> There's a great talk on why functional programming is not the norm

It's a great talk in the sense that it satisfies people who want excuses. The real reason is similar to the one in the talk, but more disappointing: over decades, functional programming was not found to be either significantly better or significantly worse than other paradigms in productivity or other similar metrics, but for many years imperative paradigms enjoyed a significant benefit in runtime performance, and so there's really no reason to switch. I honestly couldn't care -- I like, and hate, OOP and FP equally -- but paradigms exist to serve practitioners, not the other way around.

One thing is clear: you cannot at once say you're interested in serving the research of typed lambda calculus -- a worthy research goal -- and also in advancing the state-of-the-art in the software industry, which is another worthy goal, but a very different one. If you're interested in the latter you must conduct some sort of study on the problem at hand; if you're interested in the former, then you have zero information to make a claim about the latter. In other words, you can either want to advance programming or advance typed FP; you cannot do both at once, because doing they both require very different kinds of study. If you're for typed FP, then that position is no less valid than being for OOP, or any other paradigm some people like, but it's not more valid, either.

> And they're not an incremental improvement on the status quo with an obvious, easy benefit.

... or at all.

> That's a rhetorical exercise. You can take a random snippet of APL or Fortran and the outcome would be the same.

I totally disagree here. Simplifying ideas makes you understand what is essential and what isn't, and is absolutely required before some idea can get out of the lab and become a useful technology in the field. If the most basic subroutine represents some object in a meta-universe, that even 99% of mathematicians have no clue about -- you're off to a bad start with engineers. The use of constructive type theory as a foundation is interesting to logicians who want to study the properties of constructive type theories and of proof assistants based on them. It is nothing but an unnecessary complication for software developers. As you point out, there are often some necessary complications, so there's really no need to add unnecessary ones.

BTW, you mentioned TLA+. TLA+ also requires some effort, although significantly less than Lean (or Isabelle, or Coq), but TLA+ has made a historical breakthrough in formal logic. From its inception in the late 19th century, and even from its first beginnings in the 17th, formal logic aspired to be a useful tool for practitioners. But time and again it's fallen far short of that goal, something that logicians like John von Neumann and Alan Turing bemoaned. AFAIK, TLA+ is the first powerful (i.e. with arbitrary quantification) formal logic in the history of formal logic that has gained some use among ordinary practitioners -- to paraphrase Alan Turing, among "the programmers in the street" (Turing said that formal logic failed to find use for "the mathematician in the street," and tried, unsuccessfully, to rectify that). It was no miracle: Lamport spent years trying to simplify the logic and adapt it to the actual needs of engineers, including through "field research" (others, like David Harel, have done the same). That is something that the logicians behind other proof assistants seem to be uninterested in doing, and so their failure in achieving that particular goal is unsurprising.

> Every language requires training and effort to learn.
... Interested folks will come around eventually and have their moment but it takes training and dedication to get there.

But why get there at all? I'm interested, I learned some Haskell and some Lean, I think Haskell is OK -- not much better or much worse than most languages, but not my cup of tea -- and Lean is very interesting for those interested in formal logic, but offers little to engineers; I enjoy it because I'm interested in some theoretical aspects. But why would I subject other developers who aren't particularly interested in a certain paradigm to suffer until they "get there" just for the sake of that paradigm? Again, paradigms exist to serve practitioners, not the other way around.

> If you don't see why that's useful then what do you think the community should be focusing on?

I think the community should be honest about what Haskell is: a testing ground for ideas in the research of typed functional programming. Then, it should consider measuring some results before disappearing down its own rabbit hole, where it's of little use to anyone. Algebraic effects could be an interesting experiment at this point. I don't really care about the pains of all 300 Haskell developers with monad transformers, but if Haskell tries another approach to IO, then it might eventually find a generally useful ones; same goes for using linear types instead of monads. But dependent types? They're currently at the stage when even their biggest fans find it hard to say more good things about them than bad. If Haskell wants to serve software by testing out new ideas in typed functional programming, I think it should at least focus on ones that might still be in the lab but are at least out of the tube.