As the site is down: http://web.archive.org/web/20190725120100/https://nesslabs.c...

Here a "quick" summary:

Anchoring: a cognitive bias where an individual relies too heavily on an
initial piece of information—the “anchor”—when making decisions.

Backward chaining: working backward from your goal.

Classical conditioning: you’ve probably heard about Pavlov’s dog. Classical
conditioning is a learning method in which a biologically potent stimulus—such
as food—is paired with a previously neutral stimulus—let’s say a bell. The
neutral stimulus comes to create a response (salivation) that is usually
similar to the one created by the potent stimulus (in this case, food).

Commitment and consistency bias: the desire to be and appear consistent with
what we have already done.

Common knowledge: knowledge that is known by everyone or nearly everyone,
usually with reference to a particular community. Common knowledge doesn’t
necessarily mean truth, but most people will accept it as valid.

Comparative advantage: the ability to carry out a particular economic
activity—such as making a specific product—more efficiently than another
activity.

Diversification: the process of allocating your resources in a way that reduces
the exposure to any one particular risk.

Economies of scale: the cost advantages that businesses obtain due to their
scale of operation. The larger the scale, the smaller the cost per unit.

Efficient-market hypothesis: a theory that states that prices fully reflect all
available information. The hypothesis implies that is should be impossible to
consistently beat the market, since market prices should only react to new
information.

Game theory: an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in
humans, animals, and computers.

Hyperbolic discounting: a model which states that, given two similar rewards,
people show a preference for one that arrives sooner rather than later.

Illusion of control: the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to
control events.

Incentive: something that motivates or encourages someone to do something.

Inversion principle: the process of looking at a problem backward. For example,
instead of brainstorming forward ideas, imagine everything that could make your
project go terribly wrong.

Loss aversion: people’s tendency to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring
equivalent gains. We are basically more upset about losing $10 than we are
happy about finding $10.

Margin of safety: in a business, how much sales level can fall before a company
reaches its break-even point.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted
as a pyramid, in which needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied
before people can attend to needs higher up. In order, the needs are
physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, and
self-actualization.

Mechanical advantage: also called the law of the lever, it’s a measure of how
much your strength is amplified by using a tool or mechanical device.

Mere-exposure effect: a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to
develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

Norm of reciprocity: the expectation that we repay in kind what another has
done for us.

Normal distribution: a theory which states that averages of samples of
observations of random variables become normally distributed when the number of
observations is sufficiently large.

Operant conditioning: a learning process where the strength of a behaviour is
modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Redundancy: the duplication of critical components of a system with the
intention of increasing its reliability. For example, a backup or a fail-safe.

Scarcity: the limited availability of a commodity, which may be in demand in
the market. Basically, when something is in short supply.

Signalling theory: the science of determining whether people with conflicting
interests should be expected to provide honest signals rather than cheating.

Status quo bias: a preference for the current state of affairs, where the
current baseline is taken as a reference point, and any change from that
baseline is perceived as a loss.

Supply and demand: an economic model which postulates that, in a competitive
market, the unit price for a particular good or service will vary until it
settles at a point where the quantity demanded will equal the quantity
supplied, resulting in an equilibrium for price and quantity transacted.

Surfing: the business principle of “riding the wave” of a new technology,
product, or trend.

Survivorship bias: the logical error of concentrating on the people that made
it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, typically
because of their lack of visibility. Happens a lot in entrepreneurship.

Tribalism: a way of thinking in which people are loyal to their social group
above all else.