Of course, an actual certificate system would need much more thought and more details filled in than below (not to mention review by multiple actual experts), but here's a rough sketch of a possible design:

The high-level view is that you have a whitelist, but to improve scalability of constructing proof of membership, we allow for longer lifetimes and Bloom filter shortening lifetimes. In case of collision in the Bloom filter, you need to construct a newer proof than would be ordinarily required.

With certificate revocation lists, the client doesn't hammer the CRL server with one request for every new connection it tries. 24 hours is a common lifetime for a CRL, during which the client wouldn't typically re-check for a new CRL.

So, presumably, every half month (similar to renewing DHCP leases when they're half expired) a server would get a freshly timestamped signature of the root of the CA's tree of valid certificates and get the list of hashes up the path from the server's certificate up to the root of the tree. The root signature, the list of hashes, and the number of leaves to the left of the server's certificate leaf in the tree constitute a compact proof of membership in the set of valid certificates.

In order to have equivalent worst-case revocation time to a CRL with 24 hour validity, the server would also need to present either:

1. A proof of membership in the valid set of certificates where the CA's root signature is at most 24 hours old OR
2. A proof of membership in the valid set of certificates within the past month and a signed Bloom filter less than 24 hours old where the server's certificate isn't in the Bloom filter

If the CA signs Bloom filters every 6 hours and uses keyed hash functions with changing keys, then if any one of the 3 latest signed Bloom filters doesn't have a collision with your certificate, you can re-use your proof. If not, you need to go and reconstruct a new compact proof before your 24 hour window expires.

Of course, there's a denial-of-service opportunity here, just like there is with a CRL system. With a CRL system, there's fail-safe (don't allow any connections if unable to get a new CRL) or fail-dengerous (if the CRL server is down, just keep using the most recently seen CRL). One could have a similar fail-dangerous whitelist system where if the server can't get a Bloom filter signed within then past 24 hours, the client tries to get a signed Bloom filter within 24 hours via an independent channel, and if this fails, accept the Server's bloom filter if it's less than (say) 7 days old. I'm not necessarily advocating fail-dangerous, just stating that the denial-of-service mitigation is similar to that of CRL systems.

Note that if you don't actually need transparency, you can use a cryptographic accumulator in place of a Merkle Tree root. The advantage of a Merkle Tree root is that if leaves are ordered in terms of DNS name (.com.google.maps, .org.eff, etc.) then the CA can give you a compact run of all of the certificates ordered for your domain, as well as the certificate right before and the certificate right after your domain, plus a short list of hashes, and you can prove that you have a complete list of the valid certificates issued for your domain.

All of the cryptographic accumulators I'm aware of don't carry any proof of order, so there's no compact proof that you've been given all of the certificates in a certain name range.

One broadcast of one Merkle Tree root signature and one signed Bloom filter every 6 hours for a few hundred CAs is really easy to scale up. Presumably there would be something similar to NTP or a P2P broadcast network along with the major CDNs all providing caches of this information. All of these elements are the same for all participants in the system: the amount of data distributed is constant per CA and independent of the number of issued certificates. Unfortunately, for a constant false positive rate, the size of the Bloom filters needs to scale with the number of revoked certificates.

Constructing the compact proofs of membership requires interaction with some server that has access to the list of all of the leaves of the tree, which is heavier weight, and why we give these proofs a lifetime of a month.