skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
OK, so I worked seven years in this field. Prions (and amyloid diseases in general, like alzheimer's, diabetes, and a ton of diseases you probably haven't heard of [0]) happen when a "normally folded protein" denatures into a flat ribbon [1]. These ribbons become a sheet when you get many of them side-by-side, and this it turns out is an extremely stable configuration. Also, it's autocatalytic (exponential growth), because these sheets will fragment and recruit well-folded proteins (that are of the same molecule) to become ribbons at their ends, extending and growing the sheet.

So, yes, it is protein denaturation. But it's a very specific denaturation endpoint that not all proteins are capable of, and it's such a favored endpoint that even heating won't quantitatively destroy it (and heating could make it worse by fragmenting it into a bunch of smaller sheets).

[0] Incidentally, this denaturation is probably also used by cells in a productive fashion, it's pretty likely IMO that your melanin cells use these sheets to template melanin formation and sequester away the melanin molecule (the melanin precursor is highly toxic). I would link to the paper, but I think all of the data have been essentially cherry picked from shittily-done experiments, even though I think their conclusion is correct -- I have personally repeated the experiments "correctly" and reached the same endpoints in one shot without cherry picking (unpublished for my experiment, also n == 1) -- so I don't want to draw more unhealthy attention to the paper until someone else does the experiment "correctly".

[1] how does this happen? It can happen either due to a mutation that destabilizes the parent, well-folded protein, or, just by bad luck / time. Mutation examples: Fatal Familial Insomnia, non-variant CJD. Bad luck/Time example, insulin in a bottle in a fridge will turn into white flecks (these are sheets). The time at which this happens is highly variable (luck). You can accelerate this by agitating the bottle, and creating an air-water surface that catalyzes the denaturation of insulin. Also note, that insulin is not the protein in sheets in diabetes :biology trollface: (the insulin situation is strictly in vitro, and pH-dependent, as far as we can tell)
Show HN, [Instant Remix]: Mashup Any Two Songs with One Click
> I've also noticed that even fact-checking is being weaponized for political reasons. A lot of the time it seems like only one side of the debate is fact checked, and only truly ridiculous claims against the other are debunked.

That could be because the fact checkers are biased, or it could be that one side pushes falsehoods more frequently or more strongly than the other.
I grew up there and worked at the NB ministry of agriculture before heading to tech.

While Irving does have a chokehold on everything in NB, there's also a lot of agriculture in NB with very little resources to properly regulate. During my time there, small farmers would spray crops with unregulated herbicides/pesticides/fungicides, and even if we reported them, nothing would get done.

The area was also a huge test site for Agent Orange: https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corpora...

People aren't very rich and don't take good care of themselves. The education level is low and most people smoke and the rate of obesity is incredibly high: https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/h-s/pdf/en/P...
You wonder how many of these scam mules are also collecting Food Stamps, SSDI, PPP loans, etc. Makes me wonder how many of the "poor" and "unemployed" are actually earning a good under-the-table living
What? No. The author has a Duck, which has a quack() method. The quack() method is, presumably, identified by its name, argument types, and return type. Even in a language with purely nominal typing, you would make a Quacker interface, which is the set of things that quack() -> None, and then have both Duck and all of its test stubs be Quackers.

This is very literally how people who write in languages without structural types do test stubs (and often dependency injection, and other mechanisms that need to select from among several implementations of something).
Just checked and there isn't any pfSense update available, so even if they removed it from the source code, given that majority doesn't compile pfSense themselves, I'd argue that it isn't removed just yet.
The tl;dr as to why it doesn’t work is that they blanket forbid calling “rclone serve”, which is required for “append-only” support in restic.

This doesn’t make sense given that the specific invocation of “rclone serve restic --stdio” doesn’t open any network sockets, it’s no less safe than e.g. “tar”
I agree. My personal term for this sort of "We're OK with little people using the software but we don't want any competition" arrangement is "private-use source license," but I wouldn't be so bold as to argue that's The Best Name. My point is just that I don't think broadening "open-source" is a good answer, because all that does is make it harder to talk about the differences in licenses.
Now imagine what happens behind the scenes at other service providers. I’d bet the ones that have policies that bury the details of incidents, on average, have worse problems.
I prefer their format over articles which read like they are start of a novel/novella. There is definitely lesser information present in them compared to others of greater length though.
What is the threat model there? What if the system can't be upgraded for reasons? What if your service/gateway is just behind the 'network choke' (who said you had to have only one?). Are you paying to upgrade everyone and their perfectly working mainframes or java 8 apps to TLS 1.3? How do your intruders come in? They have to break the appliance? How's the chance you have better tuned/setup your TLS terminator or FW than network security 'experts'?
Don’t sell yourself short, I’m sure you’re more than experienced to get your own MBA!
Journal: Todo based task management and note taking
I wrote it to improve my shell scripting but I've found myself using it it on a daily basis.
Thanks for this! I will absolutely need to visit!
I may be missing something here. I do see that the patch[1] now creates a new request object, and thus a new "env" Ruby hash for each request.

But I don't see the old behavior described as "allocates one single Ruby Hash that is then cleared (using Hash#clear) between each request"...even after poking around in http_request.rb and other places. I reads like the pre-patched version would just re-use the hash as-is, only overwriting/adding if it saw a new key or value, but not deleting any keys.

[1] https://yhbt.net/unicorn-public/66A68DD8-83EF-4C7A-80E8-3F1F...
Thanks for answering. I'm going to follow your progress and wish you success.
UserName: guest@hn.com
Password: hackernews
At this point we're all just waiting for that last E.
For the time being I'm targeting YAML and JSON, so satisfied with the feature set that Dhall is offering.
Recognising a song is not the same as recognising copyright.
Not sure I completely agree. I was in the ASIC biz back in the early 90s. I knew about the NN company I described above because they were a customer. Looking at NRE costs now vs then it doesn't seem all that different (considering inflation). (Sure, they can do a lot more gates now than back then)
Not for me. I've noticed a HUGE decline in media accuracy. It has nothing to do with politics or an external enemy.

All they care about these days is outrage. Why? Because it drives clicks.

Story: Group XYZ refusing vaccination, huge problems!! (And it's accurate if all you care about is the bare number.)

2 weeks later: Group XYZ taking vaccination like any other group. Absolute silence from the media (I actually searched to look for any updated stories.)

Why did Group XYZ not take vaccination? No one offered it to them - not that you'd know that from the media. The media implies that Group XYZ is horrible and must be shunned.

It's like that with story after story after story - they'll tell you every bit of horrible terrible news, and hide under "it's factual", without balancing it with the 99% situation.

Another crime: They REALLY need to stop reporting minority opinions as if they represent a group! They'll find the one guy with the exciting option, and report on that. And never even mention the 99 other guys with the ordinary opinion.

Are they informing you? Or outraging you? They need to decide.
:-) thanks, gunning for the 16 T4s to put in there, then.
Evaluating the risk of individual actions shouldn't be done this way. It is bizarre to argue about how rare a bad effect is when a disorder can be detected ahead of time.

There is a certainty that this attitude is killing people.
To be sure, the normative way of winning kleos was victory, to whit Marathon and Platea.

The Greeks also had very different rules awarding time for sea combat and land combat (rooted in Homer). In land combat, the model was Achilles, and stratagems and tricks detracted from the time of a victory, while in sea combat, the model was Odysseus, and metis ruled, so strategems and tricks were in bounds, hence the glory of Themistocles.
It would be interesting if a fact checker made an algorithmic method of deciding which facts to check. Would be a way of eliminating accusations of selection bias.
> I'll assume that he wasn't white, or else that likely would have been mentioned as well

you are wrong. he is.
This sounds good in the abstract but then you have really flagrant things like this: https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/joe-biden-no-empathy/

How is this a "mixture"? It's a cut-and-dry literal quote that the context does not change in any way.
Get up an hour before everyone else and work in the morning
Show HN: Glue – Pandas as a DAG
> [...] but complexity that would hurt security?

Higher complexity = larger attack surface.

For example, if they used a firewall with one of Cisco's infamous backdoors.

https://www.zdnet.com/article/cisco-removed-its-seventh-back...
> The purpose of the clause is not to encourage companies to "open source everything" (what does that even mean? Do they need to open source their IPMI firmware?), it's to prevent anyone from going anywhere near it.

Right. To make matters worse: it doesn't just require that all of the software used to run the service is open source, it requires that it be released under the SSPL. This immediately rules out using anything which you do not have the legal authority to relicense. So, for example, Linux.

Quoting the SSPL (emphasis mine):

> If you make the functionality of the Program or a modified version available to third parties as a service, you must make the Service Source Code available via network download to everyone at no charge, under the terms of this License.

...

> “Service Source Code” means the Corresponding Source for the Program or the modified version, and the Corresponding Source for all programs that you use to make the Program or modified version available as a service, including, without limitation, management software, user interfaces, application program interfaces, automation software, monitoring software, backup software, storage software and hosting software, all such that a user could run an instance of the service using the Service Source Code you make available.
happy to hear that I'm not the only one [sys admin type person] doing this.

although i use Windows, i do have Catalina installed [and Debian for the triple boot]. also using open core. I'm pretty sure i downloaded a copy of osx from one of their repositories 0.o
I'm super lazy, it's really not that hard.

my average cost for hardware since i bought my Mac is now less than 400/year CDN. is it worth it? while I'm slightly concerned about the security [I'm probably the biggest risk anyways since I'm not confident in my knowledge of secops], i get 95 fps playing pubg, can edit in 4k, run 100+ tracks in Cubase, and run 3 different OSes or as many vms as you'd like [which i think can also run bare metal vm on the 144 firmware upgrade]. on top of that the case still looks good and I've kept at least 50+lbs of ewaste out of landfills or whatever... seems pretty worth it [hopefully no one ever tries to steal pictures of my cats]

[we could also get into a discussion about the right to repair bill in the EU, talking this way]

do you game? i feel like that might have been intentionally left out of the interview?

what info would you keep unencrypted on your servers?

how much does a colo cost for a 2u server typically? how about back in 06?

is rsync a good solution for video files backup?
what are the benefits over say, running a home server and keeping physical backups at your friends house or iron mountain or something?

can rsync use 'live' encrypted data? in other words, how do you encrypt/decrypt on the fly? say for streaming an mp3 or something? [not that you would do this if you were paying per GB...]

please excuse my ignorance. I'm not a real sys admin, just an old wanna be hacker that could never get his shit together.
I was in Canberra, which wasn't technically locked down for all that long, so I could probably have gone out more. It was generally very demotivating being there during the pandemic, so I mostly just farted around the lake on my bike. It's a big lake, though!

Cheers and happy trails. I'll return to Aus sometime!
> the lack of an external enemy

I agree. This is powerful and self reinforcing in that, as time goes on, if the primary enemy is seen as internal, transgressions will be enacted as part of the conflict, and transgressions will continue to build on both sides.
However, once some recommendations written as standards, and understood and at least partly implemented by some manufacturers, it would be quite straightforward for other laws to prohibit sales to consumers or import of certain product categories unless they meet those standards - and it would be quite crazy to pass such restrictions before the standards have been made and discussed and tweaked, they take work and time to become reasonable.

So assigning resources and specific organization to define such standards is the way to go even if there's no enforcement scheduled yet.
If it were a hash collision, I would think the odds of it involving two users geographically close to each other would be quite small.

That's a weird one, thanks for sharing it!
> ...incapable of evaluating whether the questions, originally written in the mid-00s and only updated for buzzword compliance since, are applicable to modern security practice today...

You just described my workplace. We have some rules that nobody understands and nobody remembers where they come from, but we have to follow them blindly. For example, they require that any access to the web services should go through a VPN, which would be fine if:

- The VPN actually worked, but it doesn't.

- The servers already uses TLSv1.3, all the services require user authentication, and there are 3 layers of firewalls and an integrated virus scanner in front of the services.

- We are an international project with people from 10 different organizations in 6 countries on 2 continents, and it's really difficult to impose these kind of rules.

So for example, I'm managing a GitLab instance that I can't use myself. I can only SSH login from a very specific computer to manage it, but I can't upload my own code from my office computer.

And I don't want to go into their blind devotion to the firewall and their concept of one way connections...

So I'm just letting time go by, until everybody is so angry they are finally forced to change. Doesn't help that this is Japan, the epitome of rigidness and "even it is broken, don't fix it".
I don't know the answer, but I suspect this is actually multiple questions:

- How many diseases do we learn to distinguish (i.e. from other diseases) every year as our biological laboratory technology improves. You can imagine that once upon a time, there were multiple strains of coronaviruses in humans, but we had no way to tell them apart (the strains look the same to whatever scale of study is available), which we can now tell apart.

- How many diseases do we discover as we apply modern medical technology to an ever-wider portion of the global human population (again, that are already in humans but which are "discovered" in that year)?

- How many new diseases develop for humans every year? For example, we have no evidence that any of the current strains of Covid-19 were present in humans prior to late 2019.
Huh... This actually seems like not a bad way to ensure that Google is aware of the problem. A sufficiently large reddit community could probably knock a lot of big fish off of youtube with this approach
pfSense is currently based on FreeBSD 12, not 13. And it only just moved to 12 a month ago.
And you spoiled an excellent book for others on the site, why?
I would argue that it's orders of magnitudes more necessary than a Space Force. after decades of relatively slow advancement, i fail to see why it's vital in 2021 to dedicate an entire branch of the military to space. An area which they have virtually no access to. OTOH, cyber warfare is very real, available and probably more effective then anything short of nuclear warfare.
No problem. I hate the thought of data loss. They may be better now, but who knows, it's worth being sure.
What things in particular?
Thanks! Just played through fontemon now (I think, the final battle is unbeatable right? I think I tried every move combo). Had a bit of trouble getting it to work in system programs, but on your site it worked just fine (in libreoffice it would just repeat the intro if I changed the font size, and gimp would shift things up and down depending on the highest pixel in the frame).

Overall, awesome stuff :D Ever since I read [0], I knew you could do some funky stuff with ligatures, but I never imagined you could take it this far :D

0: https://blog.janestreet.com/commas-in-big-numbers-everywhere...
It made my heart happy that this comment was so quickly made.
The employer partners seem to be all on the one side of the political spectrum. Is this by design?
I don't know the details of curl's development, but at least some of it must be just keeping pace with the shifting infrastructure of the internet: HTTP/2/3/QUIC/whatever, changes in TLS and the underlying libraries, that kind of thing.
Ok, perhaps we'll change the article from https://www.netgate.com/blog/wireguard-removed-from-pfsense-... to that (thanks!). If there's a better article, we can change it again.
I disagree. I personally would prefer to license the code I write myself with a GPL copyleft or a 'no commercial use' type of license. However, I license it instead under MIT, specifically to make sure that your average corporate user will be ok using it because:

1. I would prefer that it be widely used. Not because I am seeking clout or advancement, but because that's why I share it.
2. Sharing benefits everyone, including me. Fragmentation and bureaucracy harms everyone, including me.
3. I don't support monopolistic practices by large tech, but this is not the way to stop them. What we had before widespread free software was worse than it is now, arguably held back human progress for years, and didn't stop Microsoft one bit.
Facebook Is Working on a Wearable AR Wrist Device
Facebook may be in a ‘stronger position’ after iOS 14 privacy changes
No worries.

Glad that we could figure this out like reasonable adults.
Wow, thanks for this. It seems insanely complicated. Why not just use single fat track that announces the ID number of the corresponding data track?
Probably a very ignorant question, but don't protease enzymes break proteins down to the amino acids? Suppose my lab bench is infected with prions or flat protein sheets or something. If I spray it over with a bunch of protease, would I be able to "disinfect" it?
Mentioning this isn’t a spoiler – it comes fairly early on, and before KSR gets to what are arguably his main points – unless you are one of those people who think that any mention whatsoever of a book’s plot is a spoiler. Plus, it was widely discussed in reviews at the time.
Ok, could you give the other (clear) definitions you are aware of? That might be actually useful here. Thanks.
Maybe the two are related. IT work makes demands of your mind but not your body, so we're all up at night, not tired from a days work.

I'd imagine manual laborers sleep much more soundly, and are less likely to code in their down time. (but maybe!)
There's always a new version of HTTP around the corner...
I was curious about this passage from the FAQ:

>"Is it truly a "discrete 6502?"
Not in the strictest sense. However, it really depends upon how picky you would like to be.
The MOnSter 6502 uses the original dynamic NMOS logic design, implemented at the individual transistor level.

Dynamic NMOS requires a large number of "transmission gate" transistors that are used to switch currents. For various technical reasons, only a 4-terminal MOSFET can make an effective NMOS transmission gate. Unfortunately, individually packaged 4-terminal MOSFETs are no longer commercially available. However, they do still make arrays of 2 or 4 MOSFETs on a single chip with a separate substrate pin. We used the 4-pack version — These are the quad transistor array chips that we mentioned earlier.

Because these transistors do share a pin, there are (strictly speaking) integrated circuits in the MOnSter 6502. However, one might credibly argue that it is a discrete transistor design since there are not (for example) any logic gate chips in the circuit."

Is a shared pin really the big distinction? On a discreet circuit surely multiple components still share the metal traces on a PCB no? Perhaps I'm misunderstanding the meaning of discreet CPU?
My point was that the term "vendor lock-in" is loaded. Your point is valid simultaneously.

Expanding on my point, I do think it's possible that AWS can provide services that continue to make software easy to run (like fully managed services). The way I see this is if AWS becomes the primary contributor and the dominant service provider, then the same situation you described happens in reverse. I think the solution here is probably about connecting the success of managed open source based services on AWS to keeping the companies that power them funded. If you balance contributions and money, it keeps the ecosystem in a better state.
I agree but I think it’s evident that their bias began with their loss of public funding.
Magna Drives Pickup Truck Electrification with Its New EBeam Technology
The problem with that is that practical cyber security is essentially about the "structural soundness" of a huge infrastructure that's mostly civilian and mostly private, about the resilience of private company internal systems and consumer products - a "cyber force" (no matter how strong or large) has neither authorisation nor practical ability to come in the servers and systems of every important private organization (some large, some quite small - e.g. municipal water infrastructure orgs whose "IT" is a contractor booked for a couple hours per week) and change them so that they'd be more defensible.
No problem -- defaultdict is one of my favourite Python tools! Note that the code you posted is nice for a one-liner, however, it goes against my constraint of not reading the entire file into memory (important for very large files).
Same. Few years ago I started a little list of linters. Just kept adding tools and the list is huge now thanks to lots of contributors. https://github.com/analysis-tools-dev/static-analysis
Still love adding new linters there when I cross their path. :)
Found here: https://jalopnik.com/this-company-has-a-simple-design-for-co...

But linked primary source
Just want to jump in and show some appreciation for Michener’s historical fictions. The Source is great, and Hawaii is one of my all time favorite books.
It's in the middle of the book and is a very important spoiler. You very much summarized the first half of the book.
Enterprise Seagates >4TB are fine now. Most problems in the past were with 3 and 4TB models. They seem to have fixed the problem and new bigger drives seem OK.