skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
The set of all mappings between an input set of N elements to some output set with M elements has M^N elements.

If you wanted to be able to represent in some way any arbitrary mapping for given sets of input and output, then you would need at least log_2(M^N) = N x log_2(M) bits.

In the case of an input set of 32x32 pixel images with 3 bytes per pixel (one for each channel) we have N = 2^8 x 2^8 x 2^8 x 2^5 x 2^5 = 2^34.

In the case of an artificial neural network we have at the last level an output. There will be at least one node with at least one bit of output, so M >= 2. In general, to have anything else but the trivial map that maps every input to the same output, we always have M >= 2.

So, we need at least 2^34 x log_2(2) = 2^34 bits to represent an arbitrary function between the input and the output. That is 2 gibibytes!

Since the models don't need 2 gibibytes, something is going on. The magic here is that we are able to encode subsets of possible mappings very efficiently by using the execution logic of a computer. The compressed representation of the mappings in the restricted subset are the learned weights (the code to evaluate the model is also needed, but that requires less bits than what we save). We are, in a way, compressing functions, not data. Hence the "clamping of entropy of the formula". [0]

The restricion of the set of possible functions will lead to new, interesting phenomena. Think of it as compression artifacts, however not on images or audio, but functions.

To make a model resistant to attacks by someone knowledgeable about these artifacts, I would add noise to the input such that the artifacts are not predictable, hence not practically attackable.

[0] The same basic phenomenon happens with block ciphers in cryptography. A block cipher on one block is just a permutation of the set of all different input blocks. If you have a blocksize of 64 bits, representing an arbitrary permutation would need log_2(2^64 !) bits, where the exclamation mark stands for the factorial. That number is huge, bigger than 2^69. We can't represent arbitrary permutations of blocks of 64 bits. Yet, block ciphers are permutations. What happens here is that once again we find subsets of the possible permutation we can represent efficiently. The compressed representation is the key.
The IRS guidance has been available for some time:

https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-virtual-currency-guidance

https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-14-21.pdf

https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p544.pdf

The problem is, unlike traditional exchanges or financial institutions, people think cleverness is in order and regulation won't catch up to them. Follow the guidance, pay your taxes due, and if in any doubt about your situation, consult a tax professional.

EDIT: Hoo boy are cryptocurrency taxes scary af. I'm still of the mind Coinbase should provide all of the reporting, but the taxable/realization events are going to be tricky.

Examples:

* "Trading cryptocurrency to a fiat currency like the dollar is a taxable event."

* "Trading cryptocurrency to cryptocurrency is a taxable event (you have to calculate the fair market value in USD at the time of the trade; good luck with that)."

* "Using cryptocurrency for goods and services is a taxable event, i.e., spending cryptocurrency is a “realization event.” You have to calculate the fair market value in USD at the time of the trade; you may also end up owing sales tax."

Source: https://cryptocurrencyfacts.com/2017/12/30/the-tax-rules-for...
https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-virtual-currency-guidance pointing to https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-14-21.pdf

With the big question first:

Q-1: How is virtual currency treated for federal tax purposes?

A-1: For federal tax purposes, virtual currency is treated as property. General tax principles applicable to property transactions apply to transactions using virtual currency.
Disney loses in Redbox copyright row
Most JS engines have very fast rope-like implementations of strings in JavaScript. String operations in modern JS engines are very fast and hard to beat in any language. Updating the text buffer is fast. Displaying it on the screen is the slow part. Anything touching the DOM is slow. But you can use the 2d Canvas instead, which is fast.
I compared them them [1] with a random granola product [2] available from Whole Foods. Percentages by weight:

Total carbs Sugar Fiber Protein
Froot Loops 86% 34% 10% 6.8%
Granola 72% 18% 14% 10.0%

Froot Loops definitely loses here. The granola has half the amount of sugar.

[1] http://smartlabel.kelloggs.com/Product/Index/00038000391187

[2] https://www.instacart.com/whole-foods/products/25454-kind-he...
Sheriff Accused OfCorruption Responds: Lions Don't Care About Opinions of Sheep
There are lots of things I won't bother to try to find at a corner store - sure they won't have the exact thing I need - and which twenty years ago I might even have tried to fashion for myself rather than make the rounds of downtown stores with equally poor luck; yet today I'll go look on Amazon, mostly finding what I'm looking for, and mostly ordering it.

As the old military saying goes, "quantity has a quality all it's own."

But Amazon doesn't just have that very large selection of goods, it has a financial motive for making that selection very well-organized and very easy to search and research (through reviews.)

To revisit the example in the original article, it's very possible to believe your organization hasn't yet written a decent basic user registration function and still believe that it's overwhelmingly likely that someone else in the country, or world, probably has. Now add convenience and peer review, and you might finally be over the hump. Maybe.
>I deleted core jars from the distribution. It freezes and crashes all the time. Wow, Eclipse sucks.

Thanks dude. I just sprayed coffee all over my keyboard. The laugh was worth it though.
> what life would be like if we needed a team of engineers sitting on the wing of a plane to keep it in the sky

It's the world we'd be in if new planes were in such high demand that the number of startups building them totally outstripped the supply of aeronautical engineers, to the point that most new designs only had ~5 man-years of effort invested in them on release, rather than the thousands they get today.

Software is really a different world, economically.
Agreed. This is clearly a fluff piece promoting his technology du jour.
There's also this site[1] which seems to be more specifically about the clock in Texas, and has a mailing list sign up to be notified about visiting possibilities.

1: http://www.10000yearclock.net/learnmore.html
I think the Russians already won ;)
http://i0.wp.com/dba43ifez0ney.cloudfront.net/assets/1513902... - this asset is meddling with the connection security.
There are other concerns of practicality as well, such as dependence on ability to rerun samples through the original network.
I'm not sure what your comment has to do with mine... I just know that to conservatively report, Coinbase includes withdrawals that are still in cryptocurrency as sales. You see why that might be a tax issue I imagine
> Monads have nothing to do with verification, so I'm now unsure what your original point was.

Indeed, monads are about language semantics, prior to any verification attempt. Have you tried actually tried reading my original comment?
Albeit from May last year, I thought this video showed capability with accents in English quite well compared to other smart devices: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNx0huL9qsQ

Happy to hear about more recent tests or counter examples!

(Disclosure: I work at Google, my Google Home tends to get my Canadian English pretty well)
I agree with you about that definition, but just to be clear the author disambiguates in this article and describes serverless to mean FaaS in the context of the article.
There are many connection oriented protocols that can never run on function as a service (Faas) offerings, which the article seems to suggest, is the only type of severless. Fundamental applications like email, webrtc, even git, cannot run inside FAAS.

The future, in my opinion is offerings like AWS fargate. The developer writes logic that is containerized, and the auto scaling, scheduling, etc is handled in a seamless fashion by the provider, removing the burden of ops from the developer. In many ways, this is a connection-oriented Faas, and that is where the future likely lies, due to its wide applicability
I’m happy to see progress on this. I hadn’t heard update for so long I had stopped checking their website. I don’t live terribly far from the location—maybe a five or six hour drive, so when it’s ready to be visited, I’ll definitely make the trek.
The monorepo seems like a bit of a red herring. A fork maintained in a separate repository (like pressing the fork button GitHub) would achieve the same. In fact, the type aliasing feature was added because Google (and others) struggled to make modifications in single commit, so the atomicity the monorepo could theoretically provide has already proven to not be there in practice.

The main difference is that Google is comfortable with having a fork that they can update from the mainline branch when needed/desired, but will otherwise stay stable for their software. Others, who are familiar with more traditional package tools, are not. And perhaps their concern is justified, but interestingly I've never seen a Go experience report reporting why that approach failed them.
I think one could make a decent case that in general if you are a citizen or resident of country X, you are probably better off having your data stored in some country Y that you are neither a citizen or resident of...simply because (1) Y has less reason to be interested in your data, and (2) if they do look at your data, it is less likely they can use what they find against you.

A counterargument might be that since Y has no connection to you, Y has less interest in protecting your data from third parties than your own country, X, would.
Right, that’s my question: are they selling it as it comes in, thus have actually made $4B in USD (despite the downward pressure of selling), or have they been hodling BTC and now have $4B of BTC at the current market price (which is not actually worth $4B)?
Dressing up as traffic signs might become a thing...
Have a sense of proportion. Think about how much electricity, paper, waste and money is spent to keep up the banking industry, anti-fraud departments, AML/KYC compliance teams, clerks and all that show. Bitcoin is actually an improvement.
"using all the infrastructure the public has funded to spin money out of thin air"

In what jurisdiction[1] is electric-grid transmission and distribution publicly funded? You're charged for the cost of your electric service.

[1] other than maybe communist or socialist governments
It could definitely be clearer, but if you click on the name of the operating systems on that page, they'll produce a little dialog that tells you how to run Cockpit.
What’s putting India on the world map for deep tech in healthcare
'Critical' T-Mobile Bug Allowed Hackers to Hijack Users' Accounts
https://www.google.com/maps/@31.4485152,-104.902702,1698a,35...

Looks like some construction work on top of a mountain near Bezos' land north of Van Horn. If you zoom out, you can see it shows 'West Texas Suborbital Launch Site' a bit to the east.

Looks like it's in the Sierra Diablo range.

Bing's satellite map of the same place:

https://binged.it/2ou7xtf

Background image from the site you linked looks consistent with those sheer ridges in the Bing imagery: http://www.10000yearclock.net/img/bg.jpg
ohhh fuck....what about those prepackaged thc vape pens they sell in dispensaries?
Personally, I just don't "get" the high of opiods. My experience has been entirely medical -- morphine after surgery, and the usual vicodin/percocet/whatever pills after injury or tooth extraction.

Different people react to them differently. Some people, like me, they make physical pain recede, but nothing else. Some people, they make feel groggy or sick, and they don't like them. (My grandmother was like this -- she disliked the grogginess from the Brompton's Mixture more than she disliked the pain of her terminal cancer. She only took it once or twice.)

And some people, one dose and it's "Where have you BEEN all my life!!!!"

An interesting line of research might be -- why the difference in reaction to opiods? Why do some people get the "WOW! I LIKE that!!" reaction, while others don't?
I wonder what the threshold is for the IRS. If I sold some coin and only made a couple dollars, is it even worth the effort? What about 100 dollars?
Blockchain allows you to prove order in which some events happened and thus indirectly prove when such events happened (and in fact it is not some new technology, it is how really trusted timestamping authorities always worked).

For voting you don't need to order or timestamp anything, so blockchains are mostly irrelevant.
Putting someone in jail for a crime stops them from committing the same crime for exactly the length of time they spend in jail.

Barring someone from working in a given industry, meanwhile, stops them from ever having the opportunity to commit the same crime again.

If a lawyer goes to jail for fraud, you don't want them to still be a lawyer when they get out, do you? This isn't like regular crimes (e.g. crimes of passion); fraud, blackmail, etc. are extremely deliberate and intellectual acts, and the type of person who decides to do them doesn't tend to suddenly happen upon any more scruples later on in life.

Of course, you could just say that we can make it part of the legal punishment of the criminal that they can never work in a given industry again (like we do for e.g. hackers). But is the government setting the terms of what is or isn't "work in that industry" better than actual industry-members setting those terms? Right now, people convicted of "hacking" aren't even allowed to own computers, for the most part. Doesn't seem like the government really knows what it's doing there.

Plus, allowing industries to self-regulate using guild licensing allows for enforcement of things besides strict legal criminal penalties. For example, the Society of Engineers can kick you out if you intentionally sign off on something as safe when you know it's not. That's not illegal—you'll go to jail if the building/bridge/etc. falls down; but if it doesn't, you're "safe" from criminal prosecution. But if the Society of Engineers finds out, then you're not a capital-E Engineer any more, and now all your signed-off-on documents will have to be rechecked.
That is true at the entire-species level assuming a uniform selection pressure against the entire species. However, evolution also occurs when a species adapts specific traits to fill an environment niche. Traits can still be selected for when the trait involved allows the organism to compete for a different set of resources. Humans also do not reproduce randomly. Currently, it is widely accepted in the Western world that people get to choose who they have children with, and that choice can select for similar traits. Marriage customs in other cultures are different, but still can have an effect on trait selection. For example, the royal families of Europe positively selected for some fairly harmful traits (like hemophilia), because other traits (already belonging to the family) were also being positively selected for filling the niche of royalty.

Consider something like a "Highlander" allele, that has a chance to randomly appear in the general population, granting them the same stipulations as in the movie. Given that there can be only one, this particular allele has terrible reproductive success in the sense that practically no offspring will ever survive. However, the gene will always tend to exist in the population. Now, if there is some event that occurs that increases the maximum of number of Highlanders, this event will put positive selection pressure on the allele, even though the general population can reproduce much faster.
Show HN: bash-ctx – make switching between projects in a terminal a breeze
Show HN: Go in-memory cache library
I have aarch64 and 4GB of memory. Electron apps are not kind to either.

http://roryok.com/blog/2017/08/electron-memory-usage-compare...

Netbeans nightly and JDK9 is quite nice on this platform.
I highly recommend that you do not commit tax fraud. Pay your taxes - not only the right thing to do, but because of the lack of anonymity provided by every blockchain save a few, it is trivial to track your trades.

You don’t want to go from mild-mannered software engineer to tax criminal, do you? Think about it hard. Government lawyers and regulators are indeed incentivized by metrics - the max number of pleas and convictions. They don’t care about your stories.

The smart move is to pay what you owe, and if you don’t like it, structure your affairs for the future to minimize taxes. But it’s very risky to lie about your past.

Additionally, tech industry workers have not exactly been worshipped by the press as of late. Expect a lot of backlash if you, an already highly paid knowledge worker, cheated to pay what taxes you dutifully owed. The press would not be kind to you, and they would not be in the wrong.
Hmm, good point. You'd have to extend the formal verification into the C code, at least. If you can do that, it might be easier to just write verified C.
I don’t think you can extrapolate liquidity from volume, especially when there are exchanges with very low or zero fees.
Contradictory to its title, the article points out that in an appropriately engineered environment -- which in social or monetary terms might be prohibitively expensive, but might not -- time-blocking is unnecessary, and a to-do list is sufficient.
This is not true. Nothing has been released for Linux yet.
Approaches to PostgreSQL Replication and Backup
What I want before I start lifting again is rock-solid advice on avoiding injury. I have Starting Strength and have trained it before with a trainer who went through Rip's program. Stopped after a couple of injuries in a row. Rip's injury advice is "you're going to get them, train through."

Fuck that. It's just not worth it. Injuries are massive, debilitating events and having even a minor one makes all the previous months useless. Only a pro or someone desperately trying to believe that strength training is the key to being a man or whatever would train past that. Being able to deadlift 325 is in the "nice-to-have" bin of life achievements.

The other thing I want is to be able to do it without making my hands all rough. Eventually I think I'll just build a t-handle kettlebell* and just go super slow on the weight increases.

When I finally get back into it, I plan on doing it for the rest of my life. Without a single injury. I do not think this is possible with barbells. At least not without a lot more study than is currently being done on it.

* http://www.instructables.com/id/T-Handle-Kettlebell/
As a kid, someone gave me a subscription to "3-2-1 Contact", a children's science magazine. Towards the back there'd be 1 or 2 pages of source code for a "game" written in BASIC. The one that still sticks in my mind was a a text-only downhill derby where you selected from a couple options for hill steepness, axle lubrication, and maybe car shape, and it would return how fast your car completed the race. There might have been fewer than 50 lines.

I didn't even have a computer at the time, but I was hooked.

The magazine format changed a couple years later, and they stopped including programs.

But when we started using computers at school, I remembered the instructions for accessing BASIC on our Apple II's, and thus me and my friends were introduced to programming.
Only on HN does a conspiracy theory get shut down with “I once worked with Al Gore...” :)
I disagree with almost none of this. I would just note two quick things:

1) Due diligence requests are made by the investor, not offered by the company. So, it's not about the company's desire for full disclosure or the company's interest in complying with SEC regs. (SEC regs require certain types of disclosures in connection with certain types of placements of securities. The typical VC funding round doesn't require such disclosures.)

2) Yes, lawyers are in the business of decreasing transactional risk. But, relatedly though slightly different, the reason VC lawyer due diligence requests are so long is that lawyers are risk averse. There is no downside to the lawyers to add something to the DD list, but there is certainly a potential cost if they leave something off. And the junior lawyers who deal with these things aren't being paid for creativity or independent judgment...(Not a knock on them. It's just not what junior lawyers are tasked with.)
Or just use the wrong finger a couple of times.
Corrosion, dirt etc. How is that going to last 10,000 years?
You can find a decent room in a share for $1500 in any city in the USA, and significantly less than that in most. When you're 22, that's pretty much 100% of your mandatory expenses, beyond maybe $200/mo in food and $100/mo for an unlimited transit pass or $10/mo to own/operate a bike.

Everything on top of that is gravy, especially when you're working at a tech company that pays for your healthcare and a lot of your food and coffee and maybe your commute.
I have a customer in France who lives at 'Rue de la grande monnaie'.
I disagree with that interpretation.

"After all is said and done, after all the regulatory cant has been translated, and the smoke of agency expertise blown away, it remains perfectly clear that someone who sells cable-modem service is “offering” telecommunications. For that simple reason set forth in the statute, I would affirm the Court of Appeals."

Those interested can read the dissent here: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/04-277.ZD.html
A history of the Internet: Hint, it was not the Bomb [video]
It got you to mention it! If the postal service doesn't care (and they don't) that's great marketing.
Apple doesn't even have the encryption keys for iCloud Keychain. They've taken a very hardcore secure approach to this that is explicitly designed for "adversarial clouds". This isn't true for all iCloud data, but the most sensitive stuff like keychain and health data use end-to-end encryption.[1]

What's impressive is they've implemented a backup solution for this that still retains end-to-end encryption. They use HSMs to encrypt a keychain "escrow" backup using your device passcode. The HSMs protect against brute forcing and Apple has no way to bypass -- they literally put the firmware administration keys in a blender.[2] It's pretty cool.

[1] https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf

[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLGFriOKz6U&feature=youtu.be...
Nice to see them being more resourceful. Coinbase was wasting thousands each day for a while by overpaying in bitcoin transaction fees - effectively donating customers funds to miners.
I feel like preventing fraud and money laundering (incidentally, two things you can't prevent when using cryptocurrency) is actually not wasteful
sudo apt-get install cockpit
Yes, I wouldn't expect giving away your services to people/companies to get you work. That's not so much working side by side with a person for a prolonged period of time, as it is working in a dysfunctional, under appreciated client/vendor relationship.

I've only given away work for free twice - once before I was a software developer and once volunteering two or three days a week for six? years for a NGO. Other than that, I charge everybody full price, including friends or family, for anything related to my day job. It sets up bad working relationships.

Again, good luck.