skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
"They found that at first, as the black hole gobbles up matter and gets bigger, its information content increases. But then, in its old age, as radiation starts spitting data back out, its information content decreases, diverging from Hawking’s description."

How does this differ from Hawkings conclusions?
It the paragraph setting the premise correct?

"The problem is this: The laws of quantum mechanics insist that information about the past is never lost, including the record of whatever fell into a black hole. But Hawking’s calculation contradicted this. He applied both quantum mechanics and Albert Einstein’s theory of gravity to the space around a black hole and found that quantum jitters cause the black hole to emit radiation that’s perfectly random, carrying no information.
"
I always thought that amount of information about current description of it must be conserved. It's differet than history of the state evolution. IMO simplest QM experiment contradicts this statement: if you pass a linearly polarized filter on a rotated filter you get a random result. You can't infer original state. It's like mas conservation in box of eggs. If you shake it, the amount of eggs is the same, it's state is different and untrackable.

So in my understanding the blackhole was a perfect scrambler. It carries the same amount of information is distribution random. Or the number of bits must stay the same but their distribution changes. That might be slightly different from amount information definition in Shannon sense.

Was my understanding wrong all along?
I just bought a LG OLED as well. This screen is amazingly good !

I connected it to the network in order to watch netflix, and unchecked all tracking and advertising related EULAs. I'm also running a pihole on my network, so most third party ads will be denied from reaching the TV.
The ultimate generalization is to use an inductive definition based on recursive ideals. For instance the fast growing hierarchy f_alpha: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-growing_hierarchy

Since ordinals are the ultimate recursion tool, any such function will ultimately grow faster than whatever recursive definition you can cook up by hand.

For instance even the slow growing hierarchy g_alpha, which grows very very slowly catches up to the fast hierarchy at extremely large ordinals.

Some examples:

- f_0 behaves like addition, f_1 like multiplication, f_2 like exponentiation, f_3 like tetration, f_w like Ackerman

- Graham number is bounded by f_{w+1}(64)

- Goodstein function behaves like f_{epsilon_0} (this show how much faster it grows than Ackerman). Similar for the Kirby-Paris Hydra

- n-Iterated goodstein behaves live f_{\phi(n-2,0)} where \phi is Veblen's function

- the tree function from Kruskal's tree theorem
behaves like f_{\psi(Omega^Omega^omega}, ie by the small Veblen ordinal. And the graph function from the Robertson-Seymour theorem behaves like \psi(Omega_omega).

By contrast the slow growing hierarchy grows extremely slowly, for instance g_{epsilon_0} only grows like tetration. But it still catches up to the fast growing hierarchy at very large ordinals.
Unpopular opinion, but from where I sit the serviceable lifetime of a computer is effectively about a decade, so long as all that non-replaceable stuff lasts the serviceable lifetime of the object, then it doesn't matter how repairable or not it is. Apple charges like 200 bucks for a battery and top case, which is pretty competitive for a replacement OEM keyboard and battery combo.
I too am immensely grateful for my ADHD medication. I would still prefer to not _need_ them.
Yeh, I was initially confused, I thought it was a throw-back link to when they announced Firefox 3 (desktop)
Hello .. I’m the author of this article. Reading all your comments was an absolute blast.

Since there is some curiosity around temperature and voltage variation - here are some more details for you folks to geek out on.

When you build a system with a DRAM interface, you typically specify 2 parameters
- A temperature range you guarantee its operation within. For example, this range could be 0C-80C.
- Maximum rate of change of temperature your system can handle. Example, +/-2C/min.

Now, to test if the system can withstand the above 2 parameters, while the firmware is being developed it is put in a Thermal Chamber and experiments such this are conducted:
- Do a cold soak for a few hours (i.e., power down the system and leave it in a 0C chamber for a few hours).
- Then power on the system and let the DRAM interface calibrate at this low temp
- Then start a stress test which reads and writes to the memory, and simultaneously ramp up the temperature of the chamber at the specified rate upto your maximum (2C/min upto 80C in our example here)
- If the test fails, it typically means the signal integrity is not good enough. Then you go back to the lab, probe the DRAM interface and observe the signals on an oscilloscope (if you have to). Then re-calculate/fiddle around with 6 parameters until you have it all working. These parameters are
1. The drive strength of transistors at the Processor when its writing data to memory
2. The termination resistance of the transistors at the Processor when it is Reading data back from memory
3. Voltage reference (Vref) - This is the value the PHY[++] uses to decide if a voltage level is a binary-0 or 1
4. The set of 3 parameters above exist on the DRAMs as well. Making it a total of 6.

It is easy to imagine what drive strength and termination of transistors mean. But Vref is a bit more interesting.

In DDR4, binary-1 is represented by a 1.2V signal, but binary-0 is a floating voltage value. It could be 0.2V or 0.4V, or whatever. It depends on the termination at either end of the PCB trace. This type of a circuit is called POD (Pseudo Open Drain). Since the level of binary-0 is variable, the DDR controller calibration logic has to figure out where to place Vref so it can reliably decode 1s and 0s.

Lastly, just like the cold soak experiment, we also do hot-soaks with a ramp down and several other modalities to ensure the system is solid.

The PHY has delay registers within it which you can read to figure out the result of calibration. When you power on a system after a cold-soak vs a hot-soak, you'll see different values in these delay registers.

PHYs these days are very robust. They typically don't need periodic calibration (re-tuning of delay registers) while operating in a typical data center environment. Of course, it's a different story if the system if sitting somewhere off on an oil rig.

—
[++] The PHY is separate from the DDR controller. This is the actual analog circuits at the edge of the processor sending out and receiving signals on the PCB.
I am thankful for my family having gotten the opportunity to move to the US from a post-Soviet country when I was young.
Actually, I read the batch norm paper and maybe I forgot important details, but it roughly went like this: "here we add a term `b` to make sure the mean values of Ax+b are zero and that will help us with convergence; ah, and here is a covariance matrix!", but no quantitative proofs about how much that convergence was helped. No, I intuitively agree that shifting the mean value to zero should help, but math taught me that there is a huge difference between a seemingly correct statement and its proof. The ML papers seem to just state these seemingly correct ideas without real, proof-backed understanding, why this works. In other words, ML is entirely about empirical results, peppered with math-like terminology. But don't take my blunt writing style personally.

Let's take the simplest example: recognizing the grayscale 30x80 pictures with 0-9 digits. IIRC, this is called the MNIST example and can be done by my cat in 1 hour without prior knowledge. Let's choose the probably simplest model: 2400 inputs are fully connected with a 1024 vector that's fully connected with a 10 vector. And let's use relu at both steps. We know that this kinda works and converges quickly. In particular, after T steps we get error E(T) and E(1e6) < 0.03 (a random guess). Can you tell me how T and E will change if we add another layer: 2400->1024->1024->10, using the same relu? Same question, but now we replace relu with tanh: 2400->1024->10.
I grew up at 66N (Northern Iceland), for what it's worth blackout curtains are rare to nonexistent there in my experience. Sometimes bedroom curtains don't even cover the whole window, and during parts of the year it's daylight outside 24/7.

When I've traveled there with foreigners who grew up at more southern latitudes with year-round "normal" day/night cycles I've sometimes had to tape black trash bags to the bedroom windows for their benefit.

What do the locals do? We simply get used to sleeping in daylight. One way of doing that is getting used to sleeping on your back with one of your arms across across your face and over your eyes (such that your elbow is between your eyes/on your forehead and the back of your palm touches or is near the opposite shoulder).

I still sleep like that out of habit at more southern latitudes out of habit, and a quick poll among some fellow Icelandic expats where I live when this came up the other day revealed that they do too.
Mandatory signups on the internet, especially for tools that don't require them, are dangerous. They feel like deliberate or accidental honeypots, trying to get people's passwords. As members of the industry who have seen the problems that thrive from this practice, we should be opposed to them.

The number of things you need a membership for a extremely limited. Can you imagine if you went to your local supermarket to buy milk, and they said "I'm sorry, you can't buy milk without a membership".

Surely this is one of those cases when a signup is not necessary. Anyone who asks for personal data they do not genuinely require should not be trusted.
The more likely course of action is your microwave refusing to work without internet connection, so that it can verify the DRM on your pizza, make sure you are using only the approved, overpriced pizzas.

Also, it will be sold to the public as "verifying that you are using the fresh and genuine product".
"It is now widely accepted that pyuria (≥1 WBC μl−1) detected by microscopy of a fresh unspun, unstained specimen of urine is the best biological indicator of UTI available." - see
Khasriya, R., Barcella, W., De Iorio, M. et al. Int Urogynecol J (2018) 29: 1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-017-3472-7
I both use Windows and deal with software using shared memory. Neither of which rr can deal with.

While rr seems to be very nice, there's still room for improvement. But I guess this kind of tool might be impossible on current hardware, at least without emulation.
Often what people need is just plain thinking about what they read/hear instead of having knee-jerk reaction to the topic.
I'm a startup co-founder (~100 ppl working in the team now). Had this kind of stuff happen before.

Two options:

1. Your observations are correct and you are not getting the recognition you deserve and there is an a-hole managing you.

2. Your observations are incorrect and you think you're entitled to more that you really are, making you the a-hole.

Regardless what is the reality you need to talk to the founders. We are sometimes oblivious to what is happening in the team and cannot see everything. I keep all my employees that raise the voice in extremely high regard - they want to improve something.

I will however do some exploration after such report and figure out what I feel is the truth and how I want to react on this. I've had people report stuff that was good on surface, but further exploration pointed me that I do not want to side with them. I've explained my view to the reportee and implemented actions (if applicable).

When you talk don't do it in an a-hole way (eg. Team Lead is a dick), but let them know you're having problems (you feel your work is not appreciated, you're trying your best, you're burning out and you don't know what to do, even thinking of quitting). Explain what is happening, but try not to name names. Any good founder/CEO will figure out quickly what's the problem.

The founders action will tell you what they think - do they agree with 1. or 2. If nothing happens that would solve your problems, change careers. It's sad that you worked your ass off, but that probably means that they went with option 2. it means that this environment is not right for you. Good news is that if you're really a high performer, you should have no problems finding a new gig and kicking ass there.
Is any car company making a simple electric car without fancy features, or at least one where they're optional? Even the Nissan Leaf now has all sorts of high-end features. I'd much rather have a simple, cheaper, reliable car with less points of failure.

Edit: Thanks for the suggestions!
I agree with this, but I would also add a broad overview of investing, and teaching the tenets of FIRE. I'm not arguing that FIRE is the one true source, but that people should be made aware of it.
I disagree. I know very well the difference between driving blind drunk and carelessly and possibly very young ("I drive great when I'm drunk") and driving extremely carefully, basically never going beyond 40km/h.

And of course what the law defines is an alcohol limit, which is probably very conservative: it cannot define the meaning of the word "drunk".

I think every opinion and decision must be challenged, otherwise, when only one side of the debate has legitimacy, you end up with entirely skewed decisions. And since drunk driving does kill people, and nobody dared to defend drinkers, there has been a lack of balance in the initiatives against it.

So I'm sacrificing my karma for the sake of some balance :)
> Economic growth increases the gap.

Piketty et.al. showed the exact opposite, for the US and other countries. Economic growth seems to generate more opportunities for upwards social mobility.

But they and you (and me) agree that inheritance is a main driver for the growing inequality, and progressive taxation of capital was proposed as a solution in the book, too.
> could it actually decrease the life expectancy by moving critical blocks more often?

No. You do normal, dynamic wear leveling. When you notice that the block you want to write to is much more worn than the rest-- say 100 erases extra-- you move a firmware block to it instead and claim that for use. Then that block sits near-quiescent for a long time until it's time to put it back into the rotation of blocks that get actively written. Static wear leveling can just be a tiny, tiny share of write amplification-- a factor of 0.01 or even less-- while keeping all the blocks in play.

You only "lose" from static wear leveling if you end up moving something right before it becomes active again. Whatever your strategy, there's always a degenerate write pattern which will cause useless write amplification, but even relatively simple schemes are robust against basically everything except deliberately malicious write patterns, and you can bound this worst case.

Incidentally, one way flash fails is by dielectric breakdown increasing leakage causing worn-but-idle-blocks to slowly accumulate error. Moving / occasionally scrubbing static, important data actually helps.
With a few billions investment and very high operating costs, we may be able to create a few kilograms of helium per year.
This is the part that all the autorouters seem to miss. A board design may be represented in the computer by a schematic, but in reality it's a schematic + a huge amount of engineer knowledge. The person laying out the PCB needs to be able to look at the schematic and know that the switching regulator has very precise layout requirements, but that status LED can be at the end of a long trace.

That information simply isn't captured in current schematic software. Until it is I can't see autorouters being effective.

I can see a world where every schematic includes simulation models, and the autorouter uses simulation data to know exactly what frequencies are moving down each net and in each location. That requires detailed spice models of every component on your circuit though - so it probably wouldn't save the designer any time anyway as they're just doing different work. I'm not even sure how you'd simulate the signals coming out of a microcontroller - how does the autorouter know that one PWM IO is producing a 500kHz clock into a high current switch and the other PWM IO is producing a fixed 3.3V?

So then maybe you need to incorporate not only simulation models, but your actual CPU code. Which then means you need high quality microcontroller and FPGA emulators. There's a new problem!

There's probably a middle ground - a designer could annotate each net with a waveform which would be fed into the spice simulation - but even then we're talking significantly more work than just laying it out yourself.
I agree — what you usually get too little off as a kid is a decent overview. The good teachers I had e.g. in history gave me a feeling for what even existed and what it meant. The bad teachers made us learn some really elaborate detail, without showing us what it was used for or how it fitted the bigger picture (chemistry, and sadly, maths).

So I agree with the points made by the parent above. Additionally it can be quite good if you manage to take their fear of something e.g. the command line (as a gateway to programming), or some simple code.

They shouldn’t be able to perfectly use all these things afterwards, but they should know they exist, know where to read more, and have a feeling which problems it could solve for them.

I think in times where all the kids are growing up with glowing touch-rectangles that hide file systems etc, giving them a little feeling that there is more is important.

The worst you can do is showing them some useless usecase that their glowing touch-rectangle can do better, faster and easier.

Remember: education is when you change how people see the world, not when you change what they can do.
I'm apparently going to be going completely against the grain here but if I were you I'd ramp up my interviewing. The company you're at doesn't see the value you've brought to the company so use that value you sell yourself for the next role (i.e. by selling here, I mean sell yourself, not sell company data or anything like that). These days you generally only progress by changing jobs anyway.
People here are telling you to talk to the founders. There may be some chance of that working but they hired this team lead so they have an investment in them. Management trusts management, not grunts so talking with them is probably more likely to make things worse for you than better. I've seen it so many times in my career: a bad worker is sorted out quickly but dozens of people (in one case a few hundred!) have to quit a company before they ever consider the manager might be the problem.
People say the squeaky wheel gets the oil but if the squeaky wheel is a normal worker they're just as likely to get the axe. And a very important thing to understand is: this is not your company so why would you invest energy trying to fix it? Other people see this team lead is a problem but management hasn't. So you can engage in a big battle that will burn you out worse, and maybe it will work but for what? To make some other people richer? Look out for yourself. Use the value you've brought to sell yourself to your next employer while you still have something to sell.
A brief note, “dat,a” is a typo for “data,” midway through. Thanks for writing this up!
I'll counter your wikipedia link with one of my own.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regimes

Not seeking to discredit the ruling party. What they've done with Singapore is nothing short of a miracle. But the fact is that they're still backed up by a ridiculously strong army, and the opposition party exists just so they can say there is one (but is frequently bullied regardless).
What does it mean to be on a "24h 50m" sleep cycle? Does your sleep time progressively become later until you're nocturnal, then continue looping round until it returns to a "normal" night's sleep?
Leaked Documents Expose the Machinery of China’s Prison Camps
(Without any static wear leveling).
My problem isn't really the protocol or the client. It's that the device is behind a NAT, a corporate firewall or otherwise not reachable at a public IP address.

I assume this project doesn't help with that?

For now I'm just sticking to products like TeamViewer.
Actually I would expect also that companies with HQ in San Francisco pay SF wages also when they have offices in Europe/Asia/Africa as well.
I think that's about the typical life span of a modern car, too. Anything older than a decade tends to be quite an awful drive. Unless it was built in the days before we decided everything needed to be so expendable.
> Economic growth increases the gap.

Economic growth may or may not, but neoliberal trade regimes definitely do, for both more and less developed partners in such trade; they also tend to cement the position of economically advantages (and disadvantaged) ethnic groups by the same process.
Data breaches up 100% in 2019 over 2018
2019 saw more than double the data breaches in 2018. Are data breaches increasing that rapidly or are we just getting better at identifying them?
Never ever tell anyone you have a burn out. You'd be viewed as tainted and news will propagate quickly through founders' network, likely making you unhireable in the process. Instead say you are bored with the asshole claiming your credit and that you want either somebody else as your boss or be the boss, and support it with work you did. Make this choice non-negotiable.
Since the 1903 release, a warning message has appeared when connecting to Wi-Fi networks secured with WEP or TKIP (which are not as secure as those using WPA2 or WPA3). In a future release, any connection to a Wi-Fi network using these old ciphers will be disallowed. Wi-Fi routers should be updated to use AES ciphers, available with WPA2 or WPA3.

How much do you want to bet this one gets reversed after user backlash?
Can you imagine if you went to your local supermarket to buy milk, and they said "I'm sorry, you can't buy milk without a membership".

We're almost there. At Safeway, you can buy without a membership, but it costs up to twice as much.
He's served his term of 20 years. He has the same human rights as you or I do.
That would be some dry aged steak.
Motorola M68k Support Improved Upon in GCC – Saved from Being Removed in GCC 11
How about talking and understanding, does wonders to the spirit and server baseline costs.
The lack of a decent filesystem on Windows supporting data parity is abominable.

ReFS can do it (if you turn on the feature for more than just metadata) but it's slow and kind of a flop.
Good News Websites for People Battling with Depression
My experience is that daylight-blue (5000K–6500K) LEDs or fluorescents feel unnatural unless they are quite bright; something in the animal part of my brain worries that the sun is broken. Low CRI bulbs also feel off, which makes intuitive sense I suppose.

I've found that high CRI warm white (2700K) bulbs are the way to go for me.

I have these at home, and I like them a lot: https://www.lowes.com/pd/GE-Relax-60-Watt-EQ-A19-Soft-White-... . (I bought them at Home Depot, but it looks like they no longer sell them.)
> A paper containing only things we already knew for sure is not a real scientific paper at all.

It could be. Confirming results is part of the scientific process.
Objection overruled. We're a Bible fearing nation. The Bible says form follows functions()
Frameworks like Svelte focus on reducing the time spent running JavaScript. This project focuses on reducing the time spent on layout and rendering.

Theoretically they'd complement each other, but in practice I imagine UIs for super-resource-constrained set-top boxes are already written in pretty efficient JavaScript.
Some will still try to connect to any open wifi and phone home.

I’ve seen that behavior only on the one model that I was analyzing. Still, I assume it’s industry wide and even applicable to every/any IOT device.