skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
> URE Rate is documented in most handbooks or manuals on harddisks, it's usually about 10^-12, though this is a worst case error rate and -13 or -14 is more realistic.

The kind of literature I'm looking for is based on real world data, since spec sheets are generally marketing documents and therefore, at best, uninformative. This is particularly noticeable when a single number is used for a statistic, as in this situation.

Let's take a current datasheet [1] which actually says 1 sector (unclear if that's 512 or 4k, but let's assume 512) per 10E15, max, a full 3 OOMs higher than what you mentioned. That's 512PB, which, at the highest listed transfer rate, would take almost 545k hours, corresponding to slightly above a 1.6% AFR for worst-case URE-caused failures.

Since I don't believe the spec sheet's 0.35% (average) AFR, but since real-world AFRs are in the low single-percent, I'm staying with the conclusion that read errors need not be considered separately from any other underlying cause of drive failure.

> Depends on your use case.

I'm not convinced that "waste" can ever depend on use case, when examined under the narrow lense of redundancy. Regardless, it was a use case you, specifically brought up, so the question remains open.

> Best practise is to test your failover regularly, correct

You're misunderstanding my assertion, which wasn't about regularity but frequency. I made no statement as to regularity (and it may even be better, with discrete failovers, to do so irregularly, rather than regularly).

My assertion is that best practice dictates frequent failover.

> It's not that low

> risk of marking of your array as dead if you get unlucky.

You still haven't actually quantified the risk. "Unlucky" and "possible" are too hand-wavy to engineer around.

Quantifying the risk, even if it's a very coarse approximation, is a prerequisite to avoiding FUD-based decisions/actions. Usually, the most visible consequence of the latter is the waste alluded to earlier, manifesting as higher cost and/or lower performance. The less visible consequence is misallocated resources/attention from something relatively likely (e.g. human error causing catastrophic data loss) to something much less likely (e.g. single sector read error causing catastrophic data loss).

[1] https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/exos-x-1...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)

Interestingly, in the documentary _Dirty Pictures_[0], and in the books PiHKAL and TiHKAL, Ann Shulgin (widow of Alexander Shulgin, the chemist that re-synthesised MDMA and re-introduced it to the world) talks a lot about the shadow and her work as a therapist whilst working with MDMA shortly after it's effects became known. MDMA was initially trialled by psychiatrists working with the shadow.

[0]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SxjCE0f9_4
Interesting project.
How do you achieve theses performances ?
> An air-conditioner, however, moves heat, moving heat from inside to outside. An air conditioner doesn't use 1 unit of energy to move 1 unit of heat; an air conditioner might move 3 units of heat using 1 unit of energy.

Be careful, you're angering the thermo gods! If that was true, I would simply use an air-conditioner to heat my house. Cool, the outside and move the heat inside. In reality, you have the efficiencies backwards. Cooling is more energy intensive than heating.
Ask HN: Can I put something in space?
Hello,

Is it possible for a technically-minded person to put their own cubesat/related technology into space? Are there major legal hurdles, or is it mainly financial?

Cheers.
Over several decades, they definitely do have that obligation. With just signs, it'd be hard to make a case for adverse possession, but easy to make the case for an easement.

If you're a little more permissive and let someone live in a little hut on your lawn, then after several decades, they'll own the lawn, and you won't.
RISC-V is pretty nice in that the ISA gets out of your way, and you can focus on the techniques to build a high-performance processor without wasting effort on legacy and other weird corner case behaviors. A++, would recommend.

However, if you want to build really high performance cores, there are plenty of challenging techniques you have to employ that add a lot of complexity that is hidden below the ISA abstraction layer (speculation for example).

So if you want to make RISC-V go fast, you have to employ more design tricks like "macro-op fusion". For example, scan for two load instructions in the fetch stream and fuse them into a single "load-pair" micro-op if they access adjacent addresses. There are a whole bag of tricks like this that are irrespective of the ISA and add a fairly high "skill-ceiling" to processor design.
> Many people criticizing iPads haven’t used them for education recently or haven’t been trained on how to fully leverage the tech effectively. The curriculum assistance, available (quality) apps and overall device versatily are unmatched by competing devices.

There is nothing on that marketing page that seems to especially improve learning vs. physical materials for anyone under about 10 years old. And frankly most stuff for 10–15 year olds can still (a) probably be done as well if not better using physical materials, and (b) isn’t significantly different between an iPad and a laptop or desktop machine, and often could be done on a machine shared by several students working together or taking turns.

I can well imagine that someone trying to learn how to program might want to use some kind of computer, but even then why an iPad instead of a little turtle robot that responds to Logo, or whatever?

Someone trying to learn how to make electronic music or edit video might get a lot of mileage out of computers (iPad or otherwise) but I can’t imagine this has become a core part of the school pedagogy.

I can also imagine that for anyone in middle school and up there might be a big benefit to carrying an iPad around instead of a giant backpack stuffed with 5 separate overweight textbooks. Though there are some advantages to the physical books too.

* * *

Instead of telling a bunch of skeptical non-teacher techies that we “haven’t been trained on how to fully leverage the tech”, maybe you can explain what that training would entail?

What in your experience has the iPad been so powerful for that couldn’t be done without computers? What age kids are you working with, and what are they working on?
FTA:

"In theory, the API changes should only have prevented Twitter users from continuing to cross-post their tweets to Facebook automatically. It shouldn’t have also deleted the existing posts from Facebook users’ profiles and business users’ Facebook Pages."

oops
As a counterpoint, one of my favorite things about US (and, really, Anglo) culture is that we're totally okay with things not being neat and tidy. Just take a look at English. It's a beautiful mess of a language.
Right! The web has really started to flatten everything...some of it seems good, but the things we've lost really suck.
Back home I noticed contractors continue to only one or two electric plug sockets per room. This may have been fine 20 years ago but the number of electrical devices people have has really gone up. A plug socket only adds a couple of dollars to the cost but adds so much convenience in the long run. Its the sort of thing you have to engage you contrator on.
There’s no financial risk: the bondsman pays bail directly to the court on behalf of the defendant, and the bail is returned to the bondsman upon the defendant successfully appearing. This is what gives the bondsman the legal right to apprehend the defendant if he does not appear in court. The defendant can’t take the bail money and run. If he could, bail bonds would not be a viable business.

If you intend to show up to court, and can get a personal loan large enough to cover bail, of course you’re better off doing that. And if you skip bail and don’t get the money back and have no means to repay that personal loan, you carry that debt with you and you cease to have the ability to take out large personal loans, so skipping bail isn’t really a sustainable life strategy in that case, either. And yeah, I’d actually be in favor of sliding-scale bail so rich people couldn’t just pay their own bail either, though you’d need to figure out what to do if you ever arrested Jeff Bezos because I don’t think Bill Gates and Warren Buffet are gonna put their money together to be his bondsmen :)
My understanding of sandsifter is that it works by executing an instruction next to a page boundary, which gives either a page fault error (the instruction executed correctly and then execution passed over to the next page which is presumably non-executable) or an error indicating the instruction was malformed. So, for it to work on RISC-V you need paging, and also interrupt vectors to work. The MMU was only recently standardized so I'm not sure if it's actually implemented in any hardware or software yet, but once you have those two things it should be fairly straightforward.
Except for small drive-by contributions (see GitHub repo) the project is not in a state were we can really integrate other people in our process, and there will be pretty substantial changes to interfaces. Looking at ProseMirror, contributions will probably mostly include separate modules and not so much work on the actual core (which is pretty stable). This is especially true for CodeMirror where there will be a lot of modes, addons, themes and keybindings, which we are not planning on maintaining as part of the core project.
Parcel v2 RFC
Crossover Games, PlayOnLinux, Wine, and Cedega
> “if you change things, it costs you schedule days”.

When I worked for Philips as a test hardware design engineer in the old Mullard Radio Valve plant in the late 70s and early 80s (a major semiconductor plant despite its name) we were even stricter than that. Every project started with a rough estimate for the total cost, we then spent 10 percent of that on a combination of prototypes and a better estimate of the time and cost and refinement of the requirements. The customer department would then decide whether to proceed. At that point the requirements were frozen. Our department was then committed to the project schedule and price and the customer was committed to the requirements. Any changes would require exactly the same procedure as before: rough estimate, 10 percent preliminary study, better requirements and plan, commitment, development, delivery.

Part of the purpose of this was that at the end of the ten percent phase the customer could take his requirements to an external supplier (British Aerospace for instance) and get a quote from them instead and possibly actually give them the job.
Last I heard the best thinking on glacier was that it was the dead space on the normal s3 drives which is inaccessible at normal SLA levels because IO is saturated.
I got my wish! Sorta, any way :)
Technology made us all neoliberalism’s slaves
I found that irritating. I mean, what if Tuesday and Thursday are my only days off?
Shogun Machine Learning
They do have many more GoT souvenir shops now. It does get more visitors than before but I wouldn't say it is as crowded as he's implying.
I should have mentioned that I run lamson in maildir mode rather than listen on port 25. I have postfix configured to dump incoming email into a maildir, and my lamson process watches that directory.

So I guess the reason I don't use procmail (aside from it not having a release since 2001) is that postfix is sufficient :->
Not to mention your self-hosted BS will be considered spam by nearly every major provider
Fair to say this isn't exactly an earth shattering breakthrough...
A 128 gb card currently costs fifty bucks

And depending on your needs yes 64gbs for mail might be very necessary.
Society is very anti-me. I just wear a suit to work and pretend to be someone else. Not terribly hard.
Is there a framework which lets one encode these ideas today ?
You can reinforce headspaces and practice those abilities like any other habit.

The best way I've heard MDMA therapy being described is this - you have a large group of extremely painful neurons/memories, and going there is shocking and horrific to the point that you begin to grow a big moat of fearful neurons/emotions next to anything that connects with them. The point of therapy in general is to 1. Break down that fear moat (which frequently grows to be more painful than the underlying issue), and 2. Start drawing those painful neurons and memories out, but in as positive and understanding an environment as possible. At that point the memories/neurons get re-stored, still painful but with the added context of the environment they were last accessed.

MDMA takes step 2 and adds the most positive neurological/chemical setting possible for you to pull those painful neurons and memories out, and puts them in what can be described as a comforting blanket. It can absolutely quicken the process and help you eventually neutralize the traumatic and painful bundle of memories. Calling it a quick fix is such a misnomer - it is incredibly hard work to heal one's self from the inside, no matter the external helpers.
Always test migrations before running in production!

Either this has been fixed, or my account hat not yet been affected.
I think that's because the market has shrunk so much.

I remember when I was younger, I got a single SCSI external tape drive, and some tapes, from the Micro Center in Cincinnati Ohio. I then used that to back up my computer while I was in college. I've forgotten so many of the details, like the model of drive and tape, and the backup software (it was Mac OS). I do know it wasn't LTO, though, because it had to be rewound.

These days, were I to do something like that, I'd do BD-R. Yeah, you're only talking 50 GB or so (uncompressed) per disc, but that's not bad!
Carmakers’ gaming of emissions tests ‘costing drivers billions’
Generally it's laced with amphetamine/methamphetamine as they're cheaper (per dose), and these days it's often laced with other substituted amphetamines such as mephedrone or PMA, neither of which are substances people would otherwise take as they're nasty shit.

Generally when you hear about people being hospitalised or dying after taking ecstasy, it's due to the other shit in the pills. MDMA is a relatively safe drug (although not without its risks, especially taken in a non-therapeutic setting).
It's dysfunctionaler.
The US is proof that a free-market system for healthcare does not work. This is also illustrated by all the stories here.

For free-market to work, a consumer needs to be able clearly understand what he is buying and how much it will cost before he consumes whatever he buys. This allows him to shop around, and find the best seller and price.

The current system just drives prices up instead of down, as the seller, who is in it for the profit, can set his prices after the goods have been bought. Ofcourse prices will go up, there's no competition anymore, as the buyer has already consumed the goods.

Trying to make this transparent before an operation would not work. It would just turn healthcare into another IT project, where seller will offer you the lowest prices, and then come up with extra-work that also needs to be done. Image being operated on, and the surgeon informs you they've discovered some required extra work, asking you if you will agree with the additional cost...

It's clear to me that healthcare and free-market are an incompatible combination, it needs to be heavily regulated, and probably single-payer.
Mostly, getting people to show up for trial.

Here's a section from the actual bill:

A person released pursuant to the local rule of court shall be released on his or her own recognizance or on supervised own recognizance release ... A person shall not be required to pay for any nonmonetary condition or combination of conditions imposed pursuant to this section

I believe Supervised Own Recognizance means that the defendant can be required to wear a GPS tracking ankle bracelet (but under this bill, they can't be required to pay for it).

So that may do more to ensure that the defendant shows up for trial than leaving his girlfriend on the hook for $25K of bail money if he skips the trial. Plus, it seems that it'd be a good deterrent from committing other crimes while waiting for trial.
It would be great if magnetic tape were more accessible for consumers. A while back I was reviewing local backup and storage options, and I read up a bit on it. I think it scales better when you have massive amounts of data, but the initial price is fairly steep.

At the consumer level it makes way more sense to buy HDDs. My suggestion would be to pick up something like the EasyStore 8TB external HDD [0] (on sale right now at Best Buy for $160, will probably drop again soon). You can open it up, extract the drive, and drop it into your computer if you want internal storage.

If you want to reduce the risk of data loss you can also fill one up with an encrypted snapshot of your important things and ship it to a family member. Very important if you live somewhere that's at risk of being destroyed by natural disasters.

[0] https://www.bestbuy.com/site/wd-easystore-8tb-external-usb-3...
Seriously, though, what would you have the cop do in that case?
Completely agree. I've lived and biked in SF for over a year, and have seen great improvements in this short time.
> please tell me if you think I left out something important.

You did: the position of neutrality. The position of not taking a stance either way. The position of actually doing stuff, like, in the real world, orthogonal to that of politics. The area outside of politics.

I observe, based on your comment 3 above, that you consider politics as all-encompassing. I reply: politics, as practiced currently, is a virus, which attempts to stick itself to everything, every act, every stuff; and until nuance, tolerance, and understanding re-enters the picture, I will not take any part of it.
Here's another project:

https://www.rightmesh.io/how-it-works
Yea, I mean the fine.
Except for Github, every person using it has a copy of the repo and they can restore it. But for Facebook, only Facebook has the copy, and if it's deleted you're done. That's why Facebook is a terrible social platform, at least for social interactions that happen more than in one minute. Older social sites - like forums, etc. - had archives, could be backed up, etc. - but on Facebook, not only you can't properly hold a discussion, but everything you wrote can be removed at any time without any notice.
> A scientist named Gábor Tamás and members of his lab were studying brain cells called inhibitory neurons, which act like the brakes in a car. They tell other brain cells when to slow down.

Is this "explain it like I'm five" passage really necessary? Surely any adult would understand what an inhibitory neuron does from the name alone. Would a writer feel the need to explain the meaning of the word inhibit? Inhibition? Uninhibited? And if they did, would they do so in such childish terms?
ETHTclub
Man, code blocks are insufferable to read on a phone.
The compiler removes them, and the naming of intermediates often makes the code more understandable.
People are often released of their own recognizance if the judge is confident that they will show up to court. And sure, maybe they should do that more often. Likewise, some people are straight up denied bail. But there’s a wide gray category of people you don’t necessarily trust to voluntarily show up to court, but who can be incentivized to do so through some mechanism short of just going to jail, and getting rid of that mechanism will just keep those people in jail. So what’s that mechanism? House arrest? Ankle bracelet? Hold one of their close family members hostage? I mean, all of those kind of suck, but if you think any of them might be better, you can offer them as an alternative to bail, and if anyone takes them, more power to them.
Well

“just use an existing service / do what everyone else is doing”

probably isn’t very representative of the entrepreneurial / hacker spirit.
>"over turning too many death penalties and ruling against insurance companies too often"

Who specifically funded those efforts I wonder...
>> previous employer termination service

I would pay pretty good money to terminate one of my previous employers.
The data doesn't seem to indicate that judges are heavily influenced by outside forces when determining bail. This [1] is a paper from the Bureau of Justice Statistics on bail stats. Those data are only for felonies at the state level, which is somewhat biased but also arguably the most important group as well -- misdemeanor offenses tend to receive $0 to negligible bail.

So for instance one interesting datum for that paper is release rates for people by prior offenses. Release, in the context there, can mean they were released either for an affordable bail or for no bail at all -- 'released to personal recognizance' being the phrasing. Of those with no prior convictions, 77% end up being released. For those with misdemeanor priors, 63% end up being released. And for those with felony priors, only 46% end up being released. Actually maybe 'only' is not an appropriate term there. People charged with a felony, and who have prior felony convictions, end up being released from prison 46% of the time.

Anyhow, the thing I think that arguably justifies judges' decisions is that we can have a sort of completely unplanned, but phenomenally well designed, experiment. Sometimes jails are forced to release people that they would not otherwise release because of emergency releases -- that can be triggered by things such as jail overcrowding. In these cases judges are going to release those who were seen to be less desirable candidates for release. Though of course they'll be releasing the 'least less desirable' candidates. Cutting to the chase there, these people released through emergency releases ended up engaging in some form of pretrial misconduct 52% of the time with 45% of them failing to appear for their court date. The pretrial misconduct rate for intentionally released individuals ranges from 27-36%, depending on the release type, with failure to appear rates of 14-30%.

The paper includes a couple of really handy tables that show logisitic regression analysis of release decisions and reoffense rates for people broken down into various categories, alongside their pretrial misconduct rates. So for instance you can see the weighting for, or against, release for various groups contrasted against how often they reoffend. In a perfect world, these would be inverses of one another. For instance if there is a large negative bias against releasing people for [x] then we'd expect to see a large positive bias in terms of pretrial misdconduct for [x]. And in most cases this does seem to be the case. But there are some exceptions. All in all, it seems like a system that does work pretty well. Should be interesting to see how well the bail committees perform by contrast!

[1] - https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/prfdsc.pdf
> it really makes sense for me to pack functionality into a class.

Why? Where you would ordinarily write

class Foo {
int x;

int my_method() { ... }
}

can't you just equivalently write

type Foo
x::Int
end

my_method(foo::Foo) = begin ... end

?
Why was Ford's name redacted from the comments? Was it a national security issue or part of a terrorist investigation? This is ridiculous. These things should absolutely be part of the public record.
Not necessarily.

I self-assess as 'fairly smart', but my neurological understanding is pretty poor, and inhibitory neuron may mean a neuron that inhibits other neurons, or a neuron that inhibits something else entirely. If that's to 'slow down' the pace of neuron activity or to actually suppress it (ie. inhibit it) isn't 100% clear from the name, either.
Completely agreed, but how would you propose to navigate these waters within a democratic system?