> But now consider Hangul, where the combinations are to form syllables that are themselves glyphs... the problems get much worse now. What might your answer be to that?

I don't have an answer, mostly because I know nothing about Hangul. Maybe decomposition is the right solution there. Frankly I don't care what Unicode does to solve the problems Hangul creates, and as Korea about 1% of the world's population I doubt many other people here care either.

I'm commenting about Latin languages. There is absolutely no doubt what is easiest for a programmer there: one code point per grapheme. We've tried considering 'A' and 'a' the same in both computer languages and file systems. It was a mess. No one does it any more.

> But then you get other problems, such as that you can't decompose them so you can cleverly match 'á' when you search for 'a'

It's not a problem. We know how to match 'A' and 'a', which are in every sense closer than 'á' and 'a' ('á' and 'a' can be different phonetically, 'A' and 'a' aren't). If matching both 'A' and 'a' isn't a major issue, why would 'á' and 'a' be an issue that Unicode must to solve for us?

In fact given it's history I'm sort of surprised Unicode didn't try and solve it by adding a composition to change case. shudder

> And we haven't even gotten to case issues.

The "case issues" should not have been Unicode's issue at all. Unicode should have done one thing, well. That one thing was ensure visually distinct string had one, and only one, unique encoding.

There is objective reason for wanting that. Typically programmers do not do much with strings. The two most common things they do is move them around, and compare them for equality but also sort them. They naturally don't read the Unicode standard. They just expect the binary representation of strings to faithfully follow what their eyes tell them should happen: if two strings look identical, their Unicode representation will be identical. It's not an unreasonable expectation. If it's true those basic operations of moving and comparing will be simple, and more importantly efficient on a computer.

The one other thing we have to do a lot less often, but nonetheless occupies a fair bit of our time is parsing a string. It occupies our time because it's fiddly and takes a lot of code, and is error prone. I still remember the days when languages string handling are a selection criteria. (It's still the reason I dislike Fortran.) I'm not talking about complex parsing here - it's usually something like spilt it into words or file system path components, or going looking for a particular token. It invariably means moving along the string one grapheme at time, sniffing for what you want and extracting it. (Again this quite possibly is only meaningful for Latin based languages - but that's OK because the things we are after are invariably Latin characters in configuration files, file names and the like. The rest can be treated as uninteresting blobs.) And now Unicode's composition has retrospectively simple operation far harder to do correctly.

All other text handling programmers do is now delegated to libraries of some sort. You mention one: nobody does case conversion themselves. They call strtolower() for ASCII or a Unicode equivalent. Hell, as soon as you leave Latin we even printing it correctly requires years of expertise to master. The problems that crop up may as you say may be unavoidable, but that's OK because they are so uncommon I'm willing to wear the speed penalty to use somebody else's code to do it.

> it did not happen because of "egos" on the Unicode Consortium, or because of "national egos", or politics, or anything.

Did someone say that? Anyway, it's pretty obvious why it happened. When a person invents new hammer, the second thing they do is going looking for all the other problems it might solve. A little tweak here and it would do that job too! I saw an apprentice sharpen the handle of his Estwing hammer once. It did make it a useful wire cutter in a pinch, but no prizes for guessing what happen when he just using it as a hammer.

Unicode acquired it's warts by attempting to solve everybody's problems. Instead of making it more and more complex, they should have ruthlessly optimised it to make it work near flawlessly it's most common user: a programmer who couldn't give a shit about internationalisation, and wasted the bare minimum of his time on stackoverflow before using it.

The tragedy is it didn't do that.