skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Here’s my guess: the Mac’s drawing routines all did clipping in software. That was accomplished by having drawing of rectangles, circles, ovals, polygons and rounded rectangles (for various operations such as erasing or filling them, drawing a frame along the outside, inverting the bits inside) all come down to:

- compute the set of bits (called a ‘region’) to operate on

- call the appropriate function to erase/fill/… that region

I would guess drawing ovals was done this way:

- create a region for a circle with radius equal to that of the radius of the corners.

- insert horizontal parts to each row of bits in the region to ‘stretch’ the region horizontally into a rounded rectangle that has the correct width, but is only as high as the circle.

- insert vertical parts to each column of bits in the region to ‘stretch’ the region vertically into a rounded rectangle that has the correct width and height.

The first step was identical for the code for drawing circles; the region data structure made the last two operations cheap; they did not require any memory allocations. You had to walk the entire data structure, but for small corner radiuses, it wasn’t that large. Also, one could probably optimize for speed by doing that while creating the region for the circle.

I can’t find a good description of the region data structure, but https://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&stor... might be enough for some to figure out how it, conceptually, worked.
Not a doctor, just a thought, could this in part be caused by some sort of Deep Vein Thrombosis or other clots due to people not physically moving as much during quarantine?
Your calculations likely don’t account for immunity gained.
Mac hardware options for indie devs, Spring 2020
Do you have a source for "It's a fact that wearing masks is slowing down the spread by as much as 80%."? There's studies that measure the amount of droplets/aerosol that gets through but I haven't seen any studies about how it affects infection rates.
> they will let their patients and colleagues die first.

No! They will definitively not let their patients and colleagues die firs! They will prevent you from killing them!

You might believe in youRe therapy, but the vast amount if novel therapies will have (novel) adverse effects and you will haVe to supply the prove that your therapy will do less harm than doing the conventional thing. We have clinical trials to administer new therapies in a controlled and ethical way to cause the least harm. Just trying things will kill more people than it helps. The vast amount of new ideas do more harm than they help.
Look at chloroquine and what a shit show it is, because everybody just tried it willy nilly. The side effect of harming Lupus patients who could not get their medicine alone caused tremendous unintended harm. And that wasn’t even harming because if administering a useless therapy with serious side effects.
Move fast, fail fast and fail often aren great principles for developing software but they have no place in developing therapies. (I actually wanted to hurl swear words at you. But that helps nobody. It is true that medical research is overregulated and could be improved Bit there are reasons for that. Throwing all regulations away is just Trumpish behavior.)
The impact is huge because in the United States we purposefully have no real social safety net for individuals and only pay lip service towards supporting small business. Sadly, you can't run as rugged individualists during good times then flip a switch and become a social democracy as soon as a crisis hits. So now we are faced with the tough choice of balancing widespread poverty medium-term and saving lives near-time. We made our bed and now we're lying in it.

The other challenge is on the consumer side: Even if you can legally open as an "essential" business, you're going to need a certain degree of volume to operate. As a retail store, you're beholden to how "safe" consumers feel shopping in your store, and right now evidence suggests most people want to limit non-essential trips.
In my personal experience, when an Asian complains of racism or discrimination, especially because of covid19 attacks, someone always pops up and says that black/Hispanic people have had it worse so Asians shouldn't complain.

I assume Asians support AA through some sort of guilt or unity with the other minorities rather than self interest/self preservation.
> Waiting for the light to change is a huge waste of time for both pedestrians and drivers

That's because it's designed and run by the government, which has no interest in saving time.

How many hours do we all waste waiting for a light to change when there's no cross traffic? having a "platoon" of cars come to a halt to let one car cross? having a light turn yellow at the last moment to slam on the brakes? How much gas has this cost, too?

By mounting cameras on the lights and a little AI programming, and an optimization algorithm, I bet the lights could be a major factor in reducing gas consumption, smoothing traffic flow, reducing accidents, and saving time.

In fact, the AI could be self-learning, like the fuel injection systems on cars.
In 4 US state prisons, 3,300 inmates test positive, 96% without symptoms
I think rent should be a pretty easy one to sort out. Rent basically goes 3 places: landlord, landlord profit, and paying mortgages. The first is solved through broad income supports, the second can be eliminated for the duration, and the third can be postponed by just extending the mortgage. That requires coordinated government intervention, of course, but it's not impossible.

If landlords don't have to pay for themselves, furloughed staff, or rent, keeping a business in suspension seems much more doable.
I've always found pylint to be pretty useless... see for example https://lukeplant.me.uk/blog/posts/pylint-false-positives/

I always pip install flake8 in my venvs and the standard Python extension can also use that just fine:

"python.linting.pylintEnabled": false,
"python.linting.flake8Enabled": true,
Not just winging it, but in some instances trying to do the most, consequences be damned. I am really hoping that in a months time the approaches of Sweden and the state of Georgia prove not to be disastrous.

Here in California, our governor has declared that we will do this indefinitely (!) until six criteria are met. Well, I hope they have some really concrete plans to meet them, because I haven't seen any such plans presented to the public. The absolute devastation we are doing to the livelihoods of so many is staggering. What will happen when the tax revenues run dry and the tax base has been reduced by some huge percentage? Coronavirus will still be around when that happens.

The virus is here, and will not be eradicated. Society cannot hibernate like this sustainably, certainly not until a vaccine arrives. I'm all about masks in public, social distancing rules, bans of large gatherings, and lots of resources directed to protecting vulnerable populations. But I'm afraid and convinced that the stay-at-home orders will do far far greater damage to society as a whole than the virus would/will under a more targeted mitigation scheme.

Maybe my fears are overblown because of the recent hit to my mental and physical health. My gym was declared illegal, as was access to all parks in Los Angeles, as was my ability to work in an isolated office without a needy toddler in the room.
Are there linters that will overlay compiler-tier optimization hints on top of handwritten assembly?
I agree. I think

> income level, first-generation status, neighborhood circumstances, disadvantages overcome, low-performing secondary school attended, and the impact of an applicant’s background on academic achievement

are probably the best possible set of signaling factors in determining whether a person has the ability to overcome adversity.
The neglect for latency in current popular systems such as Linux sickens me.

I suggest experimenting with cyclictest from rt-tests. On all hardware I've tried, I get 30ms+ peaks after running it on the background for not even very long. I can't comprehend how anybody could find this acceptable.

I do run linux-rt for this reason. Then again, while linux-rt provides the tools to make latency reasonable, the rest of the system hardly does use them.

As we move from the likes of Linux to better architected systems, potentially based on seL4, I do hope the responsiveness will return to sanity. Until then, I'll have to keep going back to my Amiga hardware as cope mechanism.
Know and Understand How You Can Surive Basically in EveryThing in Life
The article mentions 40% O2 sat to 80 or 90%; aren't the latter still really low? I'm certainly no doctor, but wikipedia[1] claims "Prolonged hypoxia induces neuronal cell death via apoptosis, resulting in a hypoxic brain injury" and suggests that 80-85% is considered severe and 86-90% moderate.

Granted, both are a hell of a lot better than 40%!

It adds, "Mild and moderate cerebral hypoxia generally has no impact beyond the episode of hypoxia; on the other hand, the outcome of severe cerebral hypoxia will depend on the success of damage control, amount of brain tissue deprived of oxygen, and the speed with which oxygen was restored."

So I guess my questions are:

* How does this stack up against an intubated ventilator, assuming one is available?

* My understanding is the patients needing respiratory support are often on ventilation for 1-2 weeks; how much damage would one expect from having severe hypoxia for that duration?

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia
Have you tried sourcetrail?
You are either dishonest or need to learn about correlation and causation.

So tell me what would have happened in New York if they had not put a lock down into place? Do you seriously believe the number of dead would be similar to what we see at the moment?

The whole reason why the US has now the highest death numbers is because the federal government ignored all warning signs.
Maybe if there had been a plan your president would have heeded the advice he was given measures like e.g. In South Korea would have been possible. Once you are on the steep bit of the exponential, the only solution that is left is to pull the emergency break.
Not sure that matters. My point was that it was a frugal markup. You don't do two spaces because you want more space, per se. You do it to signal a period at the end of a sentence.

Similarly, we don't ever start a paragraph with spaces. Very common to indent opening paragraphs, though. Why don't we space at the first sentence? Because we already have a clear marker for that.

To that end Word is correct to flag two spaces. In all views. Because it is a wysiwyg. You are not writing a markup, you are seeing the rendered target.
It's good to hear that you're happy with increasing taxes, but I'm afraid that most people in the US that aren't scraping by won't be quite as enthusiastic. Higher wages, lower taxes (on everything, from income to property to fuel/power to sales ...), it does help.

And make no mistake: Germany's public health system works only because of our parallel private insurance system. Doctor's can't run their offices with public insurance patients, because the amounts they can bill are strictly limited per quarter. They make the money they need to survive on the private insurance patients that pay ~2.5 times as much and will pay per visit/procedure, not per quarter.

Of course, this also creates a two-tier system with the private insurances getting the good treatment and everyone else having to wait quite a while to get an appointment, not getting quite a few treatments (e.g. eye glasses, unless you're basically legally blind).

You're on HN, so you're most likely a skilled knowledge worker. You'll be greeted with open arms in Europe. Vote with your feet, give it a try. I don't believe that you'll see substantial change in the US, too many people (regular people too!) profit from the individualist approach.
Ancient Mongol warrior women may have inspired legend of Mulan
Middle-click paste is one of X's many usability fails, especially since it's a convention adopted by no other UI. All the rest assume a max of 2 essential buttons.

Command-C and Command-V are just so much better. Learn to love them.
I don’t consider it against the rules of the bet to allow multiple pictures, including the underside and perhaps even “here, smush the mushroom on a piece of paper and take a picture of that”. My question is can a vision-based AI thing outperform humans within another thirty years, not if it can do it via a mechanism that isn’t discriminating.

For all the myco folks here: Do you have a sense of whether or not the multiple hours mentioned is “required” or “just” makes it easier to get a strong signal? (That is, how much is the signal boost due to our inability to see well as humans)

[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_print
"Those traditional benefits, which vary widely between states, replaced about 40% of one’s prior wages, according to a national average cited by the House Ways and Means Committee.

The measure’s improved $600-a-week payments, which run through July, aim to boost that wage replacement rate to 100% for the average worker."

In other words, this is a very temporary measure due to the current crisis, and those on unemployment will be making far less than they would by working in a few months. A short-term duct tape measure to stop the bleeding isn't security.
Worse, I have a feeling that politicians are going to use this to grab power. They kept delaying the opening of businesses and now say that not all businesses are going to open.

It's going to be: You work, you don't. This is ridiculous.
It may be more demand than supply. Plenty of people would love to be CEOs, and have some ability to run a business and delegate, but you can only have one per company. On the other hand, you can have many engineers. If you could only have one engineer per company, their salaries would likely be much higher.

This would be counter-intuitive, because low demand results in high salary, regardless of supply.
I don't actually mind duck-typing.

My primary point is just that you are mistaken when claiming that this bug could only be surfaced by malicious code.

My secondary (somewhat implicit) point is that having an "is-promise" function is a mistake when there is no way to tell if something actually is or is not a promise. This library/function name is lying to the programmers using it about what it is actually capable of, and that's likely to create bugs.
Python is a text-based language. Aren't all these editors "text-based"? You know you don't have to run Emacs in a terminal emulator, right? It's had mouse support for decades.
It would be interesting to add statistics for consumption of bottled water for individual countries where this data is available. Bottled water is consumed in many countries even when the quality of tap water is perfectly safe.

For example, here is per capita consumption of bottled water in Europe in 2017, by country:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/455422/bottled-water-con...
https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/0... ('No Evidence' Yet That Recovered COVID-19 Patients Are Immune, WHO Says)
> It's become increasingly clear that some activists think everyone should stay at home forever

Who are these sinister activists that are just using the crisis as a tool to achieve their end-game of [checks notes] people never going outside again?
I think it was probably RSTS/E. There were other pdp-11s like the KTV or XGP machines. There might have been Unix machines someplace (MIT is a big place) I just meant that never saw any, and in particular around where quux was assembling the jargon file.
I think the point was adequately made. You can, of course, write better assembly, and you can of course write the exact same assembly a compiler would. But if all of the suggestions for optimization are things compilers would do anyways, you are better off coding in a higher level, portable language in the first place, and only dropping down to asm when it is sufficiently beneficial.

All nitpicking about the quality of the assembly is valid of course, but it does inadvertently help prove the point, especially since most or all of these things are things compilers do today.
It is entirely appropriate. One person died from ingesting hydroxychloroquine[1]. Perscriptions for hydroxychloroquine increased 46X. [2] It turns out that taking it killed more people than the control group. [3].

The Maryland Emergency Management Agency received over 100 calls about injecting disinfectant as a potential cure. [4]

You know, it's possible to explore highly experimental therapies for a novel disease without naming them explicitly at the presidential press briefing during a pandemic. Doing so is INCREDIBLY irresponsible, as evidenced above.

[1] https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-news-arizona-man-di...

[2] https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/us/coronavirus-trump-chlo...

[3] https://apnews.com/a5077c7227b8eb8b0dc23423c0bbe2b2

[4] https://abcnews.go.com/Health/coronavirus-updates-china-repo...
Counter-point:

Kobe(RIP) on having time for friends:

“I have "like minds." You know, I've been fortunate to play in Los Angeles, where there are a lot of people like me. Actors. Musicians. Businessmen. Obsessives. People who feel like God put them on earth to do whatever it is that they do. Now, do we have time to build great relationships? Do we have time to build great friendships? No. Do we have time to socialize and to hangout aimlessly? No. Do we want to do that? No. We want to work. I enjoy working.”
TL;DR probably unrelated, I realized development is so much more than writing code. I don't like coding anymore because i have wasted so much time writing useless code and fighting meaningless battles. Now I am trying myself at working with understanding the "real" problem to be solved before doing anything at all.

I used to really love coding. I read my first programming book when i was 13, studied computer science for 5 years and all that time it truly felt like I could do anything.

During my first two years of working i developed several apps for iOS, and then transitioned to backend work because I noticed the backend was the limiting factor. My logic: I spent most of my time in the frontend wrangling badly formatted data and proving why reported errors originated form bugs in the backend, so I just started fixing the backend.

I started writing backend because it was a force multiplier. I then realised that people working on backend tasks saw the systems they themselves were writing as complete mysteries, and many people simply copy pasted existing code that was sort of similar. I never saw it as a mystery. You get data from one place, transform it and combine it and return it. Just write test and the problem of writing code is solved. In my years writing backend I can count on one hand errors I had in production (all related to environment).

It is not hard to write tests but most people never write them properly. I started nagging the other developers and told them to write tests, I see it as extremely selfish and borderline evil not to do it due to all the pain terrible software causes people every day.

Anyway, I worked hard to continuously improve my coding, meaning how to write less code that was more readable with less mistakes in a shorter amount of time. Less code is not code golf by the way, it is using a proven library instead of reinventing the wheel for the 100th time.

So, as my knowledge improved I eventually hit the wall where there were no objectively better path to take. Everything that was left had strengths and weaknesses. And this is where i started to really hate coding. Because there are so many opinions, and there is literally no objectivity because it is all just a huge pissing contest egged on by the evangelists in the major software houses wanting you to use their newest framework providing them with valuable lockin.

So I started looking to the next force multiplier. What is missing if you write flawless logic? Why is the software still terrible? Because of poor requirements. So i started working with architecture. Now I am doing the same job as developing but I have so much more time to talk to people. If backend work was a 10x multiplier this is more like a 1000x multiplier for me at least.

I have always known but now I understand that all problems and solutions in software are related to human beings. Code is just an implementation of an understanding and if that understanding is not shared by many people the code is worthless. I also feel more useless than ever and I may go back to coding later, but for now I am just learning too much. I guess this did not relate to your question at all, sorry.
This. I moved to the Netherlands and it is incredible how general competence in governance makes such a huge difference in quality of life.
Just use a VM. Macs are designed to run macOS. Hardware and software working together to create an integrated product.
There's this thing that people have finally been talking about--slack in supply chains. It's basically the same idea as people living paycheck-to-paycheck. 95% of the time, it's much more efficient to run that way because inventory isn't free. The problem is there's no buffer against supply chain disruptions.

Companies are always going to try to squeeze out those inefficiencies. This is a place markets will fail, so it's somewhere for governments to step in. Maybe that means government stockpiles, maybe it means governments pay companies to have excess inventory of certain critical products.

It's the same for personal finances. It's actually inefficient for people to save for a rainy day because everyone has a rainy day fund when only 5% of people need it in a given year. This is where you want to have a strong social safety net so that people can spend.

I don't think the situation's "mad," it's just that the US has a weak social safety net and people are encouraged to spend.
How does one draw the line between necessary marketing/sales expenses and unnecessary ones? Even some of the most "innovative" companies like Apple spend billions on advertising. I don't have an MBA but it seems pretty much impossible to sell new products without an advertising budget.
We have tests, but we waste them all on billionaires and senators and basketball players even though testing them doesn't help them or anyone else even slightly...
> I doubt it's really production ready given he likes to start and stop projects

A likely good strategy for success in startups is productizing projects started by George Hotz. :-P
It's what we use at my workplace; not my call to make
Couldn't agree more. I've a load of mates in financial services, one a chartered accountant, they re saying things like "oh they must have been bullshit businesses the ones that went bust so quick". So many people have no idea that small business live hand to mouth. In fact I would go as far to say majority of people just don't understand that the majority of businesses are in a really precarious position permanently.
That line of reasoning suggests progress isn't being made and we are just reliving the past.
I work in a similar environment, but I think it's fair to realize many do not.
The model of a program as a linear file of 80-column text is a historical accident based on IBM mainframes in the 1950s, and the decks of punch cards they read. It seems like there must be a way to treat text in a more flexible way without going to a full visual programming language.

For example, consider all the things that have a physical order and position in a file that is actually irrelevant. Why can't methods (for instance) get displayed as convenient, without worrying about where they are in the file?

Limiting programs to fixed-width, single-font text also seems like a historical artifact. (The Xerox Alto allowed full WYSIWYG text for program code.) Having to draw diagrams with ASCII graphics just seems wrong.

Admittedly, these examples are somewhat trivial, but my point is that program structure is probably a local maximum, not the best possible solution.