> As such it's not "scaled up at the last step" any more than at 100% zoom when CSS finds out that means foo inches at bar zoom is foobar physical px on a certain monitor.

Technically yes, but practically no. If you zoom in on a screen, CSS breakpoints based on resolution will trigger. As far as your actual CSS styling goes, you can basically think of the page as having a smaller resolution that then gets scaled up after layout is determined. CSS doesn't have access to the information you're talking about, so it's not valuable to a designer to think in those terms -- at least not unless you're planning to embed a bunch of interface logic in Javascript that doesn't belong there.

The end result is that if you zoom in 200% on an 800px wide viewport, from the perspective of the CSS you're writing you are effectively working with a 400px wide viewport.

> but em isn't preserving user choice in the end either so it's not an argument to convince either side.

This continues to be a compelling argument.

What I will say though is that the more I reflect on it, the more this seems to be an argument for using both `px` and `em` units based on the context of the individual component you are styling. It doesn't seem to be an argument for abandoning relative/point units entirely, as the original article advocates. From the perspective that scaling text alongside containers and scaling text inside containers are both valid ways to scale content, there are going to be some parts of your interface where it makes sense to respond to text size increasing, and some parts that don't.

So for example, I can buy that for a main paragraph, you might want users to have the ability to scale text independently of the column width. But while you're doing that, you probably still want labels to fit inside of buttons. Similarly, you probably don't want the text options on a dropdown menu to overlap with each other and make each other unclickable. And more typographically, you want margins between your paragraphs to remain readable.

So maybe in that scenario if you're maximizing user choice it makes sense to leave you main column in pixels and to only set menus, buttons, and paragraph spacing and margins in `em` units. I could see something like that being reasonable.

The ending of your comment confuses me. I've never heard someone say that percentage-based layouts are explicitly the "wrong" choice, sometimes it does make sense to have a 2-column 50% layout. More specifically:

> `em` and `px` are both a "dimension" type and you can make either do the same thing with CSS if you wanted (that doesn't mean just replace em with px and call it a day but it's always doable)

`em` is a relative size based on the current container's font. So a `4em` sized box means `4 * container_font_size_in_pixels`. There's no way to represent that logic with pixels unless you're using Javascript to change the CSS whenever the font changes. Because `em` units aren't a constant logical unit, they're dependent on the context of the container they're set on.

But if you're going to be updating your layout with Javascript all the time, then you can also absolutely use percentages to get the same layout as pixels as well, they're not a fundamentally different measurement in that scenario. You can have a 1000px container and set all of its children to use percentages, and do all the math to make them line up. You can have Javascript that catches page resizes and readjusts all of its styles.

But if we're talking about the underlying logic, both `em` and percentage units are defined in relation to another unit. They're not equivalent to a fixed value, they scale depending on where they are in the DOM and what those other units are currently doing.

If you're working in pure CSS, there are components you can build that will have behaviors that are impossible to replicate with pixels. If you build a dropdown menu that's using `em` units, it will act differently depending on where it's inserted into the DOM. Pixels won't.