>It's not clear what exactly are you referring to with "organic"

I'm referring to both, and more. All of it. Here is the definition from wikipedia [1]

> Organic food is food produced by methods complying with the standards of organic farming. Standards vary worldwide, but organic farming features practices that cycle resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. Organizations regulating organic products may restrict the use of certain pesticides and fertilizers in the farming methods used to produce such products. Organic foods typically are not processed using irradiation, industrial solvents, or synthetic food additives

>This alone is a big deal, and just based on this, organic as a whole is definitely healthier.

This is the appeal to nature fallacy I referred to originally. Just so we're on the same page [2]:

> The appeal to nature is a logical fallacy that occurs when something is claimed to be good because it’s perceived as natural, or bad because it’s perceived as unnatural.

> For example, a person using an appeal to nature might suggest using herbal remedies when treating a serious medical condition, despite what research says on the topic, simply because they perceive the herbal remedies as more natural than modern treatments.

> It’s important to understand this kind of fallacious thinking, since it frequently plays a role in people’s internal reasoning process, as well as in debates on various topics. As such, in the following article you will learn more about the appeal to nature fallacy, and see what you can do in order to counter people who use it, while also making sure that you won’t use it yourself.

The linked page has many examples, you can find more here [3]. In response to your points in particular:

1. Additives aren't healthy or unhealthy. It simply describes a category of food. Anything can be an additive: sugar, salt, apples, uranium.

2. The meaning of "natural" and "chemical" isn't well-defined here. Everything in nature is composed of chemicals and chemicals are natural. The meaning you're giving to these words are basically natural is good and chemical is bad. If not, please provide a rigorous definition of the two words.

3. Refined probably refers to "processed"? It's similarly vague, allowing anyone to make it mean whatever they want. So if we go with the definition:

> "Processed food" includes food that has been cooked, canned, frozen, packaged or changed in nutritional composition with fortifying, preserving or preparing in different ways. Any time we cook, bake or prepare food, we're processing food

Then no, it's not bad to process food: [4], [5]. Some forms of processing may be bad yes, but please specify what you mean.

> but I wouldn't be surprised if there were higher standards in the food chain (e.g. less freezing time, no freezing at all etc.)

Again, which standards? My point being that standards enforced by organic farming _are not_ about improving taste, cost, or health. Of course they claim that, but there is insufficient evidence for this.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_food

[2] https://effectiviology.com/appeal-to-nature-fallacy/

[3] https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Appeal_to_nature#Examples

[4] https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/not-all-proce...

[5] https://www.webmd.com/diet/ss/slideshow-processed-food