skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
I'm assuming that you mean 9.9 × 10⁹ kg of economically-extractable-now reserves and 2.55 × 10¹⁰ kg of potentially economic reserves, not 2575.5 kg, which is what 2.55 × 1010 would work out to.

The estimates of lithium abundance in the earth's crust have a low end of 20 ppm. The crust averages about 40 km thick and 3 g/cc in the 29% of the Earth that has continents, which works out to 1.5 × 10¹⁴ m², 5.9 × 10¹⁸ m³, 1.8 × 10²² kg of rock, and 3.6 × 10¹⁷ kg of lithium. This is a bit over ten million times more lithium than the USGS's estimated "potentially economic world lithium reserves".

There's also 2.3 × 10¹⁴ kg of lithium dissolved in seawater, but that is a much smaller amount than the amount in the crust. However, it's still ten thousand times larger than the USGS's estimate.

I think world lithium production is actually about 4.3 × 10⁷ kg per year (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium#Reserves) which would take 200 years to exhaust the "economically extractable now" number you give (rather than the 500 years you'd get with the numbers you give). It seems like a safe bet that some new mining technologies will become available before even 2100, let alone 2219.

How much energy is that? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density#Table_of_energy... says Li-ion batteries contain 0.36–0.88 MJ/kg, or slightly higher if you only count the mass of the lithium rather than the entire battery. Conservatively taking 0.36 MJ per kg of lithium (which assumes battery technology doesn't improve — almost-nonrechargeable lithium-metal batteries get five times that much energy per kg of lithium), the 9.9 × 10⁹ kg of lithium "economically extractable now" would hold 3.6 petajoules; the 2.3 × 10¹⁴ kg of lithium in seawater would hold 83 exajoules; and the 3.6 × 10¹⁷ kg of lithium in the continental crust would hold 130 zettajoules.

Current world marketed energy consumption is on the order of 5.7 × 10²⁰ joules per year (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption), which is 18 terawatts. Incident solar power on the Earth (the Kardashev Type 1 benchmark) is 130 petawatts. So the 3.6 PJ of "economically extractable now" lithium is only three minutes of world marketed energy consumption, but the 83 EJ of seawater lithium is about 1.7 months of world marketed energy consumption. Even so, that's only 10 minutes of total terrestrial insolation. But the 130 zettajoules of continental crustal lithium is 12 days' worth of total terrestrial insolation.

So, that's the basis of my conclusion about terrestrial lithium being sufficient to provide energy storage until we pass Kardashev Type 1. Can you check my calculations, please?
If a company leaves out a bunch of guns on the sidewalk and someone picks one up and shoots someone, is the company liable? The logic is analogous.
> How, precisely, do you propose to square this with the myriad court rulings that have said that what you propose is unconstitutional?

It's a fair question, and the answer is not particularly appealing, but there certainly is an answer. An incident was mentioned elsewhere in the thread where a mentally ill person attempted to throw someone from a freeway overpass. That's attempted murder. Throw the book at them.

> RCW 9.94A.540 Mandatory minimum terms.
> (b) An offender convicted of the crime of assault in the first degree or assault of a child in the first degree where the offender used force or means likely to result in death or intended to kill the victim shall be sentenced to a term of total confinement not less than five years.

Not less than 5 years can be a whole lot of years, and the Constitution doesn't have a whole lot to say on the matter. Pretty much any act of random violence can be met with the prosecution throwing the book at the assailant and sending them off to spend the much of the rest of their life in a small room in Louisiana. This is obviously not a great solution, and if ranking solutions by quality it's toward the low end, but it's certainly available. Punching a police officer is a felony. Shoving a bus driver is a felony. Waving a knife at a person is a felony. Clapping people in a room and not letting them go until they're "cured" isn't an option, but clapping them in a room and just leaving them there is.
This is exactly the issue. Nuclear simply missed the boat. It couldn't win against coal on a balance sheet and it's surely not going to catch up to renewables now.

There's nothing wrong with it. A cheap fission technology would be a good thing. But at this stage literally no one is interesting in throwing money at a technology that is now into its eighth (!) decade of maturity. The low hanging fruit got picked by our grandparents.
Bluntly put because our society would rather not think about age and dying. So the baby boomers thought they would live forever and built retirement home and assisted living facilities to shove their parents into once they became inconvenient and/or reminders of mortality, now they are the ones being moved in there and all of the support system (social, community, familial levels) of previous generations have almost all gone away. Building new ones would require a change in society and its values and that is a hard slow and expensive thing to change.
> The data was a 19Mb web server log file so pretty standard stuff.

Then it should be treated as likely being Unicode text, likely utf8, and possibly containing text of any language supported by Unicode, unless you expressly know otherwise.

In which case, unless you specifically ensured your regexes were written to process characters as graphemes then they're incorrect.

Of course, if your logs only contain English text or text in other languages whose alphabets only use one codepoint per character then they'll have worked. But so what?

> I've heard these sort of excuses for Perl 6's sluggishness before.

Have you understood them?

Are you saying you defend fast, if only English people visited a website, but incorrect if Indian people did, over sluggish but correct no matter who visits a website?

> Whatever exalted abilities Perl 6 may have it's pretty meaningless if that comes at the expense of performance on more basic tasks.

Caring about performantly doing basic things without caring how badly they're done is wrong headed.

What I'm speaking of here isn't some exalted thing. It's about absolute basics and being correct: C=G, Character=Grapheme, per the Unicode standard. Just as an ASCII byte is no longer the valid character unit of a web server log, so too a codepoint isn't either.

Apple, and hence Swift, gets this right, because they understood the need to handle text correctly. In the meantime, most others are using proglangs (and regex engines) designed before there was widespread awareness of how Unicode actually works.

(It's incredible but true that the latest Python 3 doc still doesn't even mention the word "grapheme". This contrasts incredibly sharply with P5 doc which has included discussion of the impending trainwreck of graphemes for over 2 decades but unfortunately can't dig out from the sheer complexity of dealing with it in a backwards compatible way. Hence the infamous https://stackoverflow.com/a/6163129/1077672 Still, I'd rather have P5's honesty and correctness than Python 3's vapid head-in-sand burying.)

> Besides, modern Rubies use utf-8 by default so the comparison still stands. I'd also be surprised if the latest Perl 5 wasn't also unicode compatible.

The issue isn't about being Unicode compatible for an entire string. (Which for your log files could be one line.) It's about characters and substrings (and regex pattern matches).

There is no issue if your web server log only contains English. Likewise if it only contains text in other simple languages for which C=C, Character=Codepoint. But how do you know your log doesn't contain, say, Indian text?

Even though P5 and Ruby are Unicode compatible at the level of entire strings, and P5 has one of the best legacy regex implementations for dealing with graphemes, it's still the case that if you write regexes without explicitly taking graphemes into account, then those regexes will fail when applied to Unicode text that contains C=G text such as Indian text.
California exports its poor to Texas, other states, while wealthier people move in

https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/article13647809...
Stock loans from whom, in this particular case? Not Porsche, I would guess. If you can't find a counterparty, that's a red flag?
Alternatively, get Tesla and Waymo to work on it.
So, sort of like 4-QAM then?
I was hoping this would be about libcairo and its garbage collection mechanism, as a technical deep dive for the graphics package for Linux.
Now I’m going to have to check see what 1 Password does in this situation.
The link text is "The Titan broken for scrap" -- how much was preserved? https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/pfl/photos/cambridge/...
Texas isn't the fastest growing state

https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/slideshows/the-10-fa...

http://worldpopulationreview.com/states/fastest-growing-stat...

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/01/31/population-g...
Heh, it feels like everybody and their dog has written a reversible debugger.

Listed in this Hacker News thread we have 7 implementations in gdb, plus rr and WinDBG.

I'll add one more, an in-house hypervisor that I help develop. Stuff like finding "all concurrency bugs" as in this article would be a matter of scripting it up. BTW, we're hiring: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19797601

So that's at least 10, counting the gdb backends distinctly except lumping the Linux native x86 and x86_64 together.
If it’s a solution, legislation should just require it. If it’s one of many possible security controls that will each help a bit, we might need more nuanced and local decision making.
Love to see numbers on this. At least in the Bay Area, you have long time residents leaving and being replaced by foreign workers. Combine that with natural population growth and I think it shows that the issue is complex. Yes, people are leaving California.
Nuclear is not a great complement to PV, if the PV is cheap. Cheap PV expands until there is no residual baseload demand left. At that point, nuclear power plants cannot maintain high capacity factor and their economics go all to hell.
It reads a lot like a special purpose logic programming language, almost as if it has a prolog engine built in. Expert systems generally use logic programming. I think that's what the GP means. Rules engines are something different AFAICT, (all I get on Google is business related stuff) and seem to use forward chaining, and I'm not sure how you'd get Inform-like behavior with that.
Otaku holds on to 30 years of issues of Japan’s biggest manga magazine
In the US, we have something called the "standard deduction" which is more practical than everyone tracking things like a corporation that has accountants.
Tesla has the third lowest reliability rating of any car manufacturer. If you want reliability you want to buy Toyota:

https://www.consumerreports.org/media-room/press-releases/20...

Reliability isn't as simple as "it's an EV".
They only just clarified that monitoring was in place and they were reporting as healthy. See the comments above.
If you have a chance to watch the video, I'd recommend it (it's about 1h, as a heads up). It is certainly mature themed, so may not be suitable for younger viewers, but it is a news station-produced segment/doc (KOMO in Seattle), so is not wildly inappropriate, and I found it to be a fascinating and hard look at a real problem. (In fact, the first thing I did when I saw this thread was ctrl+F "yout" to find out if anyone had already posted it).

The video explores the visibly-homeless issue in Seattle, as well as a program to address the problem that was implemented in Rhode Island (specifically, enforcement + long-term treatment). I found it worth the watch.
How to Prevent Your Site from Showing Up in Spy/Competitive Intelligence Tools
> The thing to learn [from the short-squeeze] is that, it's such a rare experience and special case, we should not overreact.

One of my favorite points from “The Black Swan” is how Taleb points out that the few biggest market-moving days make up all the action in the market; the days in between are close to noise.

This is also a bit like saying after a car crash “this is such a rare event, all the other times I drove I didn’t crash. So let’s not get too hasty here”
I mean, you can still dispatch when you get the data from the hook that wraps useeffect.
I don’t see how people are concluding it’s a slap on the wrist that won’t change their behavior. FB is basically just guilty of lax security practices. The fine doesn’t need to be a large percentage of their total revenue to affect change. It just has to be more than the cost of investing in better security practices. Its not like Cambridge Analytica and the other data leaks made any profits for them.
Studies that purport to show that nuclear has a place due to inability of renewables to fill those gaps are usually assuming renewables + short term storage cannot fill those gaps. But renewables + short term storage + hydrogen can, and probably more cheaply than a system with nuclear reactors.
> yet I don't see many people particularly keen on dropping out

Just open your eyes. Look around Seattle, or San Francisco, or Los Angeles, or San Diego or any other city with mild weather, lenient law enforcement, and generous welfare benefits. The number of homeless and housed "drop outs" is astonishing.
Microsoft recently switched developer docs from MediaWiki (Wikipedia’s engine) to GitHub hosted static sites. I’m interested how that will influence things.

I’ve experimented with both wikis and GitLab Pages hosted static sites with large technical teams (hundreds of contributors). The WYSIWYG editing of MediaWiki still gives it an edge, especially for teams with non-software disciplines. MediaWiki also has various features for “gardening” wiki content.
I Compiled 1M TypeScript Files in Under 40 Seconds. This Is How
Japan to propose introducing cap on saury fishing in northern Pacific
Completely robotically maintaining a complex machine sounds like a hard robotics problem to me. Of course it can be designed for machine manipulation but that seems like a pretty complex fusion of robotics and nuclear reactor design. So I think it would be a lot of work.
Agree, lived in Tokyo, San Francisco, Kentucky and visited many cities. Small towns with “nothing to do” are the places for real camaraderie
I'll also mention that when much of the population is transient like that, it'll even affect the people who aren't.

Most everyone I knew growing up doesn't live where we grew up anymore. They're scattered everywhere. Much of my family that used to live there has moved on too.

I was one of the last to officially leave (around 25) and there wasn't much left in my "hometown" for me when I left, because few people I knew were still nearby anyway.

To be clear, I'm not talking about rural Kansas. That's a story from suburban New Jersey, about an hour outside of NYC.
Sounds vaguely like my caffeine fueled musing: https://github.com/noizu/artificial_intelligence
"3. Working rudimentary memory, and reusable modular networks.

So keeping in mind of the concepts from 1. & 2. and a large amount of computing power plus some caveats it should be possible to train modular deep networks, that can be dropped into existing solutions and capable of altering behavior/focus based on upstream signals, with minimal additional training, and without the need to alter the training on the core module. The training process however becomes much more involved.

The approach I would propose here is to,

Stage 1

Prepare a deep network in the usual manner.
Define output sections. (These nodes must contain the make of the car in the image I am viewing) (those nodes must encode the color of the car, etc.). a. Break the output layer into regions that must contain specific data in it’s entirety. b. Train neural networks against those regions to answer or show specific data. Use these split off networks to reinforce learning. c. Once the network is sufficiently trained such that each of the split off networks correctly interprets the data to a sufficient degree re run the network and record the output of all of the split off networks and the intermediate layer they split from d. Repeat, breaking up large sub layers into smaller sections that can organize machine data into specific segments that can be routed to other components.

"
> You need to prove both that someone committed an act and had a certain "mens rea."

Only sometimes, and only for some crimes. It really is rather complicated. Legal philosophy recognizes that the primary purpose of punishments for crime is to deter people from committing crimes, and it therefore doesn't make sense to punish people who are too mentally ill to understand (a) what they were doing, or (b) that it was wrong, or (c) that they would be punished, or (d) what 'punishment' even is.

But legal philosophy is not a wasteland of common sense, and it's also recognized that one of the purposes of punishment for crimes is to prevent recurrence by making it impossible. The legal authority of the state to indefinitely imprison people who are dangerous to others through no fault of their own is well established.
Low barrier to entry, and not particularly safe. Jalopnik preferred "minibikes".

However, a great start for eliminating the auto as the primary city transportation.
That’s a lot of code for very little functionality.
Wow, this is embarrassing.

I've read plenty of Inform 7 source code (see e.g. https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey/blob/master/Counter... ).

And I read Knuth's book "Literate Programming" in formative years and loved the idea.

But somehow I never connected Inform 7 as generically a live, working modern example of literate programming. That's pretty silly! The language is full of dozens of good examples of worked programs, albeit nearly all written as one kind of text in/text out/parser interaction.

One difference I maybe see is that Knuth writes a book about a program which is built in a very didactic fashion such that every single bit of source code is commented with a detailed explanation of what it does. In real life, though, most Inform games have a bunch of utility code that is not super well commented but is needed to glue things together; and the way that real large Inform games are written means that the program isn't quite as narrative as the example Knuth gives. The program certainly tells a story when interpreted, but the source code of the program itself doesn't tell a story in quite the way that I kind of read Knuth's book as promising.

About half of some of the best IF of 2018 was written in Inform 6 or 7 ( https://ifdb.tads.org/poll?id=mryx4c8bzwym7rvy ), so it's doing fairly well, even if many good authors have been tempted by other options, up to and including roll-your-own.

Separately, I have struggled to find an interpreter on latest OS X that loads all of those 2018 games reliably -- what is the community's preferred Mac interpreter now?
Yes. A UK doctor's account of his patients' lives before and after heroin was made illegal to prescribe: https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/05/the-case-for-prescriptio...
By subscribing a dev AWS account to the EventBridge.
I understand your point, but there is an entire makret for government contracting which is basically a monopsony. Difference complience, etc. But how much money can we really justify to deal with the hassle of a cross-cloud expense? Also, more providers = woder attack surface. The likelihood that at least one of two or three companies will screw up their security is greater than the likelihood that one of one will.
Under the hood it's probably exactly that.
With their mountains and rivers they could probably use hydro as backup for solar and wind generation and achieve 100% but with ability to buy electricity because of the connected grid unlikely to happen
That's a very narrow definition of spam that you're only going to hear from spammers (your profile is utterly unsurprising after reading this comment). Unfortunately for you, end-users are going to mark as spam based on their own much more reasonable definition.
When you are elderly, who will take care of you?

> In addition, my children WILL NOT be living at home until they are 30 ...

I agree with you here -- independence is the ideal. But for reasons beyond the individual's control this is not always possible: misfortune, ill health, age. The community has a responsibility to take care of those within it who are struck by these things.
The latest barrier to 5G speeds? The summer
I don't think so. More like ifttt for Enterprise.
The punch line is that Graham Nelson still has not open-sourced Inform 7, but hopes to do so in 2019. So, if you decide to build your work on Inform 7 and Graham gets unexpectedly run over by a tram like Gaudi, you're very likely out of luck; you won't have the legal right to fix problems in the platform, port it to new platforms (such as, as he notes, iOS), or remove whatever spyware his heirs decide to add to "monetize the platform".

So, it's nice to hear that he's making concrete steps forward, but the bottom line is that he's still not open-sourcing it, just continuing to promise to open-source it, as he has been doing for many years.

With that in mind, I think the title of the HN post is misleading; it would be more accurate to entitle it "Not Open-Sourcing Inform 7", and still better to entitle it "Not Yet Open-Sourcing Inform 7."

And that's a shame, because Inform 7 looks like one of the most interesting experiments in programming-language design today, and has been for years. Years that I haven't tried it, because downloading and installing proprietary software is not my idea of a fun pastime.
I don't know what you mean by "DFA's can't backtrack". Maybe you mean DFAs don't support backreferences, which is true, but NFAs don't support backreferences either.

I believe if r is the size of the regex and d is the size of the data, an NFA is O(r) to compile and O(rd) to execute, while a DFA is O(2^r) to compile and O(d) to execute. So DFAs are slower to compile, but faster to execute.
I keep thinking of this:

https://waitbutwhy.com/2017/04/neuralink.html
essentially, yes
^ This is why I love hackernews!
Written mathematics is quite informationally dense and, in general, reads much more slowly than typical English prose. Sometimes you do have to go over an equation symbol-by-symbol; sometimes you have to convince yourself of the truth of a sentence with no symbols at all.

In this particular case, though, you're in luck, as Martin-Löf gave a less technical and more philosophical series of lectures on the same subject, which are a much easier read: http://archive-pml.github.io/martin-lof/pdfs/Meanings-of-the...
> now they have $10 that they will absolutely put back into circulation to make additional money on, _and_ $10 worth of libra have been created

This sounds dangerous and wrong, but the same thing happens if you buy a gift card or deposit cash into a checking account.

Now you have an Amazon gift card or bank debit card for $100 _and_ Amazon or your bank has $100 that they'll put back into circulation.

It's just how money works, it's nothing new with Libra.