skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Let's consider something with less independence, because it makes things harder to notice. Temperature indoors T1, temperature outdoors T2, IsOvercast O.

Let's say T2|O=1 is a "conditional random variable". Let's consider the average temperature indoors and outdoors. What would ((T1|O=1) + T2)/2 even mean? How could you use the two "variables" in the same expression? What is even their joint distribution? They are defined over different spaces!

This means, we must always carefully condition all variables used together on the exact same things. So ((T1|O=1) + (T2|O=1))/2 is valid. But then why do this on all variable instances that we use? It would be very tedious. At some point we want to get to a distribution (or some function of a distribution, like the expectation or variance), so it's much simpler to say for example P((T1 + T2)/2 | O=1), which is just a good old conditional distribution. Conditioning is an operation on a distribution and in my mind the bar (|) is really a slot in the P() notation and is short for P(A,B)/P(B). A bar popping up elsewhere (like in expectations) must be directly determined by the distribution (a random variable is not).

Overall, since you cannot mix differently conditioned "conditional random variables" in a single expression, you may just as well put your conditioning on the side of the whole expression in the P().

Not sure if my point is coming across...
With Docker at least everything is contained in the container. Which makes isolating and resetting environments a breeze. Something I worry about often is contaminating my system's 'state'. Which always leads to broken builds or incomplete build systems because a missing dependency is not spotted on your system because it was installed by some other tool some other time.

I tend to write my Makefiles to create as much of a local dev environment as possible for every project. Using Python virtualenv/Pipenv/Poetry, Ruby vendored dirs, custom Gopath per project (using direnv), etc. Most tools support some sort of isolation/localisation, but it's often just not on by default.
this looks expensive.

a good design would be cheaper and make better use of the space - not waste it
This is all true, but I would add that many on the right are fully aware of the imperfections of the market, but believe the imperfections of government intervention are worse, and also less tractable. I agree with them on the first, although not the second.
100oz or 3L most days.
Is it just me or did everyone say before the Bayer / Monsanto merger that it's a hugely bad idea and the joint company will have way more problems in court?

Told you so. (Also seems to be the opinion of the majority of shareholders...)
The simple way to stop the Senate from just blocking everything (which it does by not scheduling a vote, to avoid accountability of individual senators to voting down qualified candidates) is to reshape their confirmation power to a power to actively reject.
I think in this particular situation the problem is more with child education than the problem with the game itself.
This case will pave the way for future class action lawsuits, and perhaps criminal or regulatory cases.

If someone is stuck on the fact that the jury awarded a couple of people punitive damages, they're missing the forest for the trees.
If that 'Honda service centre' happens to be an independent repair shop with loads of logo's on the front window, sure.
“There is no arguing with Johnson,” said Goldsmith, “for if his pistol misses fire, he knocks you down with the butt end of it.”
Consumers were well aware of Internet Explorer not being removable from Windows too. So?
>I remember spending two hours with a geek friend to configure something that resembles what we get from any other instant messenger today (working across multiple devices).

Kind of like complaining that email is too complicated because it took a long time to set someone up. XMPP is a protocol. You would have to provide more context to let us understand why the use of XMPP extensions was a pain.
I know a lot of small business owners who were only able to strike out "on their own"...because their spouse worked for a large corporation (or the government). They could afford to spend a few years getting it off the ground, supported by the family's other income (and health insurance). So, I suspect you're correct on this.
I dunno, that's just how it works here.
who is this dave cutler lady you speak of?
Why go to the bottom of a gravity well to mine ice?
Tools you can use to recover from the loss or destruction of your laptop/desktop as fast as possible. Or having to hand over your password to the authorities. This involves compressing all of the state and data and removing and/or sending it somewhere, and then being able to recover it quickly. And it must be simple, robust and automated.
Perhaps the intent was to perform the test at the same air density, as many aerodynamic properties, including stalling speed (and also engine performance) depend on density.

Also, it is more useful to know how much height was needed to recover, than that there was not enough. The latter can easily be determined from the former.
This is (part of) what the jury heard:

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (part of the WHO) classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans” in 2015.

After that, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (part of the CDC) announced a review of the herbicide, and the plaintiffs alleged that Monsanto conspired to conceal the risks by influencing or delaying that review.

For example, a Monsanto scientist contacted a former EPA toxicologist: “We’re trying to do everything we can to keep from having a domestic IARC occur with this group. May need your help”

And Monstanto's liason to the EPA wrote to another Monsanto toxicologist: “[EPA division director Jesudoss “Jess” Rowland] told me no coordination [between the EPA and the ATSDR] is going on and he wanted to establish some saying ‘If I can kill this I should get a medal’. However, don’t get your hopes up, I doubt EPA and Jess can kill this."

https://www.courthousenews.com/roundup-cancer-trial-emails-s...
Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) and a nice friendly implementation like Z3. When you have a difficult algorithmic problem and can't be bothered to dream up a good solution, why not try chucking it into a solver and see if a computer can solve it for you? Surprising what it can find - not just Sudoku puzzles and "Mr Green lives next door to Mr Black, the baker lives across the street to the butcher, ... " type stuff either.
That was less fascinating than the myth, to me.
WhatsApp voice calls were used to inject spyware on phones
Maybe it’s not worth it, and I get that (but learning is fun and makes you smarter!). But Emacs can do much more than vim+Terminal. Debugging, git integration, psychiatrists, pong, Tetris, an awesome calculator that can do integrals and derivatives, etc etc. Also web browsing (you can embed WebKit inside), a full blown window manager (you can embed X apps in it), org-mode (which is amazing), in-line images, equations, flash cards, music player, movie editor, file manager, and much much more.

Emacs is the greatest application I’ve ever used, bar none. I’ve tried vim, and it doesn’t even come close.
This is incoherent, non sequitur. Again, we're talking about two different categories of devices: general computing vs. non-general. At the moment, smartphones are non-general, insofar as they are not made for user programmability from the device itself.

Secondly, that MS case is a different matter than the one cited here, and does not map well onto this case.

Thirdly, the major precedent of the original ruling appears to have been overturned shortly after. This damages the argument somewhat. The ruling seems scurrilous in the first place, in my opinion.
Alan Kay has spent a long time thinking about how to teach systems thinking to children (etoys, kadema,etc). Hopefully he sees this question (he sometimes posts as alan-1)
I highly doubt this was an intentional outcome. Multiplayer video games have had paid skins for years.

Fortnite has just attracted way way way more young teens, and they're bullying each other because of differences as they always have.

I wouldn't be surprised if there wasn't actually any more bullying going on because of Fortnite - it's just more obvious to people outside of the teenagers social sphere because of how wildly popular Fortnite is and how much media attention it's getting.
Fortnite is the new GTA.
A scam call center [video]
One simple strategy is not to change your approach to storage of IDs, which can continue to be "simple" keys. If you use that strategy, the only change from a "conventional" application is that the server is doing all the URL<->simpleId conversions instead of pushing that responsibility onto the client. Another good strategy is to store Ids in the form that the URI spec calls "path-absolute" URIs — basically you lop off the scheme and authority. This strategy works well, but may require a bit more care, and may cause problems if you have to integrate with other tables that have a different approach to keys.
A few blunt options:

1. Ask your friends for referrals or to hire you.

2. Go balls to the walls studying and cut your expenses then don't screw up. probably not the one you want to do but crashing on a friend's couch and studying does work.

3. Get a government job. They take a long time but your employment is definitely on auto after that.
We're doing both at the moment and what you don't understand is that if you have more then one source for the product you want and the producers really really want to sell it, you are in a better position then being depended on one source. Something that will surely be a risk with Russia being Russia.
The new regulations the EU will probably slam onto the project will also add to the good outcome. And all this for a technology that in the end will be and probably already is a bridge and backup between the old and new energy sources.
List of Free Science Books
Network TV sure had nothing on the internet, eh?

https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/blueoystercult/harvesterofey...
The design of everyday things. It's a design book that will make you a better programmer too.
Up $1,200: Bitcoin Price Surges Above $8K
Introduction to Transaction Isolation Levels
This is the third jury that looked at all the available evidence and reached the same conclusion. That's 36 people that spent hours carefully looking at the available documents and u̶n̶a̶n̶i̶m̶o̶u̶s̶l̶y̶ agreed that Roundup can cause cancer and that Monsanto covered up the risks. Maybe we shouldn't be so dismissive?
Easy, relational calculus is a theoretical model, you don't even need a computer to understand it!
Another fine recent article about Johnson:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19811718
> Health is naturally quite complicated but it isn't impossible to get right

We may never get it 'right' but we can aim for 'better', and have consensus on what the metrics are. By many measures the US isn't even in the top 10 for health metrics. Given what we pay (hard dollars and % comparison against other countries), that's crazy.
Downvoters: What is bad about transparency? Fake news proves what we have now isn't perfect. More eyeballs on an algorithm could be a stepping stone to solving the problem.
AVR support is pretty bad in LLVM, PIC32 is MIPS, which is well supported afaik. ARM market share is around 50% in embedded microcontrollers afaik [1], so it's definitely possible to use in embedded projects, but might be impossible for your specific platform.

[1] https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/arm-market-s...
Radio waves (every frequency) are classified as “probably carcinogenic to humans” by the same organisation.

(edit: its possibly not probably thanks to commenter below)

This has lead to anti vaxxer types believing smart electricity meters are out to kill them (no idea why low powered smart meters are the devil over other emmiting devices).

If you listen to International Agency for Research on Cancer every electronic device in your home, could kill you with cancer.
You're implying NYT has the same credibility as Infowars. Don't know in what dimension such a statement could be true, but it certainly isn't ours.

Also, the current government under Trump despises most of the big boys for obvious reason, so pretending they constantly push government narratives again highlights quite a distorted sense of reality.
Show HN: Eigengrau's Generator – A procedural city generator for tabletop gaming
>But the main issue on the Max is airodynamic lift generated by the nacelles at high AoA.

I agree.

I did not find the original article I read about it but e.g. this article ( https://moneymaven.io/mishtalk/economics/boeing-737-max-unsa... ) contains a statement similar to what I read - a bit more aggressive and I did not actually read the article and I do not know the website (so yeah, it might be a bad and unconfirmed source). Anyway, just focusing only on the nacelles and AoA here is the statement:

>>because the engine nacelles were so far in front of the wing and so large, a power increase will cause them to actually produce lift, particularly at high angles of attack. So the nacelles make a bad problem worse.

>>I’ll say it again: In the 737 Max, the engine nacelles themselves can, at high angles of attack, work as a wing and produce lift. And the lift they produce is well ahead of the wing’s center of lift, meaning the nacelles will cause the 737 Max at a high angle of attack to go to a higher angle of attack.

Summarized, I understand this as a looping chain reaction: the higher the AoA the higher the lift produced by the nacelles, which in turn (without auto-trim by MCAS or active pilot correction) will increase the AoA which in turn will increase the lift, etc... .
>Jury == random number generator. Maybe they get it right, but only by chance.

They may be laymen on the subject, but they heard the evidence and expert testimony...that makes them more knowledgeable about the facts than anyone in this thread, and yet you’ll see many educated people here with opinions without any facts (beyond newspaper articles).

And while they may be better equipped to make a finding of fact of a criminal case (did person x do y), but often it’s still just a chance they get it right, plus those criminal cases have a much higher standard than a civil case.

So it’s important to keep in mind what is being asked of the jury here. They aren’t asking if roundup cause cancer, not even asking did roundup cause cancer beyond a reasonable doubt, but simply based on the expert testimony and facts presented is it more likely than not (>50% chance) Roundup caused cancer.
It's really hard to prove that a person who paid money for an object in their hand, without an explicit leasing agreement, is not the "owner" of that object.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_is_nine-tenths_of...

Without a compelling, court-tested, legal precedent for Apple to claim "you don't own that iPhone in your hand", the assumption is that you do, regardless of what the EULA might say. EULAs that are contrary to standing law are not valid.

The fact that one can buy iPhones on the secondary market lends credence to notion that consumers own their devices.

And given that Atari and Nintendo both tried, and failed, to make similar arguments against 3rd party software manufacturers, I think it's pretty clear which way the courts would go, if it were to ever be tested.

We don't live in a society where corporations get to make up whatever rules they want, as long as they can convince someone to sign on the dotted line.
Remember when we respected the distinction between a device itself, and the manufacturer's tweaked OS installation? Pettridge Farm remembers.

Speaking of bricking Samsung phones, there's a well known bug in the emmc chip of the i9300 that will eventually brick the phone. I'm pretty sure my i9500 fell victim to the same problem.
> sizable tent in the revenue.

I'm sorry.
http://imageenvision.com/450/24542-clip-art-graphic-of-a-fla...
It's possible I was misinformed, then. I'll have to look into this.
They calculate risk / reward with models just like most acquisitions work. Honeywell bought a company back in my hometown once and took on their legal liability for environmental cleanup. Something like ~500M, they absorbed the legal ownership of whatever the company had, but their models say hey this is an overall net benefit of 600M - 500M we take on, hey we still make 100M lets do it!
> And in 2019, when you hear people complaining about Bitcoin and warning about it, what you are hearing are the voices of people in 1637 saying: you shouldn’t be involved in this trade. You’re the wrong person, you don’t know enough.

Only this exact analogy is trotted out every time the Bitcoin exchange rate swings up or down very quickly. It's happened about a half dozen times now over the last 10 years.

You see this on the way up and down. The line comes mostly from people don't understand the underlying technology or economics.

Nor do those sage finger-waggers point out that the tulip mania was over within less than one year between 1636 and 1637.

Whatever Bitcoin is, it's not like Tulip Mania, nor is it much like anything that's come before.
> Anyone called up for jury duty who has expertise in the area is unlikely to be selected to sit on the jury.

Interesting. I had never considered this. I would've considered this to be a plus, but I suppose it IS more of a double-edged sword.
Wiktionary says it's ancient Greek.

Which makes sense, it doesn't need to be a back formation or slight pun - it's already different from dia 'across'/'between' (like diameter) talking, it's specifically not that.
Interesting article. Too bad they resort to a clickbait title as opposed to the title used for it here on HN.

My willingness to post an article on social media to share it with others is inversely proportionate to the clickbaityness of its title.

If it has a clickbait title I ain’t posting it. And this one does, so I won’t. Too bad, because the article is good.
Science?

"Reuters found 10 significant changes that were made between the draft chapter on animal studies and the published version of IARC’s glyphosate assessment. In each case, a negative conclusion about glyphosate leading to tumours was either deleted or replaced with a neutral or positive one. Reuters was unable to determine who made the changes."

https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/who-iarc...
Critical thinking skills are what we need to focus on, most people don't know what an algorithm is.
They played "Happy" too much.
You could have both sides present expert witnesses that are assessed by a specialized court, with no jury and with judges who have relevant training. This isn't possible at the Federal level and in most states since they constitutionally require jury trials for civil cases above a certain dollar amount, but you could do it in states that do not, and the other states could amend their constitutions.

Specialized courts for things like patent law are used in lots of places outside the US precisely because juries are often unsuitable for evaluating technical questions (among other reasons).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_court
SQL (even if just SQLite) as databases open up a lot of power.

Vim or Emacs for powerful text editing.

A low level language. Sometimes Python doesn't cut it, or it is pretty suboptimal. If you're writing a trading bot, is speed of execution not important?

Operating System knowledge can be helpful at times. I bought one of the No Starch books "How Linux Works" and it is very helpful.

The command line and by that I guess you should know the common Linux commands (cat, grep, sort, uniq, head, tail, ls, top) if you use Linux and how to chain them together via pipes. To give some context, I can write one command which would require 8 lines of Python (saves you valuable time). If you use Windows, learn enough Powershell to be comfortable with it. On occasion I'll use Powershell over Python even though it is dirt slow for reading files.
What about realistic optimism ?

I firmly believe in space colonization, but I also firmly believe in realizing things, not just pushing propaganda or fantasy (sometimes with ulterior motives). O'Neill cylinders as a panacea are just that, as far as I can tell (I admit I haven't seen any objective analysis on it; my total guess calculation would put it at say $20M/person absolute minimum for a large city of say 1M persons -- which would be several times the US economy or the assets of a large number of most valuable companies combined).

We just can't not fix Earth. There's no alternative. I've studied quite a bit about Mars colonization (and have my own thoughts about colonizing other places -- in particular I find underground habitats in Mercury intriguing), and it is quite clearly a project for the end of the century at least. Even when the soil, the gravity, and the materials are all more or less at your disposal, it's still extremely difficult to kick start a quasi-self-sustaining manufacturing base, even less one capable of producing exports and growing rapidly. The cost constants per inhabitant are very high.

Like anyone else, I think we need to move off this planet as soon as feasible. But we need a real vision, and we need to do it in a way that makes us truly more resillient and further reaching -- that is, we need colonies to be self-sustaining to the point of surviving catastrophe on other colonies without themselves disappearing -- this is the truly worthwhile goal I believe we need to pursue.

Imaginary space cities relying thousands of billionaires / millions of millionaires spending all wealth on are not that.

Heck, I even believe in Interstellar colonization in the not-too-distant future.

See also, other strategies for ensuring human survival:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17646897

(Underground habitats on Earth)
Presumably letting the battery die and turning it back on will "unbrick" it? If so, I wouldn't call that "bricking"
>The jury is just there to evaluate the credibility of the competing experts who have offered opinions on that question.

It's not clear that they're competent to do this, either.

>If lay people are not equipped to evaluate such credibility, that calls into question the very underpinnings of our policy-making institutions.

Not necessarily. It just calls into question whether the system works well in this class of cases.

>Whenever I have seen an actual jury at work, I have consistently been impressed by the degree to which folks can absorb the information presented at trial.

Have you seen something even remotely comparable to the case being discussed here?
If acronyms meant one thing, a lot of spammy SEO-driven sites would be out of 'business'.
But why should everything be subject to laws of supply and demand? That's just slavery with extra steps. Alice is rich and got to follow her passion (even though it maybe took a long time), Bob was born poor and so any passion on his part must be subordinated to his ability to be employed by Carol regardless of opportunity cost.

Is this somehow Bob's fault for being born into the wrong circumstances? Obviously not. But if the aspirational messages that we provide to all people in society are only true for a privileged few, then the communication of same to a larger mass of people for whom it is not is a form of fraud perpetuated on those least able to detect it.