In this video of Eric Bier and his colleagues from Xerox PARC demonstrating Cedar, they discuss writing resolution independent applications, and the problem and approaches to matching the text and formatting displayed on the screen, with how it looks when printed:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_dt7NG38V4

>Eric Bier Demonstrates Cedar. Computer History Museum, Recorded on January 24, 2019.

>This interpretive production was created from archival footage of Eric Bier, PARC research scientist, demonstrating the Cedar integrated environment and programming language on January 24, 2019. Cedar was an evolution of the Mesa environment/language, developed at PARC’s Computer Science Laboratory originally for the Xerox Alto. Mesa was modular and strongly-typed, and influenced the later Modula family of languages. Cedar/Mesa ran on the D-machine successors to the Alto (such as the Dorado) and added features including garbage collection, and was later ported to Sun workstations. Cedar/Mesa’s integrated environment featured a graphical window system and a text editor, Tioga, which could be used for both programming and document preparation, allowing for fonts, styles, and graphics to be embedded in code files. The editor and all its commands were also available everywhere, including on the command console and in text fields. The demo itself is running through a Mac laptop remotely logged into Bier’s Sun workstation at PARC using X Windows. Bier demonstrates the Cedar development environment, Tioga editor, editing commands using three mouse buttons, sophisticated text search features, the command line, and the Gargoyle graphics editor, which was developed as part of Bier’s UC Berkeley Ph.D. dissertation. Bier is joined by Nick Briggs, Chris Jacobi, and Paul McJones.

Here are some notes about that I took:

There were several window systems developed for Cedar: Warren Teitelman developed Docs. Lots of functionality, but slow. Scott McGregor developed Viewers. It was lean and fast, in response to Docs. Michael Plass built the Cedar imager.

The Experimental Programming Environment Research Project looked at different competing projects to decide which to standardize on. Cedar/Mesa came out of that and played a dominant role in the 80's. The Smalltalk people contributed ideas but were (not railroaded but) frustrated.

Cedar had a ubiquitous almost-wysiwyg structured text and code editor called Tioga. It was important in Cedar, because it's everywhere, even the text fields. The terminal window has a stripped down text editor with subset of commands.

Setting the so-called "clipping level" in Tioga (like a folding outliner) goes back to Englebart's NLS. Bill Paxton and Doug Wyatt were NLS people who also worked on Tioga.

Key ideas were applicable in any possible place in both systems. The Alto had small memory, and each program took over the entire system. It was not integrated. Simple little editors for code. Fancier editors for documents. Using the same component everywhere is something Smalltalk was pioneering even on the tiny Alto. When Cedar came along, running on a much bigger more powerful 1 megabyte D-Machines, it pulled together those ideas, and added so much more, including much more advanced graphics, way beyond what the Alto could do.

Tioga could display and edit formatted code with different levels of indentation and formatting. Tioga was not completely WYSIWYG. Print mode shows two columns, but you edit one column. You could get a pretty good idea of what it would look like, but in the early times it did not have smooth fonts. Bitmap fonts measure differently on the printer, so text is necessarily broken and flowed differently. The printer used Interpress, the predecessor of PostScript. You could preview Interpress files in Cedar. (The video shows a demo of both editing a document in Tioga, and previewing the Interpress file that it produced for the printer.)

Recently I wrote about the differences and similarities between Forth and PostScript, and the influences of Evans and Sutherland's "Design System" on John Warnock and Martin Newall's "Jam", then Jam's influence on John Warnock and Charles Geschke's "Interpress", then Interpress's influence on PostScript:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21968175

>Kragen is right that PostScript is a lot more like Lisp or Smalltalk than Forth, especially when you use Owen Densmore's object oriented PostScript programming system (which NeWS was based on). PostScript is semantically very different and much higher level that Forth, and syntactically similar to Forth but uses totally different names (exch instead of swap, pop instead of drop, etc).

>But its most obvious similarities with Forth are based on generic Computer Science concepts like stacks, which is not something particularly unique to Forth itself, so saying PostScript was influenced by Forth ignores other much more influential languages like Interpress, JaM, and Design System, which directly influenced PostScript and were designed by the same people. Also, PostScript is not threaded like Forth. But it's homoiconic, unlike Forth and Lisp.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threaded_code

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiconicity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Newell_(computer_scient...

The heavily commented PostScript source code of PizzaTool for NeWS shows Owen's OOP PostScript system in action:

https://donhopkins.com/home/archive/NeWS/pizzatool

PostScript was a direct descendent of and heavily influenced by Xerox PARC's Interpress, by John Warnock and Charles Geschke, which itself was a direct descendent of JaM, which stands for "John and Martin", by John Warnock and Martin Newall. And JaM was a descendent of Evans and Sutherland's Design System, by John Warnock and John Gaffney.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warnock

http://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=1213

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Newell_(computer_scient...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Geschke

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpress

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_%26_Sutherland

Brian Reid (whose brother is Glenn Reid, author of several books on PostScript from Adobe) wrote up an excellent historical summary in 1985 on the laser-lovers mailing list of the influences and evolution of PostScript.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Reid_(computer_scientist...

http://glennreid.blogspot.com/

Here's a post I wrote earlier:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19874245

>DonHopkins 8 months ago [-]

>Brian Reid wrote about page independence, comparing Interpress' and PostScript's different approaches. Adobe's later voluntary Document Structuring Conventions actually used PostScript comments to make declarations and delimit different parts of the file -- it wasn't actually a part of the PostScript language, while Interpress defined pages as independent so they couldn't possibly affect each other:

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/fa.laser-lovers/H3us...

>By now you can probably see the fundamental philosophical difference between PostScript and Interpress. Interpress takes the stance that the language system must guarantee certain useful properties, while PostScript takes the stance that the language system must provide the user with the means to achieve those properties if he wants them. With very few exceptions, both languages provide the same facilities, but in Interpress the protection mechanisms are mandatory and in PostScript they are optional. Debates over the relative merits of mandatory and optional protection systems have raged for years not only in the programming language community but also among owners of motorcycle helmets. While the Interpress language mandates a particular organization, the PostScript language provides the tools (structuring conventions and SAVE/RESTORE) to duplicate that organization exactly, with all of the attendant benefits. However, the PostScript user need not employ those tools.

There's more interesting discussion about the relationship between PostScript and Forth on c2:

http://wiki.c2.com/?ForthPostscriptRelationship

Here's a lot more stuff I've written about PostScript and Forth (two of my favorite topics!):

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11479364

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13198492

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13705664

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13705739

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18317280

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18692144

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18695275

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18696116

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19873630

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19874245

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19882301