such as when the file was modified a split second after the program started.
Why Do Cats Lick You?
You can, but you can also see how it isn't an elegant solution. What if the user has javascript disabled? Do you also have to capture the click for the space around the interactive spots so a misclick into whitespace doesn't click the link?

It is what is normally done but it isn't perfect.
To agree with your reproduction points, I'd bring to attention the Lesbian-only women communes started during the height of the feminist movement that are now dying out with hardly anyone to continue the ideology.
I don't think so. Machine learning is generally poorly suited to dealing with an intelligent adaptive adversary capable of an unpredictable universe of inputs.
TIL, thanks. It's regrettable we're still fighting that war.
I've seen a couple food-related documentaries on Netflix.

They were a complete disaster of oversimplification with biases so evident that it made them impossible to watch.

Netflix has some great documentaries (Icarus is really good) but I would stay away from anything related from alimentary/food sustainability issues.
> I'm not talking about different things. There are a lot of side projects on Github to replace various parts of a Linux system, and various parts of systemd. They exist. What else were you talking about?

So, we are talking about different things? Because most of the things I'm talking about pre-date Github.

> The "club" is people who were invested in that particular project. If you're just a free user and you didn't have an active investment in pushing the project forward, then you're not in that club. Sorry, I don't mean to be blunt and I'm not trying to insult you, but the honest truth is that your opinion doesn't really matter unless you have the resources or the clout to push it forward. And if you did, then you'd be the one running the company, and then people would be complaining about how you're marginalizing them. Again I don't meant to be rude here or shut down your opinions or anything but let's just be real. Someone's got to foot the bill eventually, and when you're that person you get to be the one who says no, and then everyone else gets to be mad at you.

Sweet, so I'm the everyone else who gets to be mad. Glad we agree I get to. For fuck's sake, I'm just pointing out a pattern of behavior a corporation is engaging in, which may be used to predict other things they may do. This is bizarre.
Ubiquitous as in many? or just a few colonizing the world?
> they'd probably sell more than with all this ridiculously locked down nonsense

It's currently impossible to find any nVidia GPU in stock because the demand far outstrips the supply.

Market segmentation is only helping their profit margins, not hurting it.
They didnt even try to file a case with USPTO's Patent Trial and Appeal Board. Their iPhone "strategy" was avoiding the matter altogether, stripping S3TC assets and support from the software (still in the SoC).
I don't know the internals of Firefox, but keeping DNS support alive seems like a fairly small patchset. I'd think that someone would provide a fork if Mozilla decided to drop support.
You are comparing relatively empty trains with hypothetically 100% full planes

It's the same with the wsj, they are comparing a 100% occupancy rate of the plane with a 20% for the car (a single passenger)

Assuming the consumption of a train doesn't change much based on how many passengers, you can travel by train for carbon free, as the 56 mpg won't change if you are in the train or not

Of course trains should be electrified, but take the train today already, the higher the occupancy rate, the better the averaged mpg will be

And who knows, it might change how the fret trains seems to always have the priority over passengers ones and finally make it a pleasant experience
US foreign policy, and a precursor for things like trade, arms and military assistance, was banning of substances in those countries.

1971 was when the world changed its policy through the UN, with a lot of pushing from the US:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Sub...

The wikipedia article does not cover the world context at the time of the convention, who was pushing for it. I would love to be able to read further on that, as I know the Nixon administration in the US very plainly used the scheduling system as a way to demonize minorities in the US, but I really don't understand much more about the context of the time, and whether it was legitimately a global concern or whether the US rammed it through the UN for social control.
Write a C program that outputs a large number: A contest from 2001 [video]
From the contest announcement:

The object of the BIGNUM BAKEOFF is to write a C program of 512 characters or less (excluding whitespace) that returns as large a number as possible from main(), assuming C to have integral types that can hold arbitrarily large integers.

I was quite fascinated by the entries and so I made a video series about the contest, you can find it here.

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-R4p-BRL8NR8THgjx_DW9c92VHTtjZEY

It starts off with some elementary yet powerful ideas, continues to a surprisingly fast growing function, then it reaches past the limits of math and finally pulls back a bit for the winning entry. (This will make sense once you've watched the videos.)

The content of the videos are mostly from the organizers comments on the entries, along with some additional Wikipedia research. You can find the organizer's comments here: http://djm.cc/dmoews.html

(As long as I'm advertising this, you might also want to check out a fun hat puzzle on the same channel.)
That's a great exploration of the issues involved. Thanks for the link!
Big lies are labels spread widely without backing datasets. One thing everyone can do is start spreading a big truth (a label not widely shared but that fits a plethora of data far better): copyrights and patents are the opposite of property rights. One better description for IP is #imaginaryproperty. People who support them should be shamed. Because of IP bad medicine is encouraged, bad news is encouraged, bad inequity is encouraged, bad education is encouraged.

Equitable progress (and progress in general), is a fraction of what it could be.

Changing this one rule and shifting our energies from endlessly regurgitating old ideas to gardening great new ones will lead to a golden era of progress in area like healthcare, education, and equity.

#EndIp. #LiberateIdeas. Start sharing big truths and fight big lies. The people will pick up on it.
> I 100% guarantee they did a patent search and knew of this patent prior to releasing their product

No, you don't. You guess that and it's good for your business if you assume that companies do the search and that searching is feasible.