skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Entropy is a measure of the uncertainty that an observer has over the microstates (i.e. the exact state of every atom) given their knowledge of the macrostate (i.e. what they are capable of describing: like "the water is just above freezing"). So it's inherently a subjective concept. The most common unit for entropy is the bit, same unit as information.

Anyway, entropy is measurable just like any other physical quantity. You need to determine what your model of the microstates is (often an "ideal gas", with independent molecular point particles with their own positions and velocities, and all interactions are perfectly elastic collisions), what you currently know (stuff like type of gas, pressure/volume/temperature), and then there is a clear answer to what the entropy is.

The true law underlying the second law of thermodynamics is conservation of information. In (classical) physics, this is typically cast as Liouville's theorem, which shows that the area of the phase space of a system must remain constant. (In quantum, it's only true for unitary transformations, which may or may not be everything depending on your interpretation of QM).

Anyway, if you're curious about learning more, I highly recommend http://www.av8n.com/physics/thermo which is an amazing online (and free) book that clarifies the concepts of thermodynamics brilliantly.
Amazon warehouse workers in Alabama file to hold unionization vote
Even with the explanation it’s an unreasonable request, because the public owns that land.
This looks like a laser printer, right? Could that be what's sometimes causing it to stick to the metal chute (i.e. leftover charge from the toner transfer process)? Or maybe an inkjet would just have different issues from slight dampness.
Big discussion earlier: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25199216
Didnt really get the scale of what I was looking at until the guy ran over with a stick to move a stuck piece of paper
There is a rule for the first instance of the violation. The law applies to all instances of the violation, first, last and everything in between.

The thing is the reason why a lot of people are ok with this art thing is because it's not just the first instance of it, but because it's currently quite interesting and tasteful. These are vague qualitative aspects that are hard to define with law and will change over time.

Better to have a simple law everyone can understand and agree on then to find some perfect law that fits with our complicated, blurry and inconsistent definition of morality. The more complicated a set of laws are the more likely people will be able to find loop holes to exploit.
I do think we need to electrify as much as possible but not everything the last 20% is ineffective and quite costly. I get that electrify everything is a great slogan but the reality is that maybe 60-80% makes sense and then after that it because a total cluster. I disagree - and i will continue to say that CCS is a red herring and waste of resources. It has been under development for a considerable amount of time and still has not proven itself. Go look at Alberta's multibillion dollar investments into CCS and how much has not materialized.

Deploy technology we already have and invest in viable R&D technology. Renewables, better agriculture, hydrogen based fuels, reforestation, changing cement processes, landfill management, capture biogas from waste water treatment plants and ag facilities, reduce high GWP refrigerant uses in countries that still allow them....

We will blow by 1.5 C if you've been watching this space since the early 2000s we've blown by every single warning that we've put up. Theres a moment in time that is happening right now - we waste our political clout and money on CCS or anything on GeoEngineering and it will be a disappointing future.

And no, investing in soil remediation would not incentivize further use of the ICE/fossil fuel burning tech because the oil majors aren't the companies standing to gain from soil remediation (i.e. they haven't spent considerable money funding R&D institutes to evangelize and deploy this tech).
if 86% of households don't have internet, it's much too early for launching a comic strip, not merely slightly.

This sets aside the fact that revenue streams were not present for comics on the internet, as monetized webpages did not exist yet. He was paid by newspapers directly. It's an absurdity to give up 70% distribution and a guaranteed paycheck for 14% maximum distribution and no income stream at all.
> an event that is inevitable, but requires many prerequisites, and so takes a billion years?

In support of this idea, the Cambrian explosion of large (large relative to microbial life) multicellular organisms happened immediately after the 2 billion years of work by blue-green algae had produced enough oxygen into the atmosphere to make larger organisms possible.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101217145647.h...
Although this article [1] compares Airflow to Prefect it outlines pretty interestingly limitations of Airflow.

I would be also curious to hear more about alternative and mature open-source solutions to Airflow.

[1] https://medium.com/the-prefect-blog/why-not-airflow-4cfa4232...
A developer union/guild system probably would build off of professional engineer certifications which exist for other fields of engineering (predominantly civil because of interactions with regulators). So if you don't have a 4-year degree from an appropriate institution and mentorship (or don't pass the appropriate exams), you're going to have some lower-status tech status. But, yes, would absolutely check the boxes for someone like myself--who admittedly isn't in a position to care any longer.
I just started a new job, and one of the things they offer is half days on Friday during the summer.

Also as you mention they have a really PTO generous plan. We also get several of the random bank holidays as holidays.

Another thing I like is they bought us a Linux Academy subscription, and we are given time during the day to us it. Which is nice as I like to learn new things, and this way I don't have to use my time to do it.

I actually chose this job over another that paid more because of little things like this.
This is a horrible algorithm... just imagine trying to find the median of {100, 101, 102, 103, 104}... your estimate would be 5 which is ridiculous. At the very least, you probably don't want your estimate to be in {-1, 0, +1} after seeing one element -- you want it to be that element instead. The conditions required for this to converge are incredibly strict - it's cool from a theoretical standpoint regarding the memory usage, but I wouldn't use it as anything in practice.
About microVMs, I'm not sure what this is referring to, but this literal post says that AWS' tech for VMs is now based on Rust :-)
Calling salaries extraction of profits is a weird way of spinning people being paid for their work. Even the most egregious executive and administrator salaries are small potatoes on a hospital’s balance sheet.
Ask HN: Personal Finance Questions
There’s a project I’m working on and I’d like to get some input before I really start building it out. The questions relate to your personal finances, but they aren’t particularly invasive, so I would appreciate your time if you could answer the questions on the following google form: https://forms.gle/87C1uDKsSkT2AGy16.
https://dagster.io/
This is a very old paper that, like a sibling comment indicated, served mainly to introduce the idea and show proof of concept.

If you see my other top-level comment, there are papers that have advanced this idea rather considerably since then. In particular one of the more promising recent implementations is "stochastic" superoptimization where you view it as a search problem instead of brute force search. One of the great things about this is the search doesn't need to be perfectly accurate: e.g., you can evaluate only the 10% most promising programs via benchmarks to determine how fast they are, using a much faster (but less accurate) method of counting instructions for the other 90%.
Averaging can give some really unrealistic numbers especially when people are upgrading their home internet to work from home. Upgrading a single connection from 100Mbps to 1Ggbit is hardly the same as upgrading 100 connections from 1Mbps to 10Mbps.
As much as I like the Drake equation, sometimes I think the big breakdown ought to be "life," "intelligent life," and "intelligent life that thinks communicating with strangers is a good idea," wherein the third phase might be brief -- for one reason or another.

You have an array of hypothetical explanations for the Fermi paradox (mostly drawn from sci-fi. mostly.) to bounce off of all of these estimates and I confess a great curiosity as to which estimates and explanations are true, although it is unlikely that I will ever know.

Still, the silence has tilts me toward the more pessimistic explanations.
I get 300 Mbps down from Xfinity, fine by me. But the paltry 5-6 Mbps I get up with it is BS. Sure, I don’t need 300 up, but for what I’m paying it would be nice to get at least 50.
There is also a legal process to allow it to stay, so the law isn’t really an issue. It is more of a question what the people want
Whatever you can do online with a GPU, you can do much in an offline session stored in a file.

Sharing rainbow tables over the internet is probably dead, but your disks can keep more hashes than you can calculate quickly.
It looks like the rain is getting onto the conveyor and the chute, they just tried to dry it off
The wall is colored "whatever the hell works with what the inker did", if you ask me. :)
How Centralised Is DNS Traffic Becoming?
We have the same system but with electricity here( cheaper bills during night use).
> there is cause for celebration in Dallas, Seattle and Austin, after our analysis has shown that these cities are performing extremely well relative to most European capital cities.

Seattle has some actual competition now, and many (most?) of us can get fiber gigabit to the home for a reasonable rate. It's glorious.

I hope other American cities start courting meaningful ISP competition in their cities -- but I'm not holding my breath. Many American city governments see ISPs as companies they can shake down for fees and concessions, not realizing they're only hurting their own citizens by limiting choice and increasing costs.
Mysterious Monolith Spotted in Southern Utah Wilderness
^ Yeah that's directionally accurate. The AMA is one of the two funders of LCME, the accrediting agency of medical schools for MDs (outside of the med school trade association itself). While they do not run medical schools, they have enormous power over training standards, who should be a physician, how medicine should be practiced, and who shouldn't practice. As an example, they lobby pretty regularly against the expansion of the role of RNs/NPs (https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/ama-statements/ama-sta...). Much of this derives originally from the Flexner Report which created the current system of US medical education, which is still based on old sensibilities that physicians should be professional gentlemen and "proper" (and perhaps fueled by cocaine -- no seriously, google "halstead cocaine").

I am not a physician, but I have been in the guts of healthcare for quite a while, and the AMA continues to pop up as the man behind the curtain surprisingly often.
Has anyone seen how fast Tor has gotten?

Its impressive that so many nodes are better and have more bandwidth now
Reporting it would have meant no chance of getting the permits. I am not going to fault anyone who plays along with a facilitation payment even when it's the US government demanding it.
I feel like I'm missing something fundamental in this paragraph:

> Rainbow tables differ in that they don't use multiple tables with different reduction functions, they only use one table. However in Rainbow Tables a different reduction function is used for each column. This way different tables with different reduction functions aren't needed, because different reduction functions are used within the same table.

What exactly is the structure of the final rainbow table - does it contain a column for each reduction function, or does it still only contain "start text" and "last hash" of each chain? I would loved to have seen a diagram of the table structure here. (From my own reading, I think these "extra columns" are not stored anywhere).
My thought was that the metal part of the chute is now holding on to more heat. So when the paper touches the metal is kinda burn-attaches itself to the chute. But your idea sounds more plausible!

Edit: I do appreciate the dude's commitment to burning our messages though!
Nature heals faster than we give it credit for, though there is considerable damage being done. Certain species can grow rapidly and remove CO2 from the air. Not saying this isn't a herculean push that requires all efforts - the only efforts I have a difficult time swallowing are CCS and geo-engineering (see other comments for reasoning). I'm all aboard for the others that have been put forward at this point.
The title makes it seem like broadband infrastructure in the country significantly improved over the last year, but I'm guessing people just paid more for faster speeds at home.
> The end credits are an unsexy but important part of the experience [...]

Most subjective thing I've read so far this - hmm - month...
They have hired people who will be working specifically on rust. Just the names listed in the article amounts to millions of dollars invested yearly.
If you look at it only from the man's perspective, then it may not make much difference. If you look at it from the woman's, though, it may make a difference to her.

If you can't look at it from her point of view, I don't know how to make my statements make any sense to you.
I think in the big picture the effects you are talking about are really small in the same way that the heat dissipation of all our energy use (from whatever energy sources) is negligible relative to daily incoming/outgoing solar radiation. Greenhouse gases affect these much larger energy flows (which is our problem right now), but the energy "produced" or "used" (i.e. transformed into entropy) by civilization barely even registers on that scale, and that's what you're talking about when you say "energy extracted from the weather system".

Of course if we keep doubling the size of our economy (and thus energy use) every 25 years, then we will start having to worry about the heat dissipated by it all in a couple of hundred years even if all of it comes from perfectly green fusion reactors!
Apple news just ruined my day
So, I missed the Great British Bake Off final, that’s Ok, as I can catch it a few hours later on demand. Except I made the terrible mistake of opening Apple News. I had a warning, though, all the other newspaper apps were showing the final happened, with photos of the three contestants, no spoilers. But Apple just decided to announce the winner on the same day, right after the show is over, in Bold Capital Title! Why... did I open Apple News :(
I have a low tolerance for bs like this. I usually articulate why its bs to my manager to give them a chance to fix it and if they are unwilling to i get a new job. No point in staying to deal with that kind of bs, life is short.
> Seems like guilt-avoidance to me.

Isn't that what 99% of people, companies and governments are doing anyway? Doing things that look or sound green, while (voluntarily or not) ignoring the actual damage we're doing.

For example, my country banned plastic bags on the supermarket and everyone rejoiced, but no one has any intention to talk seriously about environmental problems. It's all a bunch of empty slogans and feel-good discourse.
If you think of the major cloud providers as "operating systems" (and you should), this is no different than a piece of software having a Mac version, a Windows version, and a Linux version.

Or people working to make some *nix tools work on different distributions.
Trade school? What kind of college did you attend? Most CS curriculums I've seen are full of math (science), computer science (compilers, algorithms, etc) and engineering (computer architecture, etc).

It's a mixture of science and engineering, leaning towards the science. Far far away from a trade school which would teach you practical skills (java, git, web development) and try to get you into the labor force ASAP
I bet this is a marketing strategy by DHH just before launching the new Rails version with the hey stack stuff.
Well, isn't it? :-)
For the front page, it doesn’t seem to add much insight to know that someone’s post is their most recent HN content. But in a thread of active discussion, in which a someone’s top-level comment gets highly upvoted and kicks off its own fascinating tangent...sure, it’d be neat to know (vaguely) at a glance if the commenter has or hasn’t yet been on HN since their thread went off
This is tangential but does anyone have a "better explanation" for topology?
The ABA pretty much does the same for their profession and I would not double many of such organizations is the same. Why dock just one, we need to get them all.
Handling a series of malicious DDoS Attacks
> Well after 5 years of using it I can say that I have had zero White/Black/Latino women ever chat with me.

This must be a horrible experience. This seems like a good reason to stop using the website or app and maybe to write to the developers about why they're losing you.

> To be honest, it completely changed my perspective of women altogether.

Not sure if that was the intention, but it sounds like you're changing how you see all women. However your experience comes from women whose profile you liked, who do online dating via a given app.
3300 Project Ideas
It tells you what the function return type is, which isn't necessarily the same as the return type you might have manually typed or intended. For example, undefined's sneaking into the type because of branching code.
From: kaggle.com/c/jane-street-market-prediction/overview/code-requirements

"Freely & publicly available external data is allowed, including pre-trained models"
A series of nonverbal algorithm assembly instructions
Its a big place, and only a few busy Rangers. I imagine folks can just drive in unnoticed. And die of exhaustion or dehydration once they've had a breakdown, lost their way, run out of gas or whatever. Where in that process do we have an opportunity for education? Other than the Darwin sort.
Some people thought so because he made a lot of movies about women and supposedly helped some very famous women with their careers. It was even used in part of his public perception campaign that he deserved some credit for helping these women.

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/dec/16/harvey-weinstei...
Progress bars are way better then spinners: They communicate an time/duration estimate, at least. Even in the case it is bad, this is always better then just showing a spinner, indicating that some system is doing something. Spinners got omnipresent since the Web 2.0. Nowadays for me they are almost always a sign of lazy programmers with an "that's good enough" paradigm.
What is up with Stockholm? https://fairinternetreport.com/assets/img/research/us-vs-eur...
Can it also be people cancelling slow mobile plans?
Every since The Crown S4, I've lots of references flying around. I must say that she was superbly played by Gillian Anderson.
This is why I like Jeremy Howard’s approach for teaching machine learning. Begin with simple code and examples, then break apart and explain.
https://course.fast.ai/
> I don't care about a real time or % progress bar...just something that honestly (to OP's point) let's me know that things aren't screwed.

That's where "marquee" progress bars fit in. Those poor abominations that, like Sisyphus, progress without advancing, because a simple activity indicator wasn't user-friendly enough.
The ramp got wet and now everything gets stuck, that almost makes it better.

Kinda fun to watch them try and figure it out. I wonder if machine revisions/hacks will happen live on stream as well.
How a Glock Works [video]
Astute observation. The people are essentially being pacified with an ensemble of token gesture legislative palliatives and morale-sapping sedatives.
Yeah! You can derive the second law from "conservation of information".

This is a great resource about thermodynamics which goes into some of these ideas: http://www.av8n.com/physics/thermo
It is much harder to turn a model into a profitable trading strategy than people realize. Apart from transaction costs, risk management and market impact there are also a lot of small operational details which can make or break your execution. One example I vaguely recall was that the details of how a specific foreign exchange conducted its closing auction could make a substantial difference to a strategy that involved executing there alongside other trading venues.

The payoff for getting these operational details right or wrong is massively asymmetrical. If you get everything right, you'll only do as well as your model lets you. But if you get anything wrong, you run a real chance of losing far more money than you could have hoped to make!

Even just validating your strategy on historical data (ie back-testing) is harder than it sounds. If you make a mistake that leaks information to the code you're testing, you can end up with a much rosier return and risk profile than you really have. Another way to lose money when you go put your model into action.

If you get over these challenges and run your strategy successfully for a while, other market participants are going to start adjusting against it and you have to adjust in turn. You can't just "set and forget".

I should note that I am far from an expert on any of this, though! I just know enough to not trade with serious money—my real savings are all in index funds I don't touch, thank you very much :).
How long did the wait end up being?
I agree that spinners really aren't useful (for anything that takes more than 5-10 seconds). Solution #2 from the post is what I want!
While it's great that the average speed is in the mid-30s, it's still just the average. If it was closer to 100 I'd feel more elated by the news, since that means the lower ends would be acceptable no matter where in the USA a user is.

Also notable is that a lot of countries in the chart they showed had a 50% or more increase over 2019.
Battery regulations are the weirdest goddamn thing. TSA forced me to stow batteries in checked in luggage when I literally pointed to the regulation (I had a copy on my phone just in case this exact scenario happened) that I had to bring it on carry on. Nope didn't care, I guess the battery looked scary

I had to pay like 80 bucks to check a random bag with those batteries.
Can you expand on when competition came to Seattle and how? I've been using Condo Internet (now Wave Broadband) for something close to 5-6 years. When was the tipping point in terms of competition?
Hate when news apps tell me the news.
Funny, I live in a rural area with a small WISP. I get a solid 20dl/10ul all the time. Hard to imagine that I'm uploading more quickly than city folks.
I don't understand what you are saying, especially with a sentence that just says "Noticeable."

You do realize that an hour outside of almost any city in the US is practically uninhabited right? Land as a whole is not in short supply.
Coinbase Pro Disables Margin Trading