skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Sigh, so much of this discussion is political.

The "problem" with R12 was that it breaks down in the atmosphere in short order (less than 10 years by some calculations). Most of the replacement refrigerants are basically inert. The estimated lifetime of r134a is 50,000 years. So even tiny leaks over a long period are going to do incredible damage to the climate. This was known from the beginning and is by design (the stable molecule bit).

But even now decades later the political ideology that AC units were the "problem" persists, despite the fact that its well documented that CFC's were used for everything from propellants in consumer products like silly string and hairspray, to large scale industrial uses like popcorn production (again recently in china).

Yet in all this time, we haven't really found a better set of refrigerants.

In the end, we would be better off bringing R12/22/etc back with the stringent controls for licensing/recovery/recycling/leak detection/etc that was put in place when they were banned. Combined with proper systems engineering to avoid leaks that are now required due to the refrigerants being extremely flammable or generally dangerous to human life we would both solve the problems of them being in the atmosphere, while avoiding the engineering problems of designing AC units that have to compress azeotropic compounds to extreme pressures, or function close to their critical points in tropical climates or any number of other problems with lubrication/etc.
Water Innovation Prize goes to startups targeting methane and wastewater
I don't use this, but I recently saw the StrongLifts 5x5 [1] workout plan mentioned in an HN comment. Looked interesting, straightforward, and approachable for any level of practice.

[1] https://stronglifts.com/5x5/
I don't know why they don't just give it a facelift, but keep all the core functionality and interface...instead of the Paint3D route of making it overly confusing and keeping a very dated looking paint .net app.
I initially read this as sarcasm, then I saw the username. /r/thatHappened is twitching right now
More detail on the cardboard shipping box debacle needed!
The alternative view is that most Americans have only ever known one type of government: an incompetent one. We spend more per capita on Medicare than most first world countries spend on their universal health care, but we only cover 15% of the population. We build roads, railroads, pipelines, and other basic infrastructure at 4-10x markup over the costs that other first world countries are paying. We spend more on education than other countries but get worse outcomes.

If you ask any underperforming manager why they are underperforming, they'll all say the same thing: not enough resources. Give me more staff, give me more budget. But they don't get it because they squander the budget they do have.

Other countries might be getting 30% more funding than the US gives their government, but the returns on that spending are 1000% more than what the US gets from their government. Fix that problem first and I think you'll be surprised at how willing people will be to fund their government appropriately.
Oh I bet someone in Italy got visited by a doctor with a cigarette (30 minutes late, lunch) today.

And yes, the systems work in Germany and Japan because they're culturally and racially homogeneous (Japan).

The United States was founded by people who didn't like their home country and decided to leave, rather than bend the knee.

As such, we fight about everything. It's inefficient for some stuff.
Yet the chart shows that the US middle class is much wealthier than the middle class of other countries.
Sounds cool, but even after poking through the repos I still don't fully understand what it does.
Show HN: Unicode Strikethrough Generator
Ah, so, the honor system.
> 76% of Americans spend a year of their life in the top 20%,

That's not that surprising; median income for 45-54 age range is about 70th percentile overall, so do a little better than median in this age range and it's easy to hit top 20%; of courses this is still an income that is (especially on a non-sustained basis) not a sign of significant difference in economic relationships from the median—its working or lower middle class, in traditional terms, and not—contrary to AEIs spin, evidence for class mobility.
Better on what evidence overall, regarding the entire economy and all classes?
You didn't have a wait because that's the ER. Scheduling a complex plan of care would probably have a different story.
Healthcare, college, and childcare are all exceptionally expensive in America. Those are the fundamentals to having a middle-class life. You're better off as a middle class person in Western Europe than an upper-middle class person in the US. We have virtually no safety nets either. At least Europeans have a better sense of community and family and a welfare state to offer a safety net. I think being an average American is definitely more stressful than being your average Western European. I blame republicans like Reagan, Newt Gingrich, Bush Sr. and Jr., Mitch McConnell, and Paul Ryan for the hollowing out of the middle class and giving trillions in tax cuts to billionaires. Vote Bernie if you want this to change and vote for Medicare for all.
It's worth reading the underlying OECD report: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-healt...

Two points based on the charts on page 44, 46.

1) Looking at just "middle income" people exaggerates the situation in the U.S. because part of the reason the U.S. has a smaller middle class is because it has a bigger upper class. About 15% of the U.S. is "upper income" versus 5% in countries like Denmark, Norway, or France. At the other end, about 35% of the U.S. is "lower income" or below. That's on the high side, but Sweden, Ireland, and the U.K. are not that far off, at about 30%. Even Norway and Denmark are in the 25-26% range.

The more concerning thing (and the OECD report focuses on that) is that almost 20% of the U.S. is poor (below 50% of median income) versus say 10% in Sweden (or 5% in Denmark).

2) Being "middle income" means different things in different countries. The lower threshold for the U.S. is $23,416 PPP-adjusted 2010 dollars per year. That's right around the median income for Germany. Put differently, someone who is right at the boundary between "middle income" and "lower income" in the U.S. is right at the median income in Germany. Many of the people in the U.S. classified as "low income" in the U.S. would still qualify as "middle income" in Germany.
Yes? You make several times what most families make and are well into the top 10%.

You probably have an easy time comparing yourself to a billionaire's lifestyle and saying "I'm not rich". You probably have a hard time visualizing and comparing yourself to the typical American lifestyle of a typical earner or even low-earner and saying "I'm incredibly rich compared to most". But that's on you. You could go and learn more about how most people live. Go and find all the people - tens of millions of them in the US - who, when they have a cavity, don't go to the dentist because they can't afford it. Say hi to them, ask them about their life.

It is possible to get away from $9 coffees and recalibrate your wealth evaluation system.
What is the average healthcare costs for an American?

Aren't the majority of people in the US covered by Medicare or their employers plans?

I'm from Canada so I'm curious what the yearly costs would be like. I typically lean libertarian on most areas of gov-run organizations but, much like prisons, public health insurance makes far more sense to be completely centralized vs the US random centralization and countless layers of legislation over their pretend private market.

They are wasting money: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/He...
I'm surprised MS don't just strike a deal with Paint.NET [1]. It would help fund a worthwhile project (which feels as simple as Paint, but is significantly more advanced) that appears to be run from donations only.

[1] https://www.getpaint.net
The article is focused on essentially old idea of framebuffers:

> Even more ideally these memory chunks would just be textures in the GPU.

And that idea is very far from modern world of high-DPI monitors.

In high-DPI UI you cannot operate on textures anymore.

Window surface shall be represented not by bitmap (that is O(N) complex to fill by CPU) but rather CommandLists:

[opFillRect,0,0,100,100]
[opFillPath,...]
[opBlitBitmap,...]

Window compositor shall pass such command lists to GPU for rendering.

This way to fill rectangle on window's surface will be O(1) complex operation - just to send [opFillRect,0,0,100,100] command to window (and so to GPU) for rendering.
The name of the emperor I believe is decided at the time of coronation though. They don't go by their real name but a new imperial name. That's my understanding at least.
MOOCs as they are currently structured really only serve the most motivated students. When I was a young person, I needed the structure, culture and environment to succeed as a student in tertiary education. If I had been trying to do my college courses from home, or outside of an environment full of my fellow students, I would never have done them with the degree of seriousness they would have deserved, and I would have learned way less.
If you mean the whole world, then yes that is (mostly) true, but it is true for every high income nation, and therefore not really informative.

If you mean against other high income nation's, then it is only true in the most superficial sense, as once you include all benefits available to people, and social and economic mobility, the US quickly falls down the charts.
Interview with GitLab CEO Sid Sijbrandij
I very specifically said reliable systems, not functions, libraries and so on. So you're claiming that Rust systems are more reliable than PHP ones, another person's claiming that Haskell's more reliable than C++ and yet another that Go is more reliable than Python.

Once again, where's your proof? You know, studies, experiments, demonstrations comparing real-world (or even dummy) projects and concluding the above? Because gut feelings aren't going to convince me, or any other questioning individual.

Almost all these claims, including yours (not surprising at all) revolve around the idea of encoding relationships and allowed operations in the type system. I'm calling this "reliability in the small", or the ability of writing statements and functions which are restricted from performing specific non-desired operations. These do have a positive effect in my opinion, but not enough to result in more reliable systems overall. A pretty well known tenet of safety engineering is that putting together reliable components does not mean one gets a reliable system.

Frankly, I think it's other things that really make a difference: thorough code review, formal specifications, design by contract, automated testing, taking time to gather requirements and design things.

I'm not going to spend time addressing your points regarding C++, because let's be honest, you wrote way too much :-/ In principle you're correct to say that it's easier to write memory-safe Go or Rust code. C++ requires more effort to get there and C++ teams tend to prefer performance to safety.

It is not easier to write correct Go or Rust code compared to C++. Memory access violations aside, there are many more bug classes which aren't prevented by any of those languages. Rust is constantly being oversold, there's nothing that makes it any better than say Java or Swift, on the contrary, the former are much easier to pick up.
> require voting in person, but make voting mandatory.

This is only feasible if employers are legally required to allow employees time off to vote. In many countries, election days are holidays, but attempts to follow suit in the US haven't gone anywhere.
Evolutionary Tree-Structured Storage: Concepts, Interfaces, and Applications [pdf]
How to handle forms with just React
So eloquent. Yes! This weekend I designed a ROS library during all those moments. Then Monday morning I wrote it all down once at my work computer. There's something so satisfying about learning how to design all in my head.
It doesn't necessarily. One thing that can come with ADHD is hyperfocus for certain activities. If one has ADHD and an intense interest in mathematics, you might be in luck.

When I was in school, I have a hard time staying engaged in lecture, and homework was near-impossible. I got a C in physics, but set the curve on the tests. It was a fascinating topic, but I couldn't stay focused on the bookwork.

Occasionally I will find a project that fully engages hyperfocus, and it's incredibly satisfying. I once fabricated a motorcycle carrier in a day and a half, pausing only to eat and sleep.
Not quite - if you try to game the system by post dating your arrival time, and the disc is checked quickly enough, the enforcer will see the disc time is ahead of the current time = ticket.
> ...roam the streets of Bondi, Australia

This ruling applies to the US, not Australia.
No, the only place I see the kind of rabid hatred of Google and Facebook for their data collection practices are here on HN. Of course these people want their services, actually expect them for free, continuously at the same standard. They just don't want to be tracked, don't want to pay for them, don't want to be advertised too and don't have any real solutions on how they would be paid for other than some handwaving about breaking Google/Facebook up which apparently will solve everything.

Everytime I've pointed out that most people simply don't care about the level of tracking Facebook and Google do I'm endlessly shouted down with words to the effect of "No! If they understand how much they were tracked they'd care!", but I don't believe that's the case, I think most people simply don't care based on the value they get from these companies.
Why large Unions represent a diverse set of members take Prospect (UK) which represents people in a very diverse set of industry's.
Ask HN: How to deal with a world where we watch people die because of our code
There was a moment in Tesla's autonomy day that struck me. Someone (Stuart Bowers?) was explaining how Tesla's autonomous driving system learns and makes decisions. They can record and replay specific situations the cars get into. He even mentioned that "he watches every accident":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ucp0TTmvqOE&feature=youtu.be&t=10777

I assume the following:

- Autonomous driving that decreases human suffering is a good thing, even if the accidents are more than 0.
- The nature of the type of approach Tesla is taking (neural network, etc) is designed to reduce, not eliminate, high energy impacts
- There will always be an ever diminishing tail of situations that the system will not respond to ideally that will cause accidents.

So, the approach Tesla and probably others are taking is rather than wait for a completely ideal solution, which may never come, we should get a good enough system together that can immediately start reducing serious accidents, and learn over time to do even better.

This means that engineers will need to review the results of their work regularly. They'll probably need to watch video of people getting killed, knowing that the reason that person died was a trade-off they made that perhaps saved the lives of 10 other people, but killed this one.

I have always found it easy to dismiss the trolley problem[1] as being purely theoretical, life isn't so simple. But here we seem to have actually created it. What does this mean?

When a junior dev pushes a patch that takes down an Amazon datacenter, we can be glad that the poor engineer was not fired, as we are all fallible and need to learn from our mistakes. We share our stories of when we screwed up. What happens when the junior engineer pushes an update that kills a few hundred people, and at the next team meeting we need to review the footage?

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_problem
>> My intuition about this as someone who grew up in America and has traveled internationally quite a bit is that nowhere else on earth are the middle classes so convinced that one day they will be "millionaires" than here.

>They aren't completely wrong. 76% of Americans spend a year of their life in the top 20%, 56% in the top 10%.

Top 20% is > $79,000

Top 10% is > $114,000

That's not even in the ballpark. They are completely wrong.
> I'm only for mandatory voting if there is a 'none of the above' option

You could write in a name, or hand in an empty ballot. Mind, nothing will come of this even if it's the majority pick, but you're never actually forced to choose a candidate.
I’m in management (at a company that doesn’t make anything where conscientious objection could be relevant). When we make other ethics-based judgment calls, we don’t go crowing about them generally. They’re simply “how things are done around here.”
Yes, I think adding a programming language like this is a bit tricky.

But using it to embed markup is really cool.

https://github.com/bodil/typed-html
5-Steps and 10-Steps, to Learn Machine Learning
It's definitely not a spin off, "Software Engineers" are a part of the order, but not "Computer Scientists".
Until a rearchitecture is needed. Then you’ll either need all your developers in ops or vice versa.

(Assuming your response implies iRobot uses serverless)
Kotlin is just Scala with a few most advanced features taken out with no good replacement. It is not even really much faster in compilation speed when you account for its verbosity [1] and it has worse IDE support limited to just one IDE. Jetbrains is not interested in supporting other IDEs than its own. So what is so much more pragmatic about it?

Also there is no decline in Scala usage, and Kotlin doesn't exist outside its Android niche really. So "taking by storm" is a wishful thinking.

[1] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34615947/why-does-kotlin...
I think the imposition of this burden on engineers is the result of our belief that our legislators are too incompetent or unwilling to act in the fact of clear moral hazards.

Tech has a very strong history of conscientious objectors. They're not the problem. Other institutions need to do their part.
That was my thought too. It slowly shifted to, "build a foundation from which my kids might attempt that dream."
> are not that far off

Don't ignore the safety net.
> Code pages are shared, after all

Yes, but various things that require relocations may not be. That can include code, but definitely includes data like C++ vtables, as a simple example. Just to put a number to this, for Firefox that is several megabytes per process for vtables, after some work aimed at reducing the number.

There are ways to deal with that by using embryo processes and forking (hence after relocations) instead of starting the process directly; you end up with slightly less effective ASLR, since the forking happens after ASLR.

> So what memory pressure is "exploded"?

Caches, say. Again as a concrete example, on Mac the OS font library (CoreText) has a multi-megabyte glyph cache that is per-process. Assuming you do your text painting directly in the web renderer process (which is an assumption that is getting revisited as a result of this problem), you now end up with multiple copies of this glyph cache. And since it's in a system library, you can't easily share it (even if you ignore the complication about it not being readonly data, since it's a cache).

Just to make the numbers clear, the number of distinct origins on a "typical" web page is in the dozens because of all the ads. So a 3MB per-process overhead corresponds to something like an extra 100MB of RAM usage...
You could also move voting to Saturday.
There's no point in taking a stand if it means relinquishing responsibility.

You'd rather have weapons in the hands of pacifists than warmongers, but that won't happen if pacifists "conscientiously object" and throw down their arms; police brutality isn't eliminated by making it a job that appeals only to bullies; and software development doesn't become ethical by asking everyone with a sense of ethics to quit.

What you need is for people to communicate and understand the world well enough that they can find solutions that are as ethical as they are effective.
Scratching the skin primes the gut for allergic reactions to food in mice study
I mean, the old adage that it's expensive to be poor applies to government spending too. If you're missing 30% of what you need in the moment, you're probably going to end up spending way more over time.
It's also unnecessary when you have both camera vison and radar according to him.
Vision could be enough, radar just helps a bit.
Of course not, but it was a great idea. I owe whoever did a beer.
I wonder if this is reproducible... ...
I run a cookie bakery. Started it about 6.5 years ago. Mostly local delivery, some nationwide shipping as well.

Doesnt make much but covers its own bills with some extra leftover. I've gotten further in my actual career than I thought during the same time so leaving to bake full-time would be large risk.

Mostly, I just really enjoy the direct interaction and happy emails, really lights up my day and gives me a sense of fulfillment.
I'm not sure the data backs that up:

Average expenditure per student:

Instruction: $17,996

Student Services and Academic Support (Not all of which are administrators): $9528

That results in $0.52 spent on Student Services and Academic Support for each $1.00 spent on Instruction. In 1999, that number was $0.47 spent on Student Services and Academic Support per $1.00 spent on Instruction. That's not a huge increase in administrators.

https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_334.30.a...

The cost of college is largely driven by reductions in state support for public institutions, and the resulting increases in tuition by both private and public schools:

https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/fancy-dorms-arent-the-m...
Italy's health care is pretty good actually.

Lived there for 15 years, on and off. My son was born there. My father in law survived a bad heart attack there.

Yes, there are areas in the south where it's not so good, but any reasonably large country probably has some areas where things don't work as well.

People live long, healthy, happy productive lives there.
In my county junk is defined as incapable of moving under it's own power.
This was once sort of the truth for the US, when everyone in the world owed America immense amounts of money after WWII and the US was paying _heavily_ into education. That's ended. The US is now becoming stupid politically and, even worse for the populace, uncompetitive - that "American Innovation" is dead and it ain't coming back for at least thirty or forty years unless education gets a serious booster shot.

This whole "But I've got mine" ideology that's circulating as "the essential America" right now is not historically accurate and is the biggest foot-gun the country has ever had.
Not that social mobility was ever as high as many people think, but you are right that it seems to have reduced significantly since the 1970s, and is now lower than some European countries. I suspect it isn't as a simple as "blame the boomers".
It's more short-term pain avoidance based.

The reason we aborted the conversion to the metric system is because a generation of idiots couldn't stand the pain of switching, and the longer we delay the more painful it will be.
Kohl's will handle your Amazon returns