skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
If you play two sine wave tones of different frequencies at the same time you get beats[0] caused by the alternating constructive and destructive interference.

Helmholtz hypothesized[1] that the dissonance of a pair of sine wave tones was related to these beats. Slow beats sound like a pleasant vibrato effect. Extremely fast beats are not perceived as beats at all, with only two separate tones heard. Only moderately fast beats sound dissonant.

This was confirmed experimentally[2] by Plomp and Levelt.

Sethares generalized this relationship to arbitrary sounds[3], finding that an amplitude-weighted sum of the consonance of all pairs of partials ("partial" meaning one of the sine waves that forms part of the waveform, as can be found by Fourier transform) well approximated perceived consonance.

Most Western musicals instruments are harmonic or approximately harmonic[4]. They produce a waveform with partials of frequencies that are an integer multiple of the lowest frequency partial (called the "fundamental").

Increasing pitch by an octave doubles the frequency of all partials. An integer multiplied by two is still an integer, so if you play harmonic notes separated by octaves the partials will overlap. All pairs of partials will be either identical or far apart, so none form dissonant beats. This maximizes consonance.

But music with only octave intervals would be very boring, so the octave in standard Western music theory is divided into 12 equal parts. This is an excellent choice for harmonic instruments, because it closely approximates several small-integer ratios. The interval of a "fifth" (actually seven steps away in the octave, but music theory uses strange numbering to simplify playing the most common musical styles) is a frequency ratio of 3:2. This results in half the partials overlapping, and the other half still being positioned so they avoid dissonant beats, so the fifth is also highly consonant.

Wikipedia has a graph comparing equal divisions of the octave with small-integer ratios:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament#/media/File:...

You can see that 12 divisions has many useful approximations. It represents a good balance between complexity and musical utility, so I don't think it's surprising that it became the standard.

But note that small-integer ratios are only consonant with harmonic timbres! If the partials are not integer multiples of the fundamental, as is often the case in tuned percussion, you need a different tuning system. Indonesian classical music[5], which makes heavy use of tuned percussion, is famous for this. You can use Sethares' model to generate tuning systems suitable for arbitrary timbres, e.g. https://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/mp3s/morphine_crystal.html

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensations_of_Tone

[2] http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Chris_Darwin/PerMuSo/pd...

[3] https://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/paperspdf/consonance.pdf

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan
It looks to be another data point, and that's generally a good thing IMHO. There's a comment above somewhere that casts doubt on its methodology, but reports of Tesla quality issues certainly aren't anything new [0][1]

To be fair to Tesla in the above article [0] they legitimately question the sample size and some later articles point to improvements [2].

Personally, I'm wary of the quality issues but I still want a Model X. Make of that what you will.

[0] https://www.businessinsider.com/survey-uk-drivers-say-tesla-...

[1] https://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/tesla/model-3

[2] https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-fixing-quality-issues-...

Edit: formatting, typos and missing reference
How Far Can Kaggle Help You in Your Professional Career?
> Also this survey reflects initial impressions, not long term reliability.

I also find that a very weird measure, especially when you want to report on the quality of said vehicles. It'd also be interesting to know what kind of problems customers face. A not perfect paint job is annoying, but its certainly not as bad as motor problems in the early beginning.
I cannot prove this with numbers from the study, but I'd also assume that, depending on the car the customer buys, he usually has a diffferent idea of what can be considered good quality or not. I know people who were annoyed because the stitches of their drivers seat were off by a bit. On the other hand I know Ford owners that lost buttons on their infotainment unit and just hot-glued them back in.
But as you said, just reflecting on the initial impressions of a vehicle doesn't say anything about more important measures like long term reliability, TCO etc. Having a study evaluate the problems a vehicle sees within the first 75.000km would be a lot more interesting and would also allow better conclusions.

However, this study proves the several reports of automotive journalists around the world. Most people considered the Tesla vehicles decently good, but not matching the price tag Tesla puts on them quality wise. During the Model 3 production hell the quality problems became especially apparent with completely misplaced side-panels, the worst paint jobs I've seen on a mass produced vehicle among several other issues.
“don't buy the first version of any Apple product. It is the first to be obsolete”

Not the strongest of arguments. The second version will be the second to be obsolete, etc. A valid question would be whether first versions see shorter support (presumably because teething problems in the new design made supporting the hardware harder)
You should also use useCallback for handleClick
eDIL is a digital dictionary of medieval Irish
It's useful enough. Nice service =)
Western society is moving past the ideals of tolerance and free speech. Philosophical ideas like this are now pretty easily dismissed as artifacts of a rasist, sexist system.

Losing your job for saying the wrong thing, makes some people us feel like we are "making progress" but it's the capitalist PR machine protecting its interests. We express ourselves through curated systems directly controlled by huge corporations and the change we see is basically only in these same systems.
I mean it’s like people forget the gulags were only like 70 years ago. When people were wrongfully imprisoned for no good reason just to meet police quotas from the soviets government super powers. I definitely don’t disbelieve what you are saying.
I know this is still a very rough idea, but I truly believe the future of content monetization is having some kind of decentralized or even federated payment system and digital wallet that's provider-agnostic and allows people to do "micro-donations", whether it's through upvotes, claps, time spent on the page, or a combination of all of those and more.

If this depends on Google, or Paypal, or Apple, and you can only donate to a site if you have PayPal, or if you have Google Pay, or whatever, it will never reach its true potential.

It should be kind of like email, where everyone has email. Once everyone has an "email-like" digital wallet, and all of these websites accept "email-like money" through micro-donations, I think content monetization would work much better.
>To start, we have signed partnerships with local and national publications in Germany, Australia and Brazil

Australia was/is gearing up to force Google to pay. Was anything similar brewing in Germany or Brazil?

https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/making-facebook-and-...
I agree. I think "cheap dopamine" is a good way to describe this.
Sequential forums can be good for discussions. It was definitely nice to be able to bump a discussion that was older than 16 hours to unbury it.

I like ranked forums for Q and A content though, Eg, like stack overflow or even reddit when I’m trying to answer a technical question.

Mostly though, nothing can replace a good forum culture. I just meant to encourage that with my remark, the downvote button itself is only bad if people use it recklessly
So you complain the previous assessments had "an obvious bias" but this new one, which isn't from a car manufacturer or a journalist, "brings nothing new to the table" ?
> Incentivizes technical innovation

What a load of bs.

Because those tech-freaks always find a way right? Innovation will simply appear without any doing on our part. We can just create non-sense bills and laws and they will make it work. They will magically find a way.

These imbeciles do not even understand the simplest things about encryption, but want to make laws for it. Ridiculous. I would laugh right now, if it was not such a serious issue.

Well, I am not in the US, but it will affect people world wide, who use services hosted in the US and next things happening EU comes around the corner with an equally stupid idea and it will hit me directly. Time for EFF again to save this world from idiotic leadership. You have my support.
>Note that because equality (__eq__) is used, and the equivalency between Booleans and the integers 0 and 1, there is no practical difference between the following two:

>case True: ... case 1: ...

From practical perspective this is great, but I can imagine many cases where one could want to differentiate between those.

On one hand the number usually can be nested inside a structure and matching on == is more flexible. On the other hand matching on 'is' is still letting users relax this behaviour and allows matching on type of primitives as well.
> As a concrete example: ever since I was a child, I've heard people speak of major and minor triads as sounding happy or sad. That seems like something that's just obvious to a lot of people. It's never been obvious to me

I completely agree. It's not very difficult to string together minor chords in a way that sounds happy, and descending major chords can easily sound sad. If you just play a major or minor chord, I don't associate it with much of anything happy or sad.
Nailed it. Using albums is the engineer’s answer to what is technically best. In the real world it doesn’t work because nobody knows how to, much less actually uses albums. And even if you do, what are the chances you have an album with exactly the photos you want to share? So you’ve got to select the pics you want anyway, but now you’ve also got to create an album first to put them in. It just adds to the work and confused and irritates people.
A function is rather like a group: it's more important as an idea than as a rigorous definition. Working mathematicians may be vaguely aware that a function "is" a set of ordered pairs (just as they may be vaguely aware that a real number "is" a Dedekind cut), but they're unlikely to think about a function in those terms when they're actually working with it (unless they're working specifically on foundational issues). Indeed the set-theoretic model of a function accommodates impossible functions - but that's one of the main problems that type theory exists to solve. The type-theoretic model of a function does not correspond directly to the ZFC model of a function, but the hope of type theory is that it should correspond more closely to the day-to-day working concept of a function (whether you're a mathematician or a programmer).
I bought a 16" MBP a couple of months back and I'm confident that it will continue to do it's job for many years to come. Apple computers generally have excellent longevity on the software side. My last laptop was a 2010 Macbook Pro and that only stopped getting updates last year (and still functions perfectly today, sitting on a shelf above my desk with a big HD attached functioning as a server of sorts).
I am on Thinkpad T480, switched from ubuntu to windows, and finds wsl to be awesome.
I'm not in the market myself at the moment, but I would consider Fable (F#) for that job.
> programming for the real world should be taught as an apprenticeship, throwing people from CS into a software developer role is just unfair.

Isn't this what junior software developer roles do?
So, I'm thinking from an introduction in an academic setting, some people (in my limited teaching experience, most people) aren't planning to go on to become software developers - they just need some background for what they're actually studying. You're not being a strictly vocational trainer, and you're starting people from "this is a variable, this is an if" and getting them to "this is a sorting algorithm, this is a tree." I.e. the foundations of programming.

At this stage, keeping people away from excessive boilerplate ("public static void main" is confusing), libraries apart from something that makes the teaching process easier, version control, and so on all contributes to teaching the programming process, which is hard enough as it is.

By all means, introduce those things when they get to software engineering, but by that stage the need for a foundational language has passed and people should be able to pick and learn whatever languages or other tools suit their specific needs.

> Just because studying Latin is useful for understanding English at a deeper level doesn't mean it's a good idea to learn Latin before learning english.

The flaw with this analogy is that it's not about "at a deeper level", it's more like learning simple English and not getting bogged down with subjunctives and constructions like "I had had a hotdog", as those can come later and aren't important right now.
The article says that PureScript helped them reduce bugs but fails to give any examples of how PureScript prevented bugs.

Looking at the examples, the code seems to function the same so it's not obvious what problem is being solved that warrants teaching a whole dev team a new language.

In my experience, the vast majority of React app bugs are 1) state management, or 2) asynchronousisty. How does PureScript help to prevent those two classes of bugs?
If you develop apps for the Apple ecosystem, I'd suggest you wait a bit for some extra clarity. The next Apple event is in September, right? IIRC the first product will be an ARM 13 inch MBP.

Otherwise, I'd suggest you get a Mac beefy enough to carry you for a couple years. 32 GB of RAM should be enough for a while (remember you'll want to have space for emulators) and Apple will support Intel for a while. Remember they kept the 13 inch with optical drive selling for a good couple years after the first Retinas were launched.
Google did it to James Damore. People celebrated it, as it opposes their beliefs even though many psychologist publicly said that the gender difference identified in the memo are science backed.
Or what you’re saying doesn’t add to the conversation. Simply blaming ‘fanboys’ isn’t useful. I don’t think any of the responses to you post believe that Apple are the “be-all end-all” of privacy, but they are arguing that for the typical consumer (something that is too often overlooked) they currently provide the best solution available. The critical bit there is typical consumer. If you’re a “power user” (what a horrid expression) and want to go another route, have at it! You have a choice.
It’s a shame that this turned into a discussion about iOS.
It’s still the burglar that’s faulty, not the homeowner that leaves a window open
How is this relevant to what elliekelly said?
> Fascism was a direct result of, and contingent upon, the mass death and poverty caused by WWI.

That is grossly wrong. There was no "mass death and poverty" in Italy during or after WWI.
That's a good point.

I tried googling around and couldn't find any speed comparisons between the languages, just talk between the two like eg https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8626131

So, I guess I'll address this directly:

The tasks Perl is designed to do are different than the kinds of tasks PyPy is designed to do, so it is a bit of apples an oranges comparison.

PyPy starts to get its speed benefit when a task takes 1) longer than 3 seconds to run and 2) Is directly written in Python, not using libraries written in C.

Perl is designed to parse large files, do string parsing, and one off scripts. It being fast is nice, but it's not designed to be running large math heavy processing scripts to begin with. If a Perl script takes longer than a second to run, not including IO limitations and network limitations, it may not be the ideal tool for the job.

So while PyPy gets comparable to Perl speeds, Perl being fast is almost moot, because it's not designed to be used that way to begin with.
It is all about expectations I would say. For example, I had a car that was worth 3k Euros at that time and I was happy with it, even though its quality was bad, it was running without problems and accomplished the task of getting me to work.

The story would be much different in that case if my car had been worth 30k Euros.
I try to watch my data use so I am reluctant to download one, but I appreciate the tip.
Racists also get beat up so yes I guess.
It helps me with my startup!
Your evidence is one poorly-written newspaper article, a reddit disaster-porn post, and some random picture of Caracas?

Authenticity of the reddit post aside, do you have the slightest knowledge of urban development in the Soviet Union, or like, anywhere, or do you just regurgitate links?

A lotta shit got built 'cause you need to house a lot of people after your country's major urban centers got basically raized to the ground, the surrounding countryside along with it, alongside continuing rural->urban migration. Ain't particularly easy to do that well while also trying to recover your economy from a massive fucking brutal invasion.

Yes, Khrushchevkas aren't exactly marvels of architectural longevity; they were never intended to be. They were supposed to last maybe 30-40 years at best, and they're still standing. Sure, they're shoddy and they look like shit now, the countries that built them lacked the capital to replace them as intended--that's another history lesson, but whatever. You mock them for carrying on shambling well past their intended use? They should be lauded for lasting as long as they have, with what limited resources and tight constraints under which they were originally built.

Point is, you want the government to cheap housing and fund it as such, it does so, and the output sometimes ends up surpassing your original goals! You put funding into producing good housing and government can do that too! You ever been to Singapore? You ever hear about the sprawling abject rotten slums of Singapore, that dominate the whole of the nation? No? Curious that.

Would be really fucking strange to hear that a government could build a lot of good housing for its populace and still succeed economically, I suppose, but hey, they did it: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore
Slightly off topic, but i7/i9 is in trouble right now against AMD Ryzen chips. Laptops with Ryzen 7 4000H series CPUs are faster and cheaper than top of the line Intel chips.
It’s still about trust.
No more nonsense than studying English in English. It is true that type theory is mathematics, but the relevant fact is that it (unlike many fields of mathematics) is suitable for studying mathematics with.
I would dare say it’s already happened here to a segment of our population. The War on Drugs, secret prisons, National Security Letters, extraordinary renditions, and “signature strikes.”
There’s a company called RL Polk that Hoovers up basically everything you could imagine about car sales and resells that information for very high prices. Don’t know where they get their data but they have a row of data for each car sold.
Considering that the 1st generation of each Apple device is a beta version (first Apple Watch, first iPhone, first iPad, ... but also first Mac Book Pro with Core Duo CPUs) and are abandonned quite quickly, the best bet would be to at least wait for the 2nd generation, so at best 2022.
A regular mac can last 6 good years nowadays, and more depending on your use-cases, so if you can wait until 2022 you better wait. Otherwise renew now! (I'll likely renew my 2014 MBP this year)
My guess is only the lower end macs will move to ARM till atleast the Apple 14z or most likely Apple A15z. Macbook Pro will be as is for a while. This is about 2 years too far out.

Also intel should be supported for a couple of years once the new ARMs are out, and you wouldn't be obsolete till the lifetime of your laptop. At the end, you may even end up with a Apple memorabilia.
Heh, I expected it to dive into the fact that Skype also had some troubles with claiming E2E without actually implementing it, if I remember correctly. However, seeing a detailed takedown of poor design is always fun. I tend to overlook these things as a user or at least I'm unable to put into words why the design frustrates me, this is helpful.
> The trick is to create channels with limited audiences, where you can set an expectation of which ideas are acceptable and which are not.

Do you mean that a community could allow argument X, but disallow counter-argument Y? That sounds like a recipe for an echo chamber.

I definitely see the benefit in saying that certain topics are out of scope for a given community. But saying which ideas are acceptable and which are not sounds like codifying the dominance of an official viewpoint.
I revoked Contacts access in WhatsApp a year ago. It works just fine. Problem is: WhatsApp only shows the phone numbers in the list and NOT the usernames of people. This is rather annoying, because I don't know any phone numbers by heart. Profile pics help a bit, but people change them and often don't have pictures of themselves.
They could reproduce the intervals without problem, they just transposed them by something else than a multiple of octaves. You make an interesting point in the last sentence though.
> cause incompatibilities for a while

That strikes me as a huge understatement. I previously used Ubuntu as my main work and home OS for 10+ years before a 'corporate requirement' to move to MacOS for any new laptops.

Suffice to say, there is a big enough developer community running on Mac that almost everything can be made to work but that doesn't mean it will be smooth or easy to do. And that is with fundamentally the same architecture.
It's maybe important to note that the phrase 'He was no angel' is a common (extremely dark and sarcastic) joke in left-leaning circles around these kind of tragic murders because there is always, without fail, some right-wing effort to paint the victim as some sort of low-life who had it coming one way or the other.

Let's be clear: no one, regardless of how much they've fucked up in their lives, deserves to be murdered in cold blood by the police while they pose no threat to anyone.

To restate: a non-violent suspect's past offenses are not germane when the discussion is about the police summarily executing that non-violent suspect in the street.

Any attempt to confuse this point with ideas about how the victim wasn't perfect, about how they could have done better in the confrontation or not committed a crime in the first place, is an attempt to deflect blame onto the victim.

These kinds of arguments are prima facie disgusting and deserve no quarter in civilized discourse.
Using the Windows SDK without Visual Studio is a not great experience though.

Doubly so if you are a newcomer to programming.
This is good because it encourages African-Americans, other minority people, and women to pursue engineering. There are so many people who would be great engineers but aren't. They are missing out on good careers. And society is missing out on good engineers.

Renaming buildings is an easy way to help improve things.