skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Philosophy is a good undergrad choice if you're planning on going to law school.

>Taking out $200,000, which is the going rate for most liberal arts 4-year-degrees

The average student loan balance is $29,800 upon graduation. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/20/how-much-the-average-student...
~12,000 isn't too bad. You also did the smart thing by going to community college first.

So it's sounds like you're OK, or at least not financially ruined. Payments on $12,000 will be manageable.

I'm mostly talking about the folks taking out $50-200,000 in loans for an undergrad degree with some random major (with the upper end of that scale obviously being much worse than the lower end).
In other words "recycle" mode isn't recycling (you can just chuck them in the trash) and it isn't reusing.

A complete deception to sound green, with zero cost to Sonos with zero attempt to be green, and just causing a waste stream. Nice one Sonos.
I feel similarly about conferences sometimes.

Like there is a whole world of conferences about such things....but miles away from doing...
I have a similar requirements out of my OS, but using a different approach.

I essentially boot Docker images bare-metal, directly from Grub.

https://godarch.com/

My recipes: https://github.com/pauldotknopf/darch-recipes
I’d echo this response. For me the added mentally energy of resisting the desire to take out the trash, clean some dishes etc is just a distraction because I worry about getting it done. I just take care of what I need to take care of at home chore wise and then trust myself to get enough work done to not feel guilty.
My claim is roughly that making back ~1 median wage is not a high bar to meet. Over a working career I'd consider it below the error margin; it's 2-3% of lifetime earnings if you only earn median.

Like, flubbing a single negotiation on any job could have a higher impact than that over the rest of your career.
I did something like that. The country was California in the 1980s.
How many people have motd in their ad block lists?
This. The Super NES memory map is divided into 256 banks of 64KB each. The bottom 8KB of RAM is visible in 128 of these banks, but the remaining 120KB only appears once. The bottom 8KB of RAM is therefore faster to access (at any time, it's more likely to be visible in the "current" bank).

Of course, game developers tried to put as much data as possible into the part of RAM that is faster to access.
Debugging is something I could not do as easily in Julia vs debugonce and trace in R. Compiling takes time.

But so far we have seen great development. Flux is a truly beautiful ml library. Being a compiled language remove a lot of headache when building production images. The syntax, the full utf support in variable name. Package management is great. Having that abstraction layer between CPU, GPU so you don't have to rewrite code. Dispatch based on signature, type management. I don't see it going away soon. It took me 13 years to make them transition out of SAS, good thing cloud computing come around and someone realised the clusterfuck of having to manage SAS licence in the cloud.
Well then there will be a variable cost depending on the treatment you need and the prices that the market decides. No amount of money in your bank could give you any financial security as you are basically one accident, surgery or even treatment away from bankruptcy. It could be that this one pill you need is suddenly priced at a million dollars a pill and you cant survive anymore. (Hypothetically can happen in a totally free market).

I for one wouldn't like this level of risk with something so vital to my wellbeing. I would rather prefer that the government took this risk on my behalf of me and just charged me a flat rate throughout my life. (Btw this is the case already in almost all developed countries)

In general there are some things where government intervention is needed. Police, Education, Healthcare and Pension as these things cannot have a totally variable cost decided by a free market.
Ask HN: Any good tutorials on how to make an OS
I recently been interested in making my own OS but most the tutorials I found are outdated and don't work
What all these studies always fail to factor is that a college degree will give you an advantage over someone that does not have one in just about any situation. Just the fact that you have one will signal to the potential employer that you can accomplish goals, meet a deadline and the many things you need to deal with to get a degree over those that don't have one.

The real question is, "Does an ivy league degree, and those that are very expensive worth it?" I suspect that in most cases it's not. An art degree from Harvard will most likely not pay for itself. But an engineering one from a respected state school will likely have a good return on investment.

Bottom line a degree is worth it. But you have to make sure you pick a major that pays off in the end.
Going back to Debian from Ubuntu, are there any things you miss?
> ...WhatsApp isn't free. I have to spend hundreds of dollars upfront to buy a phone...

WhatsApp works reliably on a staggeringly broad list of devices. You can get a supported phone for, like, $20 and stick a $5-per-month prepaid SIM in it (many of these plans in low-income countries specifically come with WhatsApp allowances) and be connected.
Interesting that billionaire dropouts often send their children to college & donate heavily to public education
Don't forget the old prop 13 rug pull!
You can actually be worse than random chance and still make mountains of money.

The fact is, for most jobs like this, it is far more important to look & speak the part -- to be able to make other people think you really know what you're talking about -- than it is actually to be accurate. Most popular weather-people are attractive and telegenic. Very few ever are actually measured by accuracy of predictions. Similarly, equity analysts who can impress the client base (who are, mostly, non-financial professionals) rarely get called out for lack of accuracy. Not saying it never happens, but most of the time the analyst (with the help of their employer) takes all the credit (for hard work, knowledge, insight, etc) when they are right, and blame "unexpected circumstances" or "unforeseen events" when wrong.
Ask HN: Resource for Mathematics of Finance
Hello!

I’m looking for recommendations for a good resource on financial mathematics, maybe from first principles. Ideally, I’d like to understand more complex topics such as Monte Carlo simulations, expected value, Black-Shoales, etc.

My goal is not to be a quant but to be able to speak intelligently about the field. (I don’t play baseball but I know what an ERA is, kind of thing).

Any help is appreciated.

Merry Christmas!
Age limit now 21 across US for cigarettes, tobacco products
YES! my first job used an in-house object database, and it was magical (though everyone else seemed to hate it.. I think they were just using it wrong.)

It had UML schema, Paxos replication, fine-grained transactions, cardinality checking, reversible upgrades, etc. Application code ran in-process with the database, and it made it really eady to do anything.

I'd love to contribute to an open-source version but probably can't since I've read its code.

P.S. It fell out of favor because the systems that used it tended to be monoliths that did too much to scale well. The "right way to do it," IMHO is to build a central stateful brain with it, kick all asynchronous work out to stateless worker microservices and read from active secondaries. If the brain's only job is to mutate state by applying business logic, you can scale quite far.
I've noticed this starting to happen also. Click a YouTube video and it wants to open in the YouTube app which gives me only two options: Update or Quit. Or opens Instagram which then forgets the profile/image I was actually trying to view.
How to Talk Art and Math in the Same Classroom
I'll have to go back and re-listen but IIRC the other guy wasn't a co-founder, he was employee #1.
Tuvalu is a tiny island nation of 11,000 people and cashing in thanks to Twitch
in practice "the best" and securest way of encrypting a folder is zip-compressing it several times with passwords.
I'm still waiting to see the studies that the odds are "very high" that us veterans have PTSD. Not holding my breath here, but you've made the claim based on your anecdotes and a claim that "ample actual studies exist", so I'd like to see it.
Mogadishu is probably a bad example because there are actually an enormous amount of Somali immigrants in the Midwest. But I was really restricting my comment to intra-US comparisons.
Thinking it’s a good idea is why so many people regret doing exactly what you’re doing.

The simple reality is collage class are incredibly shallow introductions to the subject matter and hardly worth the price of admission. That’s somewhat offset by credentials, but your comparison is high school which says more about how bad high school is than how great collage is.

No joke, at one point I tutoring my friends in some classes I had not taken. Your professors may have a deep understanding of the subject, but they need to dumb the material down so people can pick it up over ~15 weeks.
Are plumbers actually working 40 billable hours a week? And how much are they working that is not billable (driving from site to site)? I would be surprised if they made more in a year than educated STEM professionals. The attention-getting per-hour rate might not be a great metric.
My experience is the work in academia is more interesting and intellectually stimulating than my high paying tech jobs. That would be one motivation to go the academia route instead of the tech route.

If you come out the other end of a PhD, then you have the opportunity for best of both worlds: high paying job to work on the problems you find intellectually stimulating.

Also, it is cliche, but doing a PhD does train a person in a way to think that you don't necessarily pick up in a normal job.
they do not use priors or expert belief. they solve the system id problem directly - which in most problems is unresolvable
In general, Uniqlo sadly makes very little effort in order to reduce its enormous environmental cost :( .

I hope they would do better, but I am not surprised that they don't even try to reduce single use plastic usage such as this.
"worth of spending cuts over the last six years of Obama’s term. Those, combined with tax hikes and the waning stimulus spending, acted as a powerful weight on the economy"

Not sure if I agree with this. Tax hikes and spending cuts are what's required to build back a damaged economy. These obviously worked over time, as we now have one of the best economies in decades. This combined with the regulations Trump got rid of to enable more fracking/keeping the price of oil way down.

I remember all of the people on the local news that were interviewed just as everything was crashing that talked about how they outright lied on their application about how much income they were making to get a house/piece of property...and now went into foreclosure when they couldn't make the payments.

"by leaving the housing market to spiral downward and households to struggle with their debts"

We shouldn't be propping up anyone. Some things need to fail to recover properly. This was the right move.

"As a Senator and presidential candidate, Obama had publicly supported more dramatic efforts to rescue homeowners, specifically legislation that would have allowed so-called “cramdowns,” where judges could slash mortgage debt in bankruptcy court"

Why should anyone get bailed out for a making a poor decision? Most people will never learn from this and will most likely need to get bailed out again.

"Even Donald Trump’s trade war—another needless self-own—didn’t plunge the economy into another downturn, in part because some people in power seem to have learned lessons from their past mistakes."

I have to laugh about mentioning the trade war. Almost every Democrat candidate wants this because it will lead to less CO2 emissions from China if we are purchasing less goods. But when Trump enacts it, it's a needless trade war.

"But this was decade was not a slow march to a happy ending. It was miscarriage of economic policymaking that left millions without work for far longer than they needed to be. If we remember that—and why it all happened—maybe we won’t have to go through it all again."

Creating artificial demand by just throwing government money at it wouldn't have solved the issue any faster. I sure hope we've learned our mistakes from the past, but I already have seen politicians wanting to start forcing banks to loan out money to groups of people that most likely will never be able to pay it back...starting the ball rolling for another financial crises.
> I get about the same enjoyment from frozen pizza as fancy pizza.

Do you live in Ohio?
"Average student loan balance" is not what I said. Average student loan balance includes:

1) Tons of scholarships, and

2) Non-liberal arts colleges (technical schools, professional schools, the scam schools advertised on TV, etc).

I also was thinking (although failed to specify) private liberal arts colleges. I stand by that figure. If you're taking out loans for a private liberal arts degree, it'll be over $100,000 and many will exceed $200,000.

Edit: Just read that it's supposedly $32,000 in loans for private 4-year degrees. I'm very skeptical of that Federal Reserve figure, since average tuition only for private 4-year degrees is somewhere around $35,000 per year. The Fed also has incentives to find ways to underplay this figure, just like they undercount unemployment. So I'm highly skeptical.

College Board estimates $14,610 per year is what students actually pay for tuition only. If you don't have wealthy or upper-middle-class parents, then you'll need to tack on living expenses and books. If you're not wealthy or upper-middle class, you'll take most of that out in loans, which will be well over $100,000 by graduation.

I know numerous students who have recently graduated with over $100,000 in loans from private 4-year colleges (no, not me, I graduated over 10 years ago, and all of my remaining loans are from a professional master's degree). I know several underemployed lawyers who have well over $200,000 in school loans that they'll likely never pay off.
How specifically do the Massachusetts laws differ?

Remember Massachusetts' median income is around 30% higher than California, so it's possible even with identical governance the state with higher median income would have better outcomes.
What prevents the MSc baristas from picking up a trade? Then they'd be highly educated and making some money.
Why would a recycling center want to buy anything? It's a recycling center, not a pawn/thrift shop. How does Sonos not care about the environment unless they do something completely and utterly nonsense?
And surely they've factored in all the crash tests costs into the equation. I'd be surprised if didn't already have vehicles being shipped over and in the testing queue for the markets they want to be in. That's typically specked out in the design phase. The only manufactures who don't put much effort into that are the supercar designers.
Project M36, out of the tar pit with a relational algebra database
I appreciated the clarification.
I totally agree UBI would just be a way to transfer money to landlords. Heck you could consider SV wages as UBI; salaries are high but that income is often spent on rent or mortgages. Stock money is spent on real estate.
2018 median pay is $53,910 per year

https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/mobile/p...
I would argue averaging across all degrees is makes no sense. STEM degrees do pay off. Liberal arts degrees can pay if you want to boost a specific skill and have a solid plan for using it. E.g. getting an English degree to become a more persuasive speaker while promoting your otherwise sound and solidly executed startup.

Aside from those 2 examples there are plenty of colleges with a business model of selling overpriced useless degrees to people who can't be bothered to do some due diligence before getting a loan. Those degrees won't pay off and despite sharing the "college" name, I wouldn't average between the 2 groups.
The fact that it's not SEO friendly really turn me off.

I'm looking for something quite similar to host my (software) product with the following features:

- a landing page

- a checkout page with basic promotion engine (like 50% off promo code)

- a blog engine (for SEO articles)

- maybe nice theme

I'm thinking of using Wordpress, but if there is anything good out there I'm willing to pay for it.
Similarly, police do not exist to prevent - or even punish - crime. They exist to prevent vigilante justice because vigilantism is unreliable and destabilizing.
There seems to be quite a few light contradictions (or perhaps just varying views exposed) in both the post and the way it's referenced here.

I assume that OP's question implied that there generally are downsides to using separate tools (such as fragmentation, and then mostly UX ones: obtaining/installing them on all the machines that need them, managing keys differently, learning/using additional software, etc) when a task can be achieved with commonly available ones. But then the article criticizes GnuPG's UX, and suggests to use a bunch of different tools.

Then the article says "let's call both GnuPG and OpenPGP `PGP`", and proceeds to criticizing "PGP" standing for both GnuPG and OpenPGP.

Then it criticizes OpenPGP metadata leaks (possible attachment of a key to an identity), but suggests to use services such as Signal and WhatsApp (certain attachment of a key to an identity via a phone number, AFAIK). Or the ones using similar algorithms (I've only tried OMEMO out of those myself, which led to messages not even being shown in IM clients, apparently due to implementation inconsistencies).

Then it goes on suggesting to not encrypt email. I guess it's implied that one shouldn't use email for secret data, but a much more common practice seems to be actually using it for secret (but not "life and death" kind) data, and sending plaintext passwords and such; using PGP would still be a step forward. Perhaps it's the contrast between such criticizm (both here and of various other technologies) and common practices that makes me rather skeptical about the former: we can do better than X, but not doing even X.

WOT/PKI criticizm is present there too, but the suggested software either doesn't do/need it at all, or relies on a safe channel and direct verification (which is usable with OpenPGP as well).

I'm not advocating use of OpenPGP for everything, but finding those arguments to be rather strange.
"with same day service for $95 service calls"

That means they show up for $95. No work right? When they actually do something there is another charge right? Where you are? So confused.
There's a difference between "decriminalized" and "legal". Certainly we shouldn't fill jail cells with recycling thieves, but we shouldn't deify them either.

And their income tax theft isn't legal or decriminalized.
That old adage: If you owe the bank a million, the bank owns you. If you owe the bank $2.5 billion, you own the bank.

You can only lend money to people (or States) you see as equals. Large scale lending essentially ties your economies together (like the US and China).

I highly recommend Debt: The First 5,000 Years by David Grabber. He does a great deep dive into the history of debt (both personal and with States). It's an amazing read.
Here is the long answer to the comment provided above, as mentioned there its probably easier to take a look at the video first, the blue arrow in the video points to the values that change as the buttons are pressed, you will see the four values per button providing random entropy, this is what goes into RNG.stir - https://vimeo.com/381733010

You will notice that as you mentioned the analog read values don't change much, that is because it is reading the memory address. Keep in mind that the analog read is only an additional source of entropy, not the primary source, that comes from the capacitive touch buttons. The RNG does not need or require this entropy, but you can never really have too much entropy so that's why it was included. So with reading the analog address values what you get is only a small amount of entropy, these address values do change based on user behavior so its still an unpredictable source of entropy, you wouldn't know on any given day how a user will use their key. I.e. I log in to two sites in a different order on two days, it's going to mix in some non-predictable data.

But you are absolutely right, it would be better to mix in the analog read value. For our next firmware release we will update this to include mixing in both the value and the memory address. Thanks again for bringing this up and feel free to create an issue on Github if you see anything else.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost

31% of students graduate with zero debt, that does not mean their tuition was free. Those balances also exclude loans taken out by parents to pay for collage.
So, interesting as the article is, there are two layers of caution one must exercise in interpreting the results.

#1. The experiments were conducted in mouse models. Mouse models are remarkably useful, but are NOT human equivalents. It's dangerous to draw a straight line between human behaviour and behaviour in mice. [1]

#2. Gut microbiome is the latest in the hype train. It may be important, but again, drawing such a straight (even speculative) line between gut microbiomes and behaviour is.. a reach [2,3,4].

Basically, I am, in general, very wary of any reports or articles that attempt to map results in mice to human behaviour and reports of the gut microbiomes driving autism / Alzheimer's / fear / what have you. This report combines both, so it gets extra red flags, IMO.

Just my 2 cents.. not saying this isn't possible, but the bar for assuming this is true is very very high. And the results in the paper are a small first step in a very very long process required to substantiate this hypothesis.

[1] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325255.php#1

[2] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0283-5

[3] https://www.nature.com/news/microbiology-microbiome-science-...

[4] https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/hyping-the-microbiom...
You should investigate presets.
Getting rid of leaders is also particularly relevant in the context of the article. President Wilson claimed extraordinary powers to conduct the war (sedition laws, espionage act, etc) and at the time the article was written, Wilson’s wife and aides were concealing that the President had been rendered infirm by a debilitating stroke. His wife was essentially functioning as the president.

The author, Walter Lippmann, was a close advisor to Wilson and had been an intelligence officer in France. I wonder if he was aware of the President’s condition?
Condition Context Keys [0] are pretty powerful. Even if an attacker obtains credentials vended by the EC2 instance metadata service, they wouldn't be able to make use of them.

I don't know why this isn't 'enabled by default' for IAM roles associated with EC2 instances.

[0]: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_p...