I've read this paper twice now and it's very good. I still don't have a fundamental understanding, I'm having trouble visualizing what happens over time with the stretching and squashing of space vs the light in the tunnel. I've come away with this paper with more questions than answers, but I think all of it is there if I study it hard enough.

- It sounds like (based on the answer you linked) the "expansion" of the universe is a lie in the sense that the fabric of space is not actually expanding, things are just moving farther away from each other via motion. So it's not points on a balloon being blown up (in which case the points themselves are also growing in size), but a force pushing things apart

- If that's true, then I don't understand why the paper talks about light waves expanding with the cosmological expansion, implying that the fabric of space itself is indeed expanding, and talks about how that makes the doppler effect make no sense since the light wavelength expands with the universe. It sounds like there's a fundamental incompatibility with your explanation ("this doesn't expand small objects") and the paper ("the wave itself expands with the expanding space in which it travels, so that its wavelength grows with the cosmic scale factor"), which implies the fabric of space, eg all particles, is expanding

- It sounds like light "sticks" to space as space expands, but new light emitted after an expansion will still have some constant wavelength. So in this way in an expanding universe, light which has a constant wavelength will have further to go between particles, so light will appear to slow down as the universe expands

- If light does stick to space, and the fabric of space is expanding, then I never realized that the doppler effect makes no sense for measuring cosmological expansion, because we wouldn't be able to see it (hinted at in the paper)

- Maybe I don't fully understand why LIGO needs two arms. If you had a clock that could accurately measure light wave crests, could you do it only with one arm? i'll take a leap of faith in believing that a gravitaional wave compresses in one dimension and expands another (maybe not if the wave hits it exactly at 45 degrees?). Maybe the two arms are just for convenience to get phase difference for free?

- I think what I'm missing still is what is actually being measured and how it happens. Space expands, the wave gets longer in one direction, so it has further to go (only for a fraction of time), and it will take longer for the next crest to get to the detector, (I guess the crest itself is still moving at C? but through a farther distance?) so for a tiny blip of time, there will be a phase difference, not for all the light in the arm but just for the one or few crests that make it back along the further length until the wave resets the overall distance?

- Does space compressing and expanding prove that its compressing and expanding through a higher dimension? Especially if new light emitted is at some constant wavelength independent of the stretching of the spacetime it enters? Does that also imply this constant wavelength is happening independent of our (3d) space stretch, so it's a constant through some higher dimension?