skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
This is actually fine. While CDOs were involved in the last financial crisis, they weren't the fundamental culprit. That honor would belong to ill-coordinated banking regulations between the US and Europe.

In order to provide a public backstop without encouraging moral hazard, banking regulators impose risk-taking limitations on banks. In the US, this took the form of encouraging asset sales into capital markets, under the assumption that this would make any risk the banks take dissipate away harmlessly. In the EU, this took the form of leverage limits based off the credit rating of the asset, with the highest rated asset commanding the largest leverage limits.

These regulations combined in a very unfortunate way in the transatlantic CDO trade. The CDO part isn't the important innovation, though; as long as the above structure persisted, something would be found to take advantage of it. Anyhow, the short of the crisis is that American banks would sell their risky assets into concentrated positions of systematically important banks, particularly ones outside of the narrow American regulatory purview. On the other side of the Atlantic, they accidentally applied a massive incentive to figure out a way to slap an AAA rating on stuff, and the market delivered that in spades.

The cherry on top of this entire system is that when American banks make loans, this cash gets transferred and winds up sitting in some money market fund somewhere. These funds are searching for short-term dollar-denominated yields, and the best way to get that is to lend money to European banks secured by AAA-rated assets. After all, with the generous leverage limits bestowed on them, they can borrow a hell of a lot of money.
The power of websites is that they run cross-platform. If your website works on chrome on windows it’ll work (for the most part) on Firefox on Mac and safari on iOS. Apple is against this philosophically because it doesn’t take advantage of the unique capabilities their devices provide. It’s the same reason why Apple stopped supporting flash https://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughts-on-flash/
The best answer comes from the paper you cited earlier:

> "New biologic drugs are orders of magnitude larger than small-molecule drugs, and it’s often impossible to know on an atom-by-atom basis whether one large-molecule drug is the same as another. Subsequent versions of off-patent biotech drugs are therefore called biosimilar rather than generic. Differences in the tissue systems that produce them can lead to differences in protein folding and glycosylation, which could theoretically result in efficacy or safety differences. But the FDA, the EMA, and the generic drug industry hope these issues can be addressed by new regulatory sciences of biosimilarity."

> "Although regulatory pathways for biosimilar insulin are being finalized in the United States and Europe, economists warn that the introduction of biosimilars may not lead to price reductions equivalent to those seen with typical generic medicines. Even an abbreviated approval process for biosimilars will require substantially more original data than the typical abbreviated new drug application required for small-molecule generics and will necessitate immunogenicity and other safety studies in humans."
I think that seeing things like this should serve more as a point of inspiration, not a full faceted solution.
"(impossible on native because of the multi-day process required to build an ios app for the first time)"

What??? how is it multiple days to build an app for the first time? It takes minutes and if you are being pedantic by including App Store review it tends to be under 24 hours for new apps and under 6 hours for app updates now. Plus you can distribute to your own team instantly through TestFlight.
More importantly (and what you're kind of alluding to) is the RISK - sure, Tesla is beating the SP500 - but how about a week from now, or a year? He is taking on significantly more risk compared to someone who just holds the SP500 - that's fine if it matches your risk appetite, but most people fail to consider the other side of the risk/return coin.

Likewise, a good understanding of the overall portfolio is key - and not just investments. For example, if you work at Tesla and hold mostly Tesla shares you are running an even higher risk than the average Tesla investor - the risk of you getting laid off is closely tied to Tesla shares tanking - and failing to diversify away that risk can hit many of us very, very hard.
[For the benefit of HN: SysEx is a special manufacturer-specific MIDI message which is undefined, so a synth manufacturer can use it for whatever he wishes]

I build a lot of open source patch editors for older synthesizers. My beef with Sysex is that every manufacturer uses completely different approaches to defining their own proprietary messages with it. For example, nearly every synth in the universe has a sysex message for dumping a patch (a full set of parameter settings) from a synth to another or to a computer; but they define their messages is radically different ways, so I must construct an entirely different set of parsing and emitting tools for every single synthesizer, even within a given manufacturer. It's a nightmare.

So continuing this example, if the MIDI association had gotten together early on and said that MIDI dumps should have a header that looks like THIS and then all the parameters in order, two bytes per parameter with no bit packing whatsoever, no two's complement, and end with a specific checksum, then I'd have written 10x more patch editors so far. I wouldn't have to write custom parsers and dumpers: I'd just provide a list of parameters and their bounds.
How labor market institutions affect job creation and productivity growth
Eric Schmidt's 6 proposals for the US to beat China in critical technologies
I'm not sure what you're comparing to. Both filesystems do deduplication at a block level. But Btrfs can do reflink copies and ZFS can't. And Btrfs can do after-the-fact deduplication and ZFS can't.
I'm so glad this happened, this may put an end to the many, many bespoke midi implementations I've come across.

I participated in a piano competition over a decade ago (I believe it was sponsored by YAMAHA) which recorded all participants through an extended MIDI format that increased the resolution and bumped almost everything up to 1024 max from 127 max. With MIDI 2.0 this wouldn't even be required, all the functionality is included.
I’ve never been refused service because I insisted upon having forms printed. Nobody is talking about just going home.
Sure. Zig isn't even production-ready yet. That doesn't mean that its ability to do so much with such a minimal design isn't very impressive.
openBSD uses mksh which includes a restricted mode (http://www.mirbsd.org/htman/i386/man1/mksh.htm)
Does Amazon Alexa not fall under the same scrutiny?
I am very unfamiliar with how the financial market works, maybe someone here on HN can answer this question:

How can a single person with an internet connection (that's my understanding of the 'from his parents home' part) trigger an event that causes US markets to crash and wipe (albeit temporarily) billions of dollars?

I mean, this guy was 'only' in it for the money. Could someone with much worse motives just trigger a crash like this on demand?
Exactly. Anyway, my home server is having 6Tb redundant storage (3xToshiba 3Tb) and 10Tb Hitachi drive, non redundant. What would the cost of SSDs be? Over $1000 not to mention the controlle 4 SATA port vs 19+ port controller is a huge difference in price.

I do use SSDs, where I need speed - L2ARC ;), far better use than buying 19Tb of SSDs, not to mention the price.

Anyway, I do use ZFS on laptop for linux root. Reason? Snapshots. Kvm + ZFS, perfect match. /.zfs/snapshots? Fabulous.
It certainly possible, but there is a lot of arcane knowledge that goes in to the techniques listed. Native apps, generally, has better performance “built in”.
How many fucking times is this going to be spammed? JFC, stop already.
>Makes me question the "he regarded trading as a video game in which the object was to compile points not money" narrative.

Yeah that is 100% lawyer speak haha. Smart move tbqh.
This depends on what you mean by "plain insulin". If you are referring to NPH and R, there's a massive world of difference going to, say, Novolog and Lantus. If you're comparing something like Lantus versus Tresiba, sure, it's more "extended release" Or yes, Afrezza is inhalable. But when people complain about the cost of insulin, they're referring to the cost, and especially the huge cost increases, of insulins like Lantus and Novolog (that have been out for a couple decades now), not the cost of new insulins like Afrezza or Tresiba.
> For software services, you are free to choose from the market offerings whether you are on Apple hardware or not

Up until last year, if I wanted maps via CarPlay, I had to use Apple maps. Up until last year, if I wanted to sync passwords across devices, I had to use iCloud. Even today, if I click on an address, it goes to Apple maps. I have to jump through hoops to use Google Maps.

If you want to install apps, you must use the App store.

If you want to play music on your watch, you have to use Apple Music.

There are still plenty of places where Apple forces you to (or at least makes it very inconvenient not to) use their services. Most users aren't sophisticated enough to use anything but Apple Maps, Apple Music, iCloud, etc.

> You may have a great point about their software service selection but I disagree with your muddying the waters bringing their core software into the mix.

When did I bring their core software into the mix? I'm only talking about their services.
FWIW, there is a GDScript syntax highlighter and completion plugin for vim [0], and there was also a GSOC project to add language server support for GDScript [1]. I don't know the exact status of the PRs besides that some parts of it haven't been merged yet, but some did apparently make it into Godot 3.2. I'm sure testing and bugfixes would be appreciated.

[0] https://github.com/calviken/vim-gdscript3

[1] https://godotengine.org/article/gsoc-2019-progress-report-1-...
Why would you deliberately compare your site to drudge report?
Glibc libm has been heavily tuned for both speed and correctness over many years. Not sure I'd trust musl to the same extent in that area.

(Assuming your data sciency workload uses those functions; if not, this doesn't apply)
> I'm also skeptical. A single LTE node can have a total bandwidth of 1+ Gbps. In Poland there are probably over 20k such nodes. Yet, the average speed you get is about 25 Mbps.

I imagine usage is not evenly distributed between those nodes!

Also LTE connections are limited by the speed of the connection running to the base station. even worse, if that base station is on a microwave link to another tower that then has fiber running to it, expect slower speeds.

Also there is the phone hardware. Take Wi-Fi for a minute, which is a more controlled environment, the performance difference between different chipsets rated at the same speed can be huge! Firmware, drivers, and just how the chip is wired up. Plenty of opportunities to screw things up, sometimes even with the same chipset between different laptop manufacturers.

https://www.speedtest.net/insights/blog/samsung-galaxy-s10/ is a nice overview of how carriers cap speeds, though I have to say 50Mb/s isn't exactly shabby for a phone.

And finally, there is going to be a power trade off, I wonder how inefficient those LTE chips are when running full bore! Now I am curious as to what that graph looks like. :) Some sort ∩ shape I imagine where it starts being more efficient as you download faster so the radio is on for a shorter period of time, and then getting less efficient as you try to squeeze every last bit of performance out of the chipset.
OCaml compilation is just as fast as Go.
Google's New Chatbot Can Talk About Anything
This happens because:

1. The original app that was playing (Podcasts, Spotify, etc.) got automatically killed for whatever reason (consuming too much memory, etc.)

2. The default app for audio playback is Apple Music, so if you press play (or if your car resumes audio), that is the app that starts up.

There is no way (at least right now), to change the default app for audio playback on the phone.
I challenge that notion. It displays a shortsightedness which is uncharacteristic of intelligence.
SSDs are always corrupt. Their raw bit error rate can be 90%+ in normal operation. The only reason SSDs work at all is because of awesome math.
> "oh people change the page forward too frequently accidentally"

Would you need to log every page turn with every book and time and date for something like that though? Wouldn't that be a more specific event like "turns page forward, turns page back within x seconds"? This sounds more like "we don't know what we might use this data for, but it's better to have it and not need it than to need it and not have it ... who knows, maybe we can deduct some profile from knowing how quick the user read through that chapter in that book" than legitimate use cases.
The UK is a CCTV surveillance state and part of the Five Eyes intelligence alliance tho so not like it's any better.
Q: If you say you are a trans woman, does that mean you are transitioning from MtF?
Yeah, but where do you draw the line between 'oh sorry we dropped your request because of rate limiting' (or whatever mitigation strategy) and 'oh, we dropped your request because u scraping us bro' legally? IANAL, but this lawsuit seems to indicated that putting barriers in front of scraping attempts is a no-no.
SpaceX has ~80 launches and recovered the booster ~40 times so the technology is very real and fully operational.

The "cheap" part is somewhat questionable because current prices are lower but still comparable to those of traditional providers. This is likely because fixed costs are high and there is limited demand from satellite operators.

A big part of the reason SpaceX is jumping into the satellite business is to create demand for itself and fully exploit Falcon 9 technology.
This article from business insider is a good summary: https://outline.com/ZPqaXs
how does offline dedup work? Does it require reading all file data to locate duplicates? That sounds expensive to do anywhere except nearly idle systems.

Any filesystem with data checksumming should only need to build an index of the checksums to find duplicates, which sounds far cheaper. Does btrfs do that?
> I would argue that iMessage is excellent.

I wouldn't. Interacting with people who don't use iMessage is awful. It gets very confused when you try to send group messages when some people have iMessage and some don't, for example.

Google's offerings handle this much better, especially if you're on Android, but even if you aren't.
Knock the politics all you want but Drudge Report is an effective website in that it clearly conveys info to it's Target population. Website looks really cool @OP!
Thanks, I didn't realize it was that large. :'(

Do you think the advent of DoH will improve that situation?
2%? They're issuing ~0% bonds in most of the Eurozone.

I also believe there can't really be a crash when interest rates are very low/at 0%, since the time value of money literally becomes null and debt can forever be pushed further. BUT since there is already existing debt to service - issued at higher interest rates - the debt size has to increase.

Then it works as a trap as the interest rates cannot easily go up without heavy defaults - because there is a lot of debt to service. Also, somehow low interest rates correlate with low GDP growth - max capacity, no room for growth left?

Disclaimer - not an economist, perhaps someone can debunk my theory and explain what I'm getting wrong.
Depends on how they handle political issues. Cell networks are beholden to the local government, as they have to build infra there.

This might put more pressure on national firewalls.
Show HN: Pueue An executor for long running shell commands, rewritten in Rust
Gitlab CEO Meetings
Production-Ready Kappa Architecture for Timely Data Stream Processing
Light in fibers travels at around 2/3rds of the speed of light, while in air or vacuum it travels at (approximately) the speed of light. So a path through space can be 50% longer, and your signal will still arrive at the same time.

Consider that the distance between New York and London is ~5500km, and these satellites are only ~500km up, that gives you quite a bit of margin to be faster.
To answer your first question: the benefit of derivatives, of which CDOs are a type, are that they theoretically allow people to _reduce_ risk.

The classic example is a put option. If you think a stock will go down in a future, you could short that stock; but if instead the stock goes _up_, you could be on the hook for an infinite amount of money. Instead, you can buy a put option and get a similar payout if the stock goes down, but if it goes up, you've only lost the money you spent on the option.

Another example is purchasing futures: if you're an airline and you think fuel prices are going to go up, you can buy up a messload of fuel futures, and you'll effectively pay the same price for fuel while everyone else is paying more (which I think JetBlue did in the 00s).

In this case, a CDO theoretically reduces risk by spreading your risk across a huge number of mortgage holders. If you sell someone one mortgage and they default, then whoops! You just lost a ton of money. But if you instead sell 100 different mortgages, you're "diversifying" your risk. Most people don't have billions of dollars to sell thousands of mortgages to make this sort of investment, so CDOs package the mortgages into purchaseable portions.

(Of course, what happened during the housing crisis was that there was a huge, systemic issue that would cause huge swatches of mortgages to default. That part sucked, and the contributors to that catastrophe definitely deserve the ire on them.)

[Disclaimer: I'm relying on my memory of finance classes I took 15 years ago, I'm probably wrong about some details.]
> This is why creating hard links on Windows is much slower

Are you actually sure that's why? Usually the Windows bottleneck is in the I/O subsystem overhead rather than the file system itself. Note that FindFirstFileName requires opening the file first, which is the operation that incurs a lot of overhead irrespective of what you're doing after. I read that on Linux this is avoided through the use of a cache (hash table?), which Windows doesn't have. Once the file is opened, the I/O performance on Windows and Linux is comparable.
It might be if you're arbitraging markets against each other. Starlink orbits are at 340 km, i.e. 1.1 ms altitude; if you're sending data between London and New York, you can afford 2.2 ms of uplink/downlink if it allows your signals to travel at c instead of 0.7c.
awesome, not sure how I'd handle comments since this approach would aim to be as seamless as possible. Maybe when they click into the thread you use the UI to remind them of the other saved items they have using the right sidebar for example, but I don't like how it tries to grab attention from the core experience. They could also always click the browser extension similar to Pocket, but I imagine this action would be used less compared to things naturally appearing on the pages that they browse. You'll have to find ways to train the user to use that behavior regularly, perhaps again similar to pocket when they click "save" the browser extension shows a little popover so they see it saved in the extension, can tag it etc., and know their other content/saved comments live there
The article makes you click on another article for the answer of "well, what Python docker build should you use?"

If you're not satisfied with Alpine and need slim builds, answer is python3.8:slim-buster (from other article).

From empirical experience, slim-buster has been a good choice for our use case of ML services.
A couple things:

1. Signals travel faster through the air and vacuum of space than they do fiber optic cables or electrical cables.
2. If there is an HFT trader based in the U.S. looking to trade based on events happening in Spain or Japan, they still want to get data across continents in the fastest way possible.

EDIT: Apparently other posters traded on the information arbitrage opportunity of replying to your post several seconds faster than I did. gg.
https://www.midi.org/specifications-old/item/the-midi-1-0-sp...
Blizzard now claims full copyright for player-made “custom game” mods
Show HN: Sun finder, figure out where in the world or a region has good weather
Dino: An open-source application for XMPP messaging
"I have nothing to hide, so I don't mind big brother watching every step I take."
You are correct (I'm sorry, I don't know much more than what I read in a cursory inspection some time ago). I should have called it the "lazy and/or completely immutable" category.
Hi, I’m on the Shitty Media Men list, but maybe you already knew that
I think you completely lost the context of the conversation, we are talking about improving signatures.

Everything you said against using private keys, apply to physical signatures.

Sure hacks will surely happens, but they already do happens with signature. At least now you'll get much more traceability and be able to invalidate what needs to be.

> You also skipped over all the hurdles of recognizing a “person” that we will issue to anyway. Sure, we could ignore that... but then Montana doesn’t recognize signatures from Oregon.

Recognizing what? You are the only one here talking about this being a proof of citizenship. Does your physical signature prove that you are a US citizen? Does it need to? I certainly hope not.

For each subsequent argument, please just ask yourself whether this issue apply to physical signature too in a way first.
For real efficiency we'd need renewable feeding the grid, then massive and efficient server racks, with your tiddly website running in a docker container on there somewhere, hopefully this is on an edge node close to the person viewing the site. In other words economies of scale.

The nice thing about that is that you don't have to change the tech much, you can still use digital ocean or whatever, but they need to get their power from renewable, which in turn means their grid needs to.

The not so nice thing is we are not changing fast enough. I hope pure price pressure from tech advantages will get us from fossils to renewable.
idk who won big, but I sure won small. Saw more movies with moviepass than in the combined years before and after.
Interface Innovations That Rocked Our World
I don't think ZFS checks the parity constantly, but it verifies the checksums of every block it does read.
You can do it when needed by file on any filesystem, fdupes is a common program used for the process. The only advantage btrfs has is searching for duplicate blocks rather than files. In the few cases where that saves a meaningful amount of space, ZFS's live deduplication would probably be worth the RAM.
Thorium reactors are breeders. Molten salt reactors share many issues related to the corrosive radioactive colant with fast breeder reactors that are discussed in the article.
Thanks for the answer, this is really what I was looking for.

In regards to cloud drives (icloud, dropbox) are those encrypted when transferring data?
Best Buy supported NFC payments generally until Apple Pay launched in 2014. After that I saw the NFC logo on their terminals still, but every time I tried to use Apple Pay, it would report an error. Cashiers told me each time that "Google Pay" would work, but not Apple Pay.

Perhaps they were lying, or mistaken.

But you were specifically calling out my claim of chain stores deliberately eschewing Apple Pay as FUD, which is weird, because they were quite open about it at the time. Walmart has kept up their QR-code-only approach, while the others gave up on CurrenC eventually.