"Study: ‘African-American Names’ 16% Less Likely to Be Approved for Airbnb Rentals" [3]

"Black Preschoolers Far More Likely To Be Suspended" [4] -- "Here's what the education data show: kids who are suspended or expelled from school are more likely to drop out, and those dropouts are more likely to end up with criminal records. In many places, school discipline pushes kids directly into the juvenile justice system. Take just one example: a school fight can end in an arrest for assault.

Education and civil rights groups have dubbed this phenomenon the "school-to-prison pipeline." There are big racial differences in how school discipline is meted out: students of color are much more likely to be suspended or expelled that white students, even when the infractions are the same.

A new government study on discipline in the nation's public schools shows just how very early that gap is present. According to the report, black children make up 18 percent of preschoolers, but make up nearly half of all out-of-school suspensions. (We're talking mostly four-year-olds, people.)"

"CIVIL RIGHTS DATA COLLECTIONData Snapshot: School Discipline" [5] -- "Disproportionately high suspension/expulsion rates for students of color", "Disproportionate suspensions of girls of color",

"The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children" [6] -- "The social category “children” defines a group of individuals who are perceived to be distinct, with essential characteristics including innocence and the need for protection (Haslam, Rothschild, & Ernst, 2000). The present research examined whether Black boys are given the protections of childhood equally to their peers.We tested 3 hypotheses: (a) that Black boys are seen as less “childlike” than their White peers, (b) that the characteristics associated with childhood will be applied less when thinking specifically about Black boys relative to White boys, and (c) that these trends would be exacerbated in contexts where Black males are dehumanized by associating them (implicitly) with apes (Goff, Eberhardt, Williams, & Jackson, 2008). Weexpected, derivative of these 3 principal hypotheses, that individuals would perceive Black boys as being moreresponsible for their actions and as being more appropriate targets for police violence. We find support forthese hypotheses across 4 studies using laboratory, field, and translational (mixed laboratory/field) methods.We find converging evidence that Black boys are seen as older and less innocent and that they prompt a lessessential conception of childhood than do their White same-age peers. Further, our findings demonstrate that the Black/ape association predicted actual racial disparities in police violence toward children. These datarepresent the first attitude/behavior matching of its kind in a policing context. Taken together, this researchsuggests that dehumanization is a uniquely dangerous intergroup attitude, that intergroup perception of children is underexplored, and that both topics should be research priorities."

"Black Crime Rates: What Happens When Numbers Aren’t Neutral" [7] -- "(1) If a black person and a white person each commit a crime, the black person is more likely to be arrested. This is due in part to the fact that black people are more heavily policed.", "(2) When black people are arrested for a crime, they are convicted more often than white people arrested for the same crime.", "(3) When black people are convicted of a crime, they are more likely to be sentenced to incarceration compared to whites convicted of the same crime."

"Data Show Racial Disparity in Crack Sentencing" [8] -- "Speaking on the House floor last week, California Republican Rep. Dan Lungren acknowledged the potential racial effects of the old sentencing structure. "Certainly, one of the sad ironies in this entire episode is that a bill [the old sentencing structure] which was characterized by some as a response to the crack epidemic in African American communities has led to racial sentencing disparities which simply cannot be ignored in any reasoned discussion of this issue," said Lungren."

[3] https://washington.cbslocal.com/2015/12/14/study-african-ame...

[4] https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/03/21/292456211...

[5] https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/crdc-discipl...

[6] https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-a0035663.pdf

[7] https://www.huffpost.com/entry/black-crime-rates-your-st_b_8...

[8] https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/08/03/data-show-ra...