skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Here's a more simple thought experiment that gets across the point of why p(null | significant effect) /= p(significant effect | null), and why p-values are flawed as stated in the post.

Imagine a society where scientists are really, really bad at hypothesis generation. In fact, they're so bad that they only test null hypothesis that are true. So in this hypothetical society, the null hypothesis in any scientific experiment ever done is true. But statistically using a p value of 0.05, we'll still reject the null in 5% of experiments. And those experiments will then end up being published in scientific literature. But then this society's scientific literature now only contains false results - literally all published scientific results are false.

Of course, in real life, we hope that our scientists have better intuition for what is in fact true - that is, we hope that the "prior" probability in Bayes' theorem, p(null), is not 1.
Pronuciation of “scone” in the UK and Ireland
>For some reason that company insisted on only doing interviews at 7:00 AM, and my brain doesn't come fully online until after 9:00 anyway.

Reminds me of my final round at Amazon, which they always do in Seattle. I woke before 4 AM west coast time having flown out the night before from the East, and 12 hours later was still coding on a white board. After writing (to my surprise) a correct merge sort, they asked my to write a program to do basic math with, IIRC, binary numbers. I was like, um. I'm out.
I've been advocating for the same thing except I call it a "Software Engineering License".
> it cannot reorder the function call after the division

Actually, it can because one of the things undefined behavior can do is go backwards in time.

Undefined behavior anywhere in the program can legally make any part of the program do anything at any time.

On top of that, there is no reliable way to tell if your program contains undefined behavior.

This is madness.
> citation needed!

Here are three:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor
Cambridge University rejected Facebook study over 'deceptive' privacy standards
Nowadays even with Germany. UK is going backwards fast...
Please don't be that guy and actually learn what the OP meant before jumping on the name calling wagon.

The usage of upshot simply means the final outcome - neither a good thing or a bad.
No they wouldn't, without HSTS a bad actor (public wifi) could just do an SSL strip attack. Sure, observant users would notice that the page isn't over https, and with browsers adding warnings on all http pages, that'll become more obvious, but it's still not something most people notice.

Are you thinking of HPKP?
> And one quick note on rebellion. Rebellion is driven, beyond anything else, by a lack of complacency. The US is full on Algiers 1954 on internet forums. But in real life people are extremely content. Electronic devices and the internet are like pacifiers for adults.

I'm absolutely aligned on this point and it strikes me, oddly enough, as one of the more insidious deficits of modernity.

The potential for corrective retaliation by suppressed classes has been eroded by some combination of (depending on where you are in the world): highly sophisticated surveillance and censorship apparatuses, advanced military technology, scalable propaganda dissemination and behavioral manipulation, corruption (institutionalized like lobbying and campaign contributions or otherwise), complacency as you noted, the invisibility/impenetrability of global wealth distribution, etc.

That is exactly the problem. The ancient Romans and Greeks could and did literally stab the elite to death to shift the balance back towards equality. There is no similarly effective recourse available to societies in the modern age, and thus wealth inequality has degraded to unconscionable levels.

But it's a bigger problem now than at any other point in human history. Thanks to technological innovation, we are rapidly approaching a reality in which capital holders will be able to sustain themselves in protected enclaves and the rest of us will be relegated to savagery, which is the end state of the most extreme possible shift towards freedom.
You mentioned this:

> C's "undefined behavior" rules are insanity of the highest order, bordering on professional malpractice. They are the result of the pursuit of speed at the expense of all else.

C's goal is performance (though not necessarily at the expense of all else). It's the compiler's job to make code that is as fast as possible. The article I linked was an attempt to show that it is very difficult to both have this goal as well as one in which you don't have "insane" undefined behavior. It's not that the C compiler authors are out to get you: "ha ha, lipser used undefined behavior! Let's break his code in the weirdest way"; rather, this seemingly poor behavior is borne out of a desire to have reasonable rules. Allowing the compiler to assume that a run runs ten times or that a pointer doesn't randomly change between statements is important.
The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant (CGP Grey Animates Nick Bostrom's Fable)
What is this, /r/wallstreetbets? Having a year's income in crypto is insane. Take your profits and put them in a diversified stock/bond portfolio appropriate for your age. Crossing your fingers and hoping for a miracle isn't a strategy, it's gambling– badly.
That's fine if you're writing assembly.

Compilers are free to use UB from the standard to optimize and absolutely do not guarantee you to emit machine loads and store naively as specified in the C source.

At least for clang I'm pretty sure they decided _not_ to give knowledge of, e.g., the zero low bits of an int pointer to the optimizer since many people are relying on it. That might not be the case in the future or another compiler.

Here is a thread discussing that http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2016-January/094012...
There is a lot of code written everyday in .NET and Java. No, it's not necessarily in LA, NYC, or SF, and you may not be working for a hot startup. However, you may be imminently more hirable knowing C# than React, if you're willing to work in sectors like energy or healthcare.
> The compiler can't reason what the effect of dividing by zero will be, because it's undefined.

It can reason: because it's undefined, it won't happen, that is, the code will never divide by zero. Therefore, the divisor is non-zero, and so the division instruction will not trap. Which means it can be moved above the call.

If you mentally replace "undefined" with "impossible", the compiler behavior becomes more clear. And yeah, even in the absence of undefined behavior, optimizing compilers reason about impossible behavior all the time; for instance, after an "if (x == 2)", the compiler knows it's impossible for x to be 2 at the start of the else branch.
This is pretty well known technique (tagged pointers themselves go back forever, and using tags for this purpose it's easy to find papers from the 2000's).
In fact, it was already being implemented in ASAN on architectures with hardware support :)

https://clang.llvm.org/docs/HardwareAssistedAddressSanitizer...

Where there is no hardware support, the real world overhead is 35%+ (which this paper finds as well), and you end up with other issues to contend with (you have to de-tag the pointers in a bunch of cases, most kernels don't like them, etc), so software-only approaches have mostly not been bothered with.
Did any chip vendor announce 7nm chips yet? Or is this still secret?
Assuming every CA's support was perfect (again, 650 of them, so not likely), CAA still does not stop these attacks. Domains have to implement CAA. Most domains do not, so most domains remain vulnerable.

Even if the domain does, if either they or a CA screw anything up, they are vulnerable. The client will accept any cert signed by any CA. One rogue cert screws the security.

Compare this to if the client was verifying it using a blockchain. The blockchain provides a record that the client can verify, not only from multiple peers that share the same records, but at the sources of the original records, to verify a CA was authorized, and to verify a specific domain owner created a cert. This is a much higher barrier to attack than what CAA provides. Even if this verification were optional, it would be a much better authenticity guarantee than what clients get today.

The other thing a blockchain would provide is protection against state actors. If the FBI barges into Verisign waving a FISA warrant, they could possibly force Verisign to generate valid certs outside of the CT or CAA process. A blockchain could show the client that a cert it received was never in the blockchain. Comparing the blockchain to CT could further emphasize rogue certs.
I've met Steve Luck multiple times over the last decade. He is a very rigorous and insightful scientist, with expertise in a wide range of methods (especially eeg) and psychological phenomena. His wife Prof. Lisa Oaks may be even more impressive in these regards, but that is an aside. The point I would like to make though is that there are lots of aspects to research and stats is just one part to master of many. It should not be up to a neuroscientist to make posts like this. The stats community should be actively pushing the scientific community to alternatives that match interpretative intuition with reality of the statistical metric.
Can you explain either a) what you mean by principled or b) how Gorsuch's arguments aren't principled, please? My definition of "principled" is akin to integrity but for words rather than actions: applying your beliefs consistently and consciously. (It says nothing about whether you agree with his principles.)

You say that it follows from previous scholarship, which doesn't make it unprincipled. (You also suggest that that previous scholarship proceeds from a utilitarian foundation, which Gorsuch explicitly rejects.)

For that matter, you say he "handwaves" because he says "virtually" once when dismissing consideration of the three cases decided by the King's Privy Council that seem germane but aren't. He then discusses the actual relevant Privy Council revocations, the last of which was in 1746. (After 1753, it shared revocation power with the courts and only acted on it in 1779 because the patentee twice refused to use the courts.) It's a great point and exemplary use of the history that would've been contemporaneous with the Founders.)

Regarding his unwillingness to yield Article III powers, this is exactly what his past judgements would suggest he'd do. Wasn't he billed as the guy who would go against chevron deference? This seems like the height of principle. And that's something you can say even if you disagree with everything he believes.

I think you don't like the way the modern patent system operates and see Gorsuch as a defender of that system. There's no need to smear him as unprincipled because of that, though.
You mentioned you were saving money for the previous two years. Median home prices likely increased ~30% during that time (according to https://www.zillow.com/berkeley-ca/home-values/) which would have been more than the amount you saved up. That's the incumbent-wins nature of the Bay Area housing market-- someone owning a median home would have increased net worth more than someone who saved a large portion of income. This trend has of course continued in recent years and housing has "outrun" people's ability to save for it, to even a larger extent.
In an act of great timing, there was just a pretty decent article about this on The Verge [1].

[1]https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/16/17233946/olpcs-100-laptop...
But it consumes time and effort to hire/rent people and creates unnecessary churn to have people all running at 100%. The machine version of this is nicely discussed in a book written by Eli Goldratt called The Goal with a more people & project based take on it called Critical Chain. They're in novel form (there are more serious treatments available of the general Theory of Constraints), but it discusses why running each resource, person or machine, at 100% in an organization isn't actually the most efficient thing to do for an organization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliyahu_M._Goldratt
Moving to a country with a different culture and language may help overcome the symptoms. If parents fight using a specific language, aggressive tones and swear words are more easily associated to that language. "Resetting" to a neutral state in a different language can help dissociating everyday words from the negative memories.

Also, in different cultures people's faces and expressions may be markedly different, forcing the person to have to re-learn to interpret them. Again, supposing that on average exposure to people will be more neutral that in a home of disputing parents, the relearning process should tend to have a positive effect.

This is likely to be stronger the more "alien" the new culture/language is, because a more radical relearning will be necessary.
I'm seeing HSTS on https://www.myetherwallet.com/

curl -I https://www.myetherwallet.com/
strict-transport-security: max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains; preload
Driven to his death: Mystery of motorcyclist body on M4
Here is a better way to think about this.

The proper role of data is to update our existing beliefs about the world. It is not to specify what our beliefs should be.

The question that we really want to answer is, "What is the probability that X is true?" What p-values do is replace that with the seemingly similar but very different, "What is the probability that I'd have the evidence I have against X by chance alone were X true?" Bayesian factors try to capture the idea of how much belief should shift.

The conclusion at the end is that replication is better than either approach. I agree. We know that there are a lot of ways to hack p-values. Bayesian factors haven't caught on because they don't match how people want to think. However if we keep consistent research standards, and replicate routinely, the replication rate gives us a sense of how much confidence we should have in a new result that we hear about.

(Spoiler. A lot less confidence than most breathless science reporting would have you believe.)
I can put together a customized, good looking and genuine cover letter within 5 minutes + another 5 minutes of research that was already happening to determine if I wanted to apply.

You should always send a cover letter because it can't hurt, can only help, and therefore game theory or some shit.
Made it myself in Sketch! It took me forever, I'll probably find a real illustrator next time.
The same reason you might buy Github stars: people are more likely to use/share/respect something that's been socially vetted.

Open source projects are in a competitive environment and benefit from marketing tactics just like anything else.

And a project that people use certainly confers value on its creator, even if it's just a smile on their face. But it can be leveraged for other benefits like clout in the ecosystem.

As an extreme example of what you can do with a popular open source project, consider https://www.patreon.com/evanyou.
How do I win hipster bar fights then
Actually, I suspect Google makes up for it on acquisitions. When I was there that's how most people got into the company.
This was basically the suggestion here:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0189-z.epdf

Also previous HN discussion:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=15192610
> We're the most adaptable species ever to live on this planet.

I'm not sure we've been around long enough for such a bold claim. Afaik there's plenty of life on Earth that outdates our existence by magnitudes.
I still don't understand why CPUs don't provide support for 'fat pointers'.
ARM has 'load pair' to update two registers in one go, it would just need a 'load/store from array' instruction to check that a pointer is inside the pair address to have a very efficient mechanism (efficient from an instruction count point of view at least, of course the data bandwith and cache impact are still here).
Care to share them?

And how is NAT not added security by default? By default it drops everything incoming, no? (I mean, theoretically NAT doesn't, but [almost] every practical implementation situations means that there's no possible automatic internal-external address correspondence, otherwise you wouldn't need the NAT.)
Seveneves was deeply traumatizing to me; I don't think Stephenson really grasps what 5000 years means to some isolated populations.

I don't think I'm ever going to re-read it.
Have you considered the Voltera PCB printer?
I thought there was no way that could be true, but it is [1]! I'd love to try out out and see how well it works in practice.

[1]http://www.microcenter.com/product/473125/mini_cnc_engraver_...
Yes, you can set a short TTL on your NS record, but that would not keep this attack from hijacking your site.
This attack intercepts the clients DNS lookup, so the DNS a browser is talking to is ill-behaved.
No amount of correct setup here will work because the ill-behaved DNS server will just replace your setup with whatever that server wants.

There is no strong defense against this as a website. With an app the solution would be certificate pinning. You could try HPKP but that comes with a host of issues and I think it is being deprecated.
It may be better in some cases to hold onto the cash rather than locking it up in a retirement account in order to build up a cash buffer and avoid the penalty for an early withdrawal in case of emergency expenses.
p-values that are not in the physics ranges are ridiculous.

It's a shame everyone started copying physics but decided for higher acceptance/rejection values.

I was a little bit disappointed when I realized that a bunch of valid modern science is just proper experiment design and number crunching. If it's not physics, there's no models of why things work, there's just a p-value on the correlation or some other comparison function.

Medicine has turned into a field where you can't know a thing.

http://www.cochrane.org/CD005427/BACK_combined-chiropractic-...

I love reading reports like the above:

> There is currently no evidence that supports or refutes that these interventions(chiropractic intervention) provide a clinically meaningful difference for pain or disability in people with [lower back pain] when compared to other interventions.

p-values really do not help that much.
Sonos updates their Privacy Policy (again)
How is it different from the INTJ death glare?

http://intj-explained.tumblr.com/post/10233359295/the-death-...
I'm not sure I'd agree with that. Found I had better results when interviewing when I mention being on the autistic spectrum beforehand. Possibly because otherwise the chances that I'd struggle in the interview were extremely high.

Then again, maybe it's different in the UK here compared to the US as well.
> old equipment is frequently hardcoded.

> it is easier to just adopt IPv6

Old hardware won't work with IPv6 either. I'm not saying your wrong, just that while easier IPv6 still isn't what I'd call an easy option.
Battery Non-removable, closes tab.
I saw this once with a question where some kid was asking about something wildly off-topic like how to make friends or meet a girl or something. Tons of people jumped in to answer. It was quickly closed, and rightfully so despite being interesting to the readers of the site, as it has nothing whatsoever to do with programming. Being a hot question doesn't suddenly make it on topic.
On that last point, check out Rosu et al's KCC: an executable, formal semantics of C that addresses undefined behavior.

https://github.com/kframework/c-semantics/blob/master/README...
The missing strftime in Go
"Fatter than normal" pointers have a lot of disadvantages (it's been explored extensively as part of CHERI, etc) for the upsides they give you. For the purpose of use after free/buffer overflow finding, it's IMHO, not a great fit (there are other uses, of course).

"Tagging within existing sized pointers",
ARM does have some hardware support for (see http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc....)

It won't verify tags, but it has explicit support for ignoring bits, which is very helpful.
How come IPv6 wasn't standardized before 2017? I suspect there's some kind of story there. Do you happen to know the details? Any links/pointers? Thanks!
I'm simply judging from the titles but I also don't see anything that directly relates to CS. Could you mention a couple of titles that you think relate to CS?
Someone else pointed out that it might be hard to come up with an effective filter that also doesn't negatively impact the marine life.
My favorite probability theory problem is related to this article.

You have a test for a disease that is 99% accurate. This means that 99% of the time the test gives a correct result. You test positive for the disease and it is known that 1% of the population has the disease. What is the probability you have the disease?

The answer is not at all the one most people think at first when given this problem. This problem is why getting two tests is always a good thing to do when testing positive for a disease.

EDIT: I updated the statement of the problem to be one that can be answered!
Is the plastic that is coming from these 10 rivers substantially from bottled water?
Homeschool Workbox System an Easy Management Idea
The joke is, that there is no FORTRAN 88, unless you count some prerelease version of FORTRAN 90. ;)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran
Ok, that makes a lot of sense for the unbanked. I personally don’t know many people who are unbanked but maybe that number will grow in the future? I’m just trying to think about explaining this to some friends and why they should do this. Totally anonymous/private transactions between parties not having to use a bank?
Well, it's Snap, so that means they were pumping that sweet VC cash roll into headcount (like any similarly funded startup). Then one day they realize that doesn't deliver the desired growth, and they cut headcount. I've said it before, and I know it sucks, but startup layoffs are often the result of letting go of people that in a normal business probably shouldn't have been there.
There are editors. Any user with something like 2000 rep can edit any question or answer. I do it all the time. There's even a queue of questions that have been flagged in need of editing.
A 30% possible clock frequency increase?

That is pretty big compared to other node shrinks, isn't it?
But now, companies can just tell their software engineers that they're writing user-friendly data-portability features. Across all product lines, they'll happily code away, completely oblivious to the fact that their code is also going to be used for this other purpose.

If a developer was not oblivious to the fact that their code might be used for this other purpose, what do you think a typical developer a) would do and b) should do?
Do you have a product number for the Startech adapter? The reviews I can find for current products say they do not work with the PCIe based Evo SSDs.

> PCI-E to USB 3.0 host bridge

Close, but this is the other direction, from PCI to USB.
Interesting time. This is the first time TSMC leads Intel in terms of node features if I remember correctly.
Tutoring children are what parents (are suppose to) do. Maybe if society enters the much talked about post-scarcity mode, humans tutoring each other is something we could spend a lot more time doing. I know I'd enjoy it.
Linux is robust and fault tolerant by design. This comes at the cost of higher performance overhead, of course.

Besides, why are you comparing BEAM to a full-fledged OS kernel?