skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
First, here is a note about the notation that I will use here: Let `1` denote the unit type, the type with one inhabitant. Let `()` denote the inhabitant of the unit type. Let `a + b` or `Either a b` denote the sum of types `a` and `b`. Let `Left` and `Right` be the constructors of the sum type.

Before defining the integers, one must define the natural numbers. Natural numbers are defined as an inductive type, which is a little different from an ordinary sum type:

data Nat = Z | Suc Nat

Here is another way of defining them. Start by removing the self-reference:

data NatF a = Z | Suc a

Notice that NatF is the same thing as the Maybe/Option type, AKA 1+a, AKA the sum of the unit type and a.

Given a "fix" type:

data Fix f = MkFix (f (Fix f))

the definition of the natural numbers would be:

type Nat = Fix NatF

An "F-algebra" is a way of defining some algebraic structure or data type as a map from a "sum of products" to the type. More precisely, an F-algebra consists of an "object" (type) A and a map F(A) -> A. For the natural numbers, the F is NatF and the map would be a function mkNat : NatF Nat -> Nat, AKA mkNat : (Maybe Nat) -> Nat or mkNat : (1 + Nat) -> Nat.

Related links:

- https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/inductive+type

- https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/natural+numbers+object

- https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/initial+algebra+of+an+endofunc...

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-algebra

---

One way of defining the integers is as the product of the natural numbers with themselves, or Nat * Nat, equipped with an equivalence relation ~ where

(a, b) ~ (c, d) := a + d = b + c

(a, b) can be understood as a - b. Of course, a - b = c - d <-> a + d = b + c.

Another way of defining the integers is as:

data Int = Neg Nat | Zero | Pos Nat

where 0 = Zero, -1 = Neg Z, and +1 = Pos Z.

---

Booleans can be defined as 1 + 1. Left () = True and Right () = False, or vice versa.
Used to, humble bundle handles that for us now iirc.
Fun fact: there is a hacking forum that still have failed to create trainers for Curious Expedition due to "weirdly changing memory addresses". I think if they would have realized that it was just a browser game it would have been much easier for them.
You can apply the same math in SF. Why own a house for $8k/mo (mortgage + insurance + hoa + taxes + upkeep + real estate agent fee, etc) when you can rent it for $6k/mo?

Home owners are expecting to get their ROI on appreciation, so the rental deals are just too good.
What was it? Thanks.
How much do you think all the sunk infrastructure costs of existing telescopes cost, and how many years did it take to build them?

The bigger telescopes today have primary reflectors that are vastly bigger than the James Webb Space Telescope: for example the Large Binocular Telescope with its 8.4 metre mirrors, or the Extremely Large Telescope (currently under construction: first light due in 2024) with its 39.2 metre segmented priary. Even the segmented designs weigh hundreds of tons; these instruments are too big and heavy to put in orbit even with SpaceX's Superheavy/Starship.

If the light pollution from Starlink can't be mitigated, it'll be necessary to replace dozens of hundred million dollar to billion dollar instruments which took years or decades to build, at a post potentially greater than the entire consat cluster.
The procedure codes involved in your visit explicitly call out what your treatment was, since information about your state of health and ongoing medical information is considered private information we have HIPAA to protect that privacy. Information about what procedures you've had done are relatively important to keep private so that knowledge of such procedures isn't used to influence your employment - while getting blood drawn like resulted in a pretty innocuous procedure code, there are other procedure codes that are far more sensitive to disclose - including pregnancy detection (to avoid being let go for a company to dodge maternity requirements) and more social privacy concerns like being treated for an STD.
It’s already well known that TMS or repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation can help with Tinnitus
You don't provide any data for your claims. He's saying less than 1% of Steam users have a headset and declining, and you're claiming that it's growing and vibrant.

There may be some awesome VR experiences out there and a handful of people that enjoy them, but sales numbers don't lie - VR is not currently succeeding. If you compare VR sales to Kinect sales, it makes the Kinect look like a roaring success - and Microsoft abandoned it due to lack of consumer interest.

I can find dedicated communities to restoring antiquated decades old computers - a niche does not make a growing vibrant market. Anecdotally (and I welcome people to provide real data instead) everybody I know that used to work on VR for a living has moved on with their careers, including several engineers who got acquired by Facebook.
There's a good chance that Swedish prison conditions are not particularly harsh, as prisons go (Never having experienced the inside of one, I must admit).
Are there any specific reasons why americans go NIMBY ?
In my country it's mainly due to lack of infrastructure (no subway, very narrow roads, no bus lanes etc).
Yeah but come on. It's one thing to program something with nebulous requirements.

The cost of the X-ray machine is known. The cost of collecting X-rays can be calculated deterministically.

The only thing similar to programming is trying to diagnose a rare disease or tricky condition. But for run-of-the-mill deterministic procedures, the cost should absolutely be known.
I've never played a VR game that I would call great. There are many that make for a great demo of the technology, but ultimatealy having to wear something on my face is kind of a deal breaker.
> Even Haskell doesn't get it right: there are no exhaustiveness checks on pattern matches

Just enable -Wincomplete-patterns or -Wall!
None of this has anything to do with lab tests, which are an absurdly routine procedure. It's entirely divorced from the subject matter. It's not "complicated" out of necessity, but for profit.
Not necessarily, you might like sophisticated graphics but not play games where latency is particularly important, or just not be annoyed by latency and not interested in competitive play.

Also as an anecdote right now I have 5ms ping to google.com and 1gbps downlink (fiber at home in major city), so it seems like 60fps or maybe even 120fps zero-extra-frames-latency gaming would be achievable there, for instance.
that you have to pay is a misconception, you don't.

I just still don't quite grasp the concept. Ad-free (cool for privacy) and everybody can edit everything?
Can the Server be launched on a Windows machine?
There's a difference between actually harm and perceived harm. Lots of people feel harmed and threatened by vaccines. I'm not saying you shouldn't have privacy but I claiming you "feel harmed and threatened" isn't really an answer to "what's the harm"
I really hope this goes through - this one item will allow people to actually have educated discussions about care and ROI. It will allow people to compete, to specialize, to better serve those who are ill.
They won't reply via online accounts either. I will send them messages via the portal, and I always get generic responses. And doctors will never respond, it's always second hand from nurses, but they will just ask to call the office.
Not secure in the sense that it's encrypted, though that's part of it. Secure in the sense that you know you're communicating with the patient and only the patient, not their spouse, or their grandson, or Google's servers.
You don't need to qualify it with "in the west".
> Canada has been involved in every war that the US has been in my lifetime (born in 1993).

Canada was not party to the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

> Somehow, the only thing that the Canadian government has done differently than the US is that it has convinced its people that it is not the US.

Canada did not suffer a financial crisis to the extent that the US did in 2008 because banks here are regulated very differently than in the US. Also, the likelihood of medical bills causing financial ruin is much lower here.
I want to give the benefit of the doubt because this person seems like a legitimate scientist, but this is an extraordinary claim and the evidence seems a lot like cloudgazing to me. Is there a source with more detail on this?

Edit: Found this (https://www.dropbox.com/sh/cd3gmtja551h6l1/AAABGYzMsjlN7Uemk...)...still looks like cloudgazing to me, though.
As a millennial homeowner, I don't want my historic neighborhood destroyed in favor of high rise apartments. I also have been warmly welcomed by my neighbors and enjoy the community a neighborhood brings. Why do boomers get so much hate from protecting their communities and neighbors?
Full Text of “A Short Story” Hemingway
If you need to "pre-announce" a game changer, it immediately calls into question the reality of the news and your actual motivations. If you have a game changer in your pocket, reveal and demonstrate it with little to no warning. That is how hype marketing works today. It is fine if it is 'coming in 2025', but demonstrate it, working, today.

The world is numb to 'pre-hype' without proof.

Tesla's reveal of the Roadster 2 was a perfect demonstration of a headline stealing reveal paired with proof the technology is real. Those tunnel runs using Plaid mode immediately demonstrated the potential of what was 'coming in 2020'. No pre-hype-piece was required.

Whoever insisted on this announcement from Nikola Motors doesn't understand marketing, or is trying to raise capital/interest. A shame, because as everyone is pointing out, this is another "game changing battery tech" that is "coming soon" (whatever).

I look forward to being "surprised" in 2020. /s
PM (Particulate Matter) Sensors Evaluations
Could you give us more information about the internet access? Do some people in NK have internet access? Did you? If so, what kind of restrictions were there? Any firewall like great firewall of China?
The PRC surprisingly thin-skinned when it comes to any criticism.
Harassing foreign nationals in foreign lands is a new diplomacy fail though, which I think will end up biting them in the a.
Anyone who's ever lived in china for several years will tell you chinese nationalism is extremely intense.

Even in america, if you have a conversation with a chinese person about the PRC or even just economic conditions in china, that person will in any case, always defend the PRC under any condition, no matter what the PRC has done, even if they themselves are against the PRC and agree with what your saying.
> I assume then that Boeing's corporate culture that ended up killing hundreds of people on the MAX will cause NASA to lean towards SpaceX for launch capabilities in the future?

> ...

> But a little bit of weed on the Joe Rogan podcast, and that's the hill to die on.

The safety reviews were ordered in November 2018 [1]. The 737 MAX groundings started in March 2019 [2].

The 737 MAX fiasco is irrelevant to this series of safety reviews, but as the OP article states, Boeing may be subject to future reviews triggered by its own actions.

[1] https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/11/elon-mus...

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX_groundings#Grou...
Maybe totally unjustified, like the problem LGBT people had back the day, with regards to any security clearance. But as of now it is like that, so yeah kind of "normal". If general audits regarding EHS and security would be done to different standards things would be different all together.

EDIT: Regarding the maybe, replace that with "NIL". In my opinion a lot of the security concerns are coming from blackmail risks. In turn a lot of blackmail risk comes from the clearance process itself, so a home made issue
Just where do you draw the line? Tricky question.
Yes, CoffeeScript was quite hot back then - no pun intended. Even though its not as used anymore I think it pushed the development of JS itself forward.
Permafrost Becoming a Carbon Source Instead of a Sink
At first glance, First Step looks like progress. But, it seems to only apply to Federal inmates, which is only 10% (or less) of the prison population.
I see we're doing this again. Previously:

Face on Mars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)#%22Face_on_Mars...

Bigfoot on Mars: https://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2008/1305.h...

The actual explanation, of course, is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia.
Added this to the blog post as well. Thanks for the note!
Ultimately it matters a lot less what developers prefer, it matters where the audience is. Right now Epic is handling that by simply giving developers a guaranteed amount of money so they don't have to worry about actually selling any copies. That strategy will probably not hold out for very long though.
Oh crap, thank you. I must have tried 250 searches and couldn’t find it.

Also, thanks for disparaging me before you answered the question. I’ll use this as an example when I teach Lauren how to respond to people who have tried hard but just can’t find something.
It is incentives. Most people get their heath care from insurance, which is subsidized by their job. I can legally buy my own insurance, but it will cost a lot more than what I pay through work so of course I don't. My boss wants me to keep working, and so high medical costs keep me from quiting to start my on competitive business. I can live for a couple years on cheap food and little else, but I need at least emergency health coverage as a just in case.

Lack of transparent prices is one tool the system has to ensure I don't have any other option.
This reminds me of "There are dozens of us... DOZENS"[1]. While I am happy that people are diversifying their social network choice, 160k is a rounding error to Facebook.

[1] - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKie-vgUGdI
This is a really weak article, right from the opening paragraph

> Romoser's research shows that we already have the evidence [of life on Mars]

A single blurry picture of what might look like a bug is not evidence of life on Mars, any more than the "Mars Man Face" is. This seems like Pareidolia but for someone who looks at insects all day. Wikipedia article itself shows another Mars example...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia
A product type is just a closed group of values where you know in advance what will be grouped and what type the values are going to have that are part of the group.

A class in Java for example is a product type. As it describes a group of fields and their types. Same for a struct in C++.

Where I disagree with the article is that JavaScript does not have product types, because you do not have a definition of such a group of values in advance. A JS object does not list what values it groups and what type they each will have. A JS class comes closer in listing what values it will group, but not their types. Also, product types must be closed, and a JS class defines an open group, at runtime the object could group more then what it specified, unless explicitly frozen. You could say a frozen class defines a product of types where all types are the Object type and thus can be of any value, but that's a stretch, because product types are only as useful as they define a constrained product of possible values for the type.

A sum type is just a known list of possible types a value can take. That's the one people aren't as familiar with as most popular languages don't have a construct like it. It let's you say, this variable can be a String or an Int, but not both.

Often people say product type is AND while sum type is XOR. This variable contains a String AND an Int. They will both be there. So it contains both. That's a product type. This variable can contain a String XOR an Int, they can't be both contained, it is only one or the other. That's a sum type.

You can think in Java that all types are a sum type, they are either null or of their defined type. But null isn't a real type, more that it is an allowable value of all types. So it's a bit of a stretch.

Like the article said, best way to mimic them in popular languages is by extending an abstract class. Each type the variable can be will be a child of the parent. Thus a variable of type parent can be one and only one of its children. It's not full featured, you can't make existing types extend from the parent, so you can't arbitrarily define sum types using any available type. You also often can't list what are all the possible types of parent, depending on the reflection capabilities, knowing what all extend a type isn't always feasible. Also, the static type checkers don't consider these like sum types, so it won't tell you that you forgot to handle cases where parent is of one of its child type. Etc.
What an excellent way for hospitals to help convince everyone to switch to a single-payer system.
As an eastern european i feel the same just from the opposite perspective.
Western European push for values that fundamentally cannot work in my country.
Even if you have cash, investing can make more sense financially than owning. Plus you don't have to worry about repair/renovation, school taxes, fees, and the stress coming from mortagage payments.

You also get freedom when renting, for example being able to relocate anywhere in the country or the world when the opportunity comes.

So I don't understand why people are making a big deal about owning your property
Isn't this roughly comparable to estimating an entire dinosaur from a leg bone?
no streaming, but works on Xbox and PC.
Confused, so they flat out lied about broken bones? Something doesn't seem right.
What percentage of Chinese citizens are actual party members? Honest question, I have no idea, but if I had to wager I would guess not a very large percentage.
Be the unreasonable minority that you wish to see in the world. https://nassimtaleb.org/2016/08/intolerant-wins-dictatorship...
I divided by 1.8 instead of multiplying by 1.6 and messed it all up. Got it only now, thanks for the correction!
Yes, this is all true. I didn't mean to imply those things can't be salvaged, or that I think the lifespan of frameworks and hardware justifies switching to a system of "you lose all your games forever as soon as we aren't profitable". Outside of Flash games with no remaining hosts and console games with no known cartridges, there isn't much which is 100% lost. And the best works in an environment are most likely to endure, so most notable games are at least playable for somebody.

Rather, my concern is that lots of people already view games as having a "lifespan", and if they trust a streaming service to endure for a decade that might be accepted as "how long games last anyway".
Prevent Bloating with These Thanksgiving Recipes
Do they fact check the hair loss ads or only the news? Can I get in line earlier for not being from California?
Why not? In an absolute sense, we probably lose more data now than ever before.
You should probably try larger venues, where reason #3 is on your side.

The problem with small venues is that often you really need a lot of volume on guitars, vocals, etc to get the mix right with the drums, and then there isn't any space to soak up that energy. Instead it winds up reflecting off the walls and causing havoc, in addition to just being loud as hell.

Of course, that's not to say that there aren't bands that would play a full stack in a closet, but most of the time they're just struggling to get the mix right and give people the experience they want.
> This isn't to say I think nurses or doctors are overpaid

The probably are. Clearly hospital executives and administrators are raking in most of the money, but we can't sit here and pretend that caregivers don't directly benefit from such an arrangement as well.

There's a reason urgent care centers and small clinics pay their doctors less than most of us make, or skip employing doctors at all in favor of nurse practitioners, and their nursing staff makes ~1/3 what they would be earning in a hospital setting. Labor is expensive; specialized labor is even more so.
They are both escapism and stories of the human experience. Spiderverse, for example, is partially about overcoming self-doubt.
I miss the 2004-2007 PowerBook / OG MacBook Pro keyboard. Curved keys, great feeling on depression, this was paradise for me.
HIPAA compliance is a very complicated thing. Sending PHI over a non-encrypted channel would probably be acceptable in response to a patient request - while sending PHI over a heavily encrypted channel in an unsolicited manner would likely be a violation.

HIPAA is complicated and a lot of the things it is concerned with are far less technical than they may appear on the tin.

Also, IANAL - nothing in this post should be considered sound advice for any reason in any context.
> The US gov't largely believes itself is ineffective and needs to be privatized and ran like a business. Private businesses are held up as beacons of innovation and efficiency without the "red tape" the gov't has due to purposefully created checks, balances and regulations.

The medical system is really not private. It is a hybrid of a state-controlled system and a capitalistic system. Here are some ways of how the system is state-controlled:

1. Hospitals cannot be freely constructed. One must apply for a "certificate of need" to gain permission from the government to build a hospital. This is not a free market.

2. Credentialism is BAD in our medical system. There is only one group of people approved by the government to do prescribe most medications and perform most surgeries - doctors. This is not a free market and greatly increase costs. Doctors earn a median of 300k/year and are the highest paid profession in every state. This is not a free market.

3. Hospitals are legally forced to treat anyone who shows up at their door - even if they can't afford the treatment. This is not a free market.

4. Medicare/Medicaid are forced to nearly buy any drug, regardless of cost, if it could save a live. Even if a drug is 500k/year, the system is forced to buy it. This is not a free market and greatly increases costs.
But it won't. Your insurance will pay for it either way, so you are spending an hour of your time to save your insurance $75 - which won't even be given back to you in form of lower premium.
Or, you could do what other developed countries do: Don't rely on private for profit hospitals.

Here, most hospitals are run either by cities or counties, or by the public insurance companies themselves.

This ensures that hospitals have an incentive to be efficient.

There are private hospitals, but only very few people go there, since they are very expensive, and you get good care in the public hospitals.
Basically the data, to be useful, has to be capable of uncovering correlations with all sorts of demographics. Those clues can de-anonymize it. If we take your name out of a data frame (so that we can call it "anonymous") but leave all sorts of other properties (those being the payload useful to data science), you may be nevertheless identifiable from that combination of properties, together with other info known about you from other tracking sources.
Microsoft releases a Kubernetes device plugin to use secure enclaves (Intel SGX)
Similar story, s/France/Japan.

I had to go into emergency for a bronchitis, after all tests and getting everything the spot, the bill was around 40eur. The doctor asked me if I wanted the additional forms and paperwork to claim it on my US insurance.

I just said no.
What's more important? Global internet access for the rest of the world population or a few dozen telescopes? Imo internet access is going to have immediate positive impact for billions of global disconnected poor.
A better comparison is Stripe, which costs $0.30 + 2.9% per payment.

If the product payments are typically below $10 then it makes sense to use Humble.
Bitcoin's Fatal Flaw: The Limited Adoption Problem
You won't be able to see these once they are at operational orbit unless you use a telescope. And, as the article says, future launches will be nonreflective.