skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
One of the big problems is that processes and tactics that might be reasonable for a huge city like NYC or LA get picked up by smaller cities that probably don't need a more militarized police force. There's no reason East Podunk Noweheresville PD needs military-grade tactical gear and armored personnel transports.

The types, frequency, and severity of crimes are different in different sized communities. The tactics and responses should be different. But somehow, policy-makers and police chiefs see something happening in NYC and think, "Yeah, we need that here to."

In tech, people say "You are not Facebook, you are not Google, you are not Amazon. The solutions that work for them and the huge scale at which they operate are going to be overkill, or flat-out not work at all, for your 10k user start-up." And yet, people expect the tactics of a PD in a city like New York to work in a city like Raleigh, NC.
Same in Sweden, the passport/ID applications are done in an all-in-one booth that takes your photo, reads your fingerprint, and digitizes your signature.

The downside to this is that as an expat, the only way to renew a passport is to fly across the country to visit the embassy in person. And Swedish passports only last 5 years.
we are talking about security, and you brought up... MD5?
Is this open sourced anywhere? I didn’t see it in the article
Tech can definitely teach some things to some people, but among other things it cannot create the context for teaching. This issue has been pretty well explored in the edtech community for a long time, and of course pedagogical research for much longer. If you're interested in learning more check out sources like EdSurge, which I started as a place to explore these issues.
The photographer business is 40% passport photos?

That seems unlikely, so I think I misunderstood,could you expand?
Or RMAIL or BABYL!

https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/Babyl

>BABYL is the name of an e-mail package created under ITS at the MIT AI Lab, written in TECO. It was a replacement for an earlier package called RMAIL. BABYL is still available under ITS and TOPS-20 (a DEC development of the TENEX operating system) both on real hardware and under the KLH10 and SimH emulators of the PDP-10 processor. The original RMAIL was restricted to ITS, and the source code was typically located in EMACS1;RMAILX >.

>The internal format of BABYL mailbox files was retained when GNU Emacs was created, even though the facility was renamed “RMail”.

Lovely TECO RMAIL source code:

https://github.com/PDP-10/its/blob/4e2ea8e4d851a0ea1f910c300...

Oops, silly GitHub thinks TECO source code looks like a binary file! What are a few control characters between friends? Here it is as text (and quoted with escapes and control characters transliterated to ^[ etc.):

https://donhopkins.com/home/code/teco/rmailx.1.txt

!Re edit!
0U..H !* MAKE DISPLAY OCCUR?!
[..J :I..JRMAIL-Mail^[
FSRGETTY^["E FT
^[ B,.T FT^[..A^[ .,ZT' !* give printing lusers some hope!
^R ]..J !* LET USER TYPE HIS REPLY IN!
Q..0&337.-307."E ^\'
Z"E ^\' !* IF HE DIDNT EXIT WITH ^G, AND DIDNT CLEAR THE BUFFER,!
1:< M(M.M &_Mail_Buffer^[)>F"E W^\' !* Mail the contents. Error => go back to editing.
! @:FG O Re edit^[

Aaaah, classic TECO, so well commented, elegantly indented, and easy on the eyes!
Admitting you have a problem is the first, necessary step to solving it, so kudos to you - better late than never. A lot of people go through their entire lives without realizing they have a problem in the first place.
This is actually more involved than it sounds. It is pretty easy for the compiler to introduce nondeterminism and result in slightly different binaries. I know this for a fact because I fixed a couple bugs like this in LLVM.

For the curious: we actually were intentional about finding these, by compiling many programs with the same parameters on different machines. One with a 32 bit OS and toolchain, the other one on a 64 bit machine, and we would get alerted when we produced binaries with a different checksum.
Just used Gatling which is based on Scala for performance testing on one of my projects, it's the best performance testing frameworks I have ever used. highly recommend
Masks seem significantly more important than tests.

Hard to make the argument that testing is of primary importance considering Japan did almost none and still didn't see a significant outbreak.
Yea I think one missing piece is that the public isn’t aware of the strategy, tactics, planning and challenges from modern policing. We just see the good and bad highlights and think it’s so simplistic.
I have seen examples where the police union was able to turn off the 911 service and simply give a phone message that said something to the effect of, "we wish we could help you, but your city council has denied us funding".
This is what the "signaling arms race" refers to.

The other model, human capital theory, says that a high school diploma proves that the student has acquired specific skills (algebra, European history, etc) and therefore built up human capital. Signaling theory says the specific skills are not the point.
I'd be interested in continuing this conversation by email if you were interested. You can find my address in any of my papers (such as this one: https://philpapers.org/archive/ALEMSI.pdf)
Teachers' unions don't even have the power to get budgets big enough for teachers to not have to buy their own school supplies for students. Talk to me when police unions are weak enough that we can cut police department budgets back so much that police have to buy their own bullets and riot gear.
These are not paragraphs.

They are lonely disjointed sentences.

Floating freely.

In a sea of whitespace.
Yes, as I said in my original post (and others in this thread), you can absolutely come up with elegant solutions to this in other languages.

In my experience though, for every one elegant solution like yours, there will be ten developers writing nested for loops.

My example was never meant to be “look at what Clojure can do! You should all be jealous! “. Only an example of how Clojure encourages a different approach to solving problems that we are all familiar with.
Ask HN: How does one become good at C/C++
Hi Everyone,
It’s one of my goals to work for a HFT writing software and they mostly require c++ and I’m not really good at it. I’m intermediate at python and have programmed extensively. I do know my CS concepts but how do I become good at C++ what type of projects I can involve my self into in order to become good at it
I don’t know if any school district in the country pays enough for a teacher to live in San Francisco.

District finances are typically open and searchable, i am sure you can find out exactly how much the state pays and how San Francisco’s per pupil funding compares to other districts in California.
From the article: "They are working on releasing the source code soon."
Just because you can build it doesn't mean you should.
Japan definitely did not do test and trace.

Japan did 90%+ mask coverage.
Don't Amazon runs it's own streaming service? And wasn't it accused of "stealing" [1] from business who sells on its market place? How come a company trust a competitor like that?

1 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22956182
it's about a trillion if you consider hidden expenditures that are tied to the military.

it's 10X bigger than it needs to be. spend the other $900B on infrastructure of all sorts, including healthcare and emergency readiness. the new, new deal.
If you are happy in a country built on the sweat and blood of enslaved people, and then simply not willing to listen to their suffering, you are an aweful human being.
When I hear “deepfake” I usually think both video and audio being fake. This is cool but I’m not sure what the use case is of my friend having my voice.
To paraphrase Lenin, there are years where no one has Signal, then weeks where everyone gets Signal.

https://twitter.com/benlorber8/status/1268596748198596608?s=...
Whenever key management is centralized, there is basically no security from the legal authority in the jurisdiction that the messaging vendor is located in. The vendor can always push you an MITM key. They can even show you the "correct" recipient key when you physically verify but use a different one for the actual message transfer and this would be a trivial easy to obfuscate switch in the program binary.

E2E with centralized key management is primarily to protect you from casual/private threats (vendor employees, snoopers in your or your recipients network) not from legal authority.
i think the european union now has a warranty period of one or two years on electronics
Can you give a more technical description of "each photon carries one bit?" I don't doubt it, but it seems like a remarkable result!

The number of photons is itself a quantum observable (number operator) which is non-commuting with other observables. Does "each photon carries one bit" mean that if there are known N photons (eigenstate of number operator) there are N bits? Or is it saying something about distributions?
Would you say reducing budget by 90% may have any impact on crime levels? Or do you prefer a citizen self-defense patrol to an organized police force?
Scala has excellent and ergonomic collections, good futures/promises, partial functions, very useful apply/unapply, scala.js, very much superior pattern matching, a much richer type system... I've used both Scala and Kotlin, and will choose Scala every time unless there's a compelling need to lower the bar, to the extent that Kotlin is less likely to get new programmers into the weeds.
>core.async: So the guys who built golang did it because they had this cool idea for creating coroutines using channels. However, since it required very low-level functionality to be part of the core of the programming language, they thought they'd have to design a brand new language to implement their idea. However, shortly after golang was released, Rich and some other clojure folks implemented the same feature in clojure as a totally ordinary external library, proving that the core of clojure was general enough to support this. And it wasn't just a gimmick: I use core.async every day and think it is better than golang's implementation.

It is very limited -- it was done by a single university student as his MS thesis -- but luaproc had added this functionality to Lua before Go even existed:

http://www.inf.puc-rio.br/~roberto/docs/ry08-05.pdf

Other M.S. theses from PUC have extended the library (in particular, adding support for sending tables) but it is otherwise unmaintained:

https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/30267/30267.PDF
https://github.com/lmillanfdez/luaproc-master
https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/35424/35424.PDF
https://github.com/fernando-ala/luaproc---messaging-tables-a...
By definition, machines (at least any built so far) cannot be slaves, so this is not a great equivalency.

At the very least it's a sign of amazing social and technological progress.
I haven't looked much into it and I don't know that many people who own an electric car, to be honest.

What I could think of is that gas stations themselves might become somewhat more multi-use, that's already the case in some places in Germany. So people might to grab something to eat while charging up or do some shopping and so on. Scale them up a bit so that people have something useful to do while their car charges. People in Germany still like traditional stores and physical shopping a lot, I don't think it's just pandering to the owners.
That would require significant more infrastructure in public spaces. Requiring petrol stations is a good first step to break the barrier that combines private/public work.

(I'm assuming petrol stations are private enterprises in Germany on this point)
More likely, it's that there's a correlation between low intelligence and religiosity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosity_and_intelligence). And, of course ,there's a correlation with bad spelling and low intelligence.

So a religious person is more likely to be okay with spelling mistakes because they themselves are likely to not be good spellers, because they are likely to be less intelligent. It has nothing to do with religious people being okay with small mistakes.
Ask HN: How to get files off old Mac flopppies
I have a stack of unhelpfully unlabeled Mac floppies from circa 2000, some of which I believe contain writing in Microsoft Word. Short of buying an old Mac and Word from that era, which I’ve considered, do you have ideas about how to extract these files? IIRC Word files of that era did not seem to be openable with a text editor.
only if the person can reasonably be expected to know that this is bad deal, which in most cases they can't
Maybe just swap cars. They can maintain a small inventory of fully charged EVs, just swap your depleted EV out and be on your way. Then your previous EV gets charged up for the next guy.
It's my default and over a few years I've pretty much converted everyone in my life except my mom
Java doesnt solve business problems.

It solves enterprise ones.

Or at least claims to.
What's your definition of a long time? And how big of a geographic area?
They should start with cutting the upper staff, (and their cushy expensive retirement package) of their school district. This would pave way for hiring more teachers and restoring the arts, music, shop classes back into vogue.
> They are toast.

Many traditional petrol stations are toast already. The one in the village where I live closed decades ago. The one in the next village only survives because it's got a fairly successful tire business run by the owner's son as a side gig, and because it's the only place in a 30 km radius where you can buy basic necessities like toilet paper, toothpaste, and basic foodstuffs, as well as other goods like beer and soda.

If that place had to survive on the money from petrol sales alone they wouldn't have been there. If there's a demand for charging stations I'm sure they'll adapt. :)
Pietro Grossi – pioneer of computer music and hacker ahead of his time
Ya they are pretty open, their blog explains a lot of their design decisions as well.
That is a common viewpoint, but one I strongly disagree with. I exclude illegal disruptive orders, since those are addressed by market reg disciplinary action. An aggressing order that provides new information to the market is not harmful. On the contrary, it makes the market more efficient by definition. If a market maker has to widen their spreads or lighten their liquidity, it is a sign that they are doing a worse job than someone else of determining market price (again, barring illegal activity). If a market maker is doing a good job, then they should be thrilled to have anyone take their passive orders all day long, because it will result in greater profit for the market maker.
I was surprised to learn that by US Law a grenade is considered a WMD. Which is not what I thought of when I hear the term Weapon of Mass Destruction.

https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/wmd

A WMD is defined by U.S. law as any of the following:

* A destructive device, such as an explosive or incendiary bomb, rocket, or grenade;

* A weapon that is designed to cause death or serious injury through toxic or poisonous chemicals;

* A weapon that contains a biological agent or toxin; or

* A weapon that is designed to release dangerous levels of radiation or radioactivity.
I agree with the underlying sentiment and even find the subject matter inspirational, but the post falls pretty flat.
This calculation has two errors. First, it assumes that China and Russia’s spending is what they publicly disclose, which is highly unlikely. Second, it fails to account for differences in cost. China can build subway for $250 million per km. The US is four to eight times that. The Chinese built their 5th generation fighter for a program cost of $4.5 billion. Ours is better, but it cost ten times that. That reflects vastly higher labor costs, etc. China’s defense budget on paper is $175 billion in nominal dollars. If they get twice as much per nominal dollar (which is just the difference in ordinary purchasing power), they’re at half our defense budget. If they get four times more for their money (the difference in capital projects like building rail) they’re at parity.

And of course, you don’t want parity with your enemy. You want an overwhelming advantage.
How could that possibly be a password recovery question? A password recovery question should only have one correct answer.
I assume it's more if you include the "dark" aspects (unless you're including those too) like NRO missions and CIA ops
> As in "That's interesting"

Isn't "naruhodo" close enough? It's often translated as "I see", but the acknowledging filler variation is usually just "un", whereas naruhodo expresses a mild level of surprise.
The Signal app experience leaves a lot to be desired compared to Telegram or Matrix.
I think there’s a difference in kind when it’s targeted this precisely, repeatedly, and at scale.

Most people aren’t going to see a candidate speak in their city, and even if they do - the targeting can’t be as precise. On national TV they’ll see a more general message.

Most people are on Facebook though and vulnerable to these targeted ads.

Even in their city, I think a tailored message is different than an ad tested for engagement in its ability to manipulate effectively (particularly when the candidate also lies, it’s easier to hide lies when you’re selecting people already motivated to believe them, and only showing the lies directly to those people).
While that was then, now it is trendy (with a sharp rise since about 2015/2016) to send the kids to private schools if one can afford it. Hilariously even by politicians who favor the Gesamtschule/Stadtteilschule/Ganztagsschule concept in public.
Here's what would happen if any nation would be stupid enough to send a single missile into US soil: a button is pressed and a nuke 1000x stronger than Hiroshima is sent. The end of "war".

U.S. has been involved in quite a number of wars in the last century. Always as an aggressor, never as a defendant.

Let's not entertain the fantasy that a military budget of $732 billion, the size of 10 next biggest budgets combined, exists to defend US soil from invasion.
It makes more sense to require chargers at places people park at, like parking garages, malls, theaters, workplaces, restaurants... Many businesses in the US already need to comply with parking regulations.
That's one of the strangest, and angriest, questions I've seen on an HN science post.

> Does anyone assert that any photon carries information about what it interacted with in the past?

Yes. I do. The Cosmic Microwave Background encodes structure from many foregrounds in its wavelength, polarization, and momentum vector. Moreover, if one is able to build a well-motivated model for the photon's source and path of propagation, one can extract still more.

Grab a linear polarizer and play with it while you look at the daytime sky. The light you see is polarized differently depending upon the path it took to reach you from the Sun.

Look at your hand. Does the color of the light that reaches your eye not encode a convolution of the emission spectrum of the nearby light source and the reflection spectrum of your hand?

Regarding the black hole question, I'm no GR expert, though I am a professional gravitational physicist, but my guess is that the photons that make more orbits emerge from closer to the event horizon. The article discusses a notion of "shells", so I surmise that there may be favorable resonances in the photon-scattering cross-section at integer orbits.

Scientists are occasionally wrong about something, sometimes in spectacular ways, but when multiple scientists at top institutions all agree about a few basic physics concepts in a popular-physics article, there's a pretty good chance that they know what they're talking about.
Them maybe you should do it. Exposure therapy really does work wonders.
Can I reply twice? Replying to the edit:

That's a social proof token[0][1].

But again, think about bad actors gaming the trust token and then inserting their own deep fakes. It's not even far fetch.

Also, who 'gives' those tokens? What if a whole bunch of republicans give a lot of social proof tokens to Alex Jones. At one point in time, that made quite a bit of sense. So now you've got a blockchain backed authority saying Sandy Hook was a democrat red herring.

So then a bunch of democrats come in to push that Alex Jones vote back down. That same system that pushed Alex down is now a system that can push others back down in a weaponized fashion.

Separately, if you just want to say "I created this work" regardless of who I am. PGP does that perfectly well. The whole block chain infrastructure isn't necessary. It doesn't add anything to the validity of the video itself.

[0] https://ght.dtsgroup.co.nz/
[1] https://www.hubtoken.org/images/hub-white-paper.pdf
Success has given them a lot of leeway. One cannot deny NYC is a good safe city. Every borough is safe mostly, other than parts of the Bronx.
The New Internet: A Distributed Server Network
I was about to ask about this. Signal was comparatively annoying. Can I keep using Telegram or am I postponing the inevitable? Curious.
This map from Feb-1978 shows Illiac IV connected to ARPANET (top-left of diagram):

https://i.imgur.com/7hSaVVf.png

By this time Illiac IV had been connected to ARPAnet since Nov-1975.

The Illiac IV had various supporting systems: Burroughs B6700, DEC PDP-10 and PDP-11s.

Map is from this document: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a482154.pdf
Not every new line must have the same meaning. Do you also look down on James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound?
Commodore went bankrupt but the IP kept being bought out and Hyperion makes AmigaOS now: https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/

If you don't have an Amiga you can use AROS on your PC or in a VM that is the open-source version of AmigaOS 3.1 rewritten: https://aros.sourceforge.io/
See my other comment about determinism: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23424925

Trying to get a bit-to-bit equivalent of a binary lifted from the app store sounds challenging to say the least.
Logistics in 2020 aren't much easier than they were in 1920, or in 1820.

And the lead time for ICBMs to kill ~ a billion people has been ~40 minutes for the past 40 years.
Typed streams sound great.

Most data being line oriented (with white space field separators) has historically worked well enough, but I get your point that the wheels will eventually fall off.

It’s important to remember that the shell hasn’t always been about high concept programming tasks.

$ grep TODO xmas-gifts
grandma TODO
auntie Sian TODO
jeanie MASTODON T shirt

The bug (bugs!) in the above example doesn’t really matter in the context of the task at hand.
https://aros.sourceforge.io/

The open-source AmigaOS is called AROS.
For those that aren't following along, the answer is nothing and the parents comment completely misses the point of being able to attribute something to a person.
Show HN: Spotify's cloud migration: 100 teams, 1200 services, 20k data jobs
I'd appreciate it if you didn't put words in my mouth or throw insults at me.

I'm merely pointing out that violent rioters will elicit negative responses from people who don't want society to burn down and those who stop said rioters will elicit positive responses.
That's my point, you can't establish trust by checking everything yourself. So you delegate to other things as an approximation. In this case, Signal seems to be reputable, have competent developers and afaik no history of leaks or malevolence so I would rely on that rather than a half-assed source code review.
The best I’ve used so far. quite pricey, but worth it