skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
That chart is from a broader article we published last winter: https://vinepair.com/map-american-craft-brewing-history/

More recently we put together a visualization of the 1977 data at https://vinepair.com/map-american-breweries-1977/

There's also a marked up breakdown by brewery from a 1978 FTC report below the visualization.
I'm from the 90's, partially. I hope your username is a reference to The Invisibles.
I dunno, wealth was pretty darn concentrated in 1800 too. Is it really more concentrated now than in the high medieval period? Wealth concentration might have deeper causes than automation.
> Unaffordable is relative. If HQ2 brings thousands of high-paying jobs with it, plus creates an ecosystem where tens of thousands of other good paying jobs are created, housing can become more affordable to more people while rising in price.

Shouldn't this have played out just like that in SF then?
As a very long time home-brewer (sadly, recently lapsed), I can't go without challenging this. I grew up thinking that I hated beer. It wasn't until I drank my first English ale (I think I was 20 in a place in the world where the drinking age is 18) that I discovered that I really liked beer.

Back in the 70's an early 80's there was only one style of beer in NA. That style was defined by marketing people and if you didn't like it then there was something wrong with you. It wasn't so much that the large brewers ignored burgeoning niches, they assumed that they could strong arm everyone into accepting the same product that they had been selling for generations.

To imply that micro brewers are unable to brew consistent beer is completely untrue. Sierra Nevada Pale Ale was a revelation mainly because it has only one flavour - hops. The yeast they use is ridiculously neutral. Any flaw in production would stand out a mile. In fact, one of the reasons it was originally bottle conditioned (is it still??? I haven't had it for a very long time) was so that they yeast could slurp up all the residual oxygen in the bottle. This lets nothing stand in the way of the fruity/floral aroma.

If anything, the American micro beer revolution has neglected other styles of beer because that idea is so iconic. It's not without precedent, however. If you look at good Bohemian pilsners, you get the same idea -- a very neutral palate with just enough sweetness to provide a platform for the hops. The main difference is that American pale ales go full on fruit. (Well, being a Morovian malt lover, I have to say that I really enjoy the grassiness of a fresh Bohemian pilsner if I can get it fresh -- very difficult from here, unfortunately).

US micros make hop forward beers because they sell. Not only that, but with recent advances in hop growing (lots of genetically modified varieties -- complete with patents :-P), modern hops are incredibly exciting. However, there are still lots great examples of other kinds of beer available that are not hop forward. If you wander up into French speaking areas of Canada you will find that they are even preferred!

What you won't find very often are good light lagers. This is not because the good breweries can't make them, it's because they can't sell them. You want to go up against the big boys in marketing a light lager? Good luck!

I like a good IPA now and again, but my bread an butter is an ordinary bitter with less than 30 IBUs. It's one of the reasons I brew my own -- I can't buy it outside of the UK. However, if you are just looking for variety, it's worth going a little bit out of your way to try to find it. There are lot's of amazing hefe weizens, wits, fruit beers, bocks, porters/stouts, spice beers, etc, etc, etc brewed in the US. Even in the area of pale ales, there are gobs of ESBs and nice balanced bottle conditioned pale ales. You just have to look for them.
Have you used a recent (2017) version of Crystal? Quickly building fluent-feeling libraries and tools is exactly my use case for Crystal.

For me, everything that Ruby is valuable for is retained. I'm able to do all the things I did in Ruby just fine, and it prevents me from doing a lot of things I shouldn't have been doing.

We recently migrated our app from Rails to Crystal (using the Amber framework) and our code base is now 2/3rds the size and we eliminated hundreds of bugs in the process simply from static typing and explicit nil handling. Our response times are also now all under 30ms where we were at 100ms+ before.
> I'd recommend freezing your credit (and just sucking up the $10) on all three credit bureaus.

This may be the pragmatic approach, but it's also why these companies still exist.

At risk of being too blunt - fuck that shit. I will spend thousands before I give them a dime of my money. I have zero business relationship with them, and I consider such crap absolute extortion. The world is a better place without credit rating agencies. Heck, I remember a point in time where it was questionable whether these companies were even legal to begin with. So far have we fallen.

These are things people should be getting violent about.
My favourite beer ever may have been a sour aged in a bourbon cask. It was one of those one-off brews that may never appear again.
The Spice That Hooked Mideival Nuns
The best interactive environment I've ever used (and still use) is an Emacs buffer with an associated inferior process. The default keybindings for Ruby mode interaction with inferior-ruby are a bit lacking, I have made a couple customisations for myself that can be helpful: https://www.gkayaalp.com/gk.html#orgf0bce87 .
Don’t be, I’m sure it’s breakfast time somewhere....
In this instance, I knew a couple people who did solar installation businesses early on. They did very nicely with the uptick in business, but then sold out.

All of them specifically cited the Chinese flood with causing them to cash out.

They weren't prescient enough to predict the drop in actual reliability, but they could see very quickly that they were going to be the ones holding the bag on warranty claims with Chinese suppliers. And, if they didn't use Chinese suppliers, they couldn't compete on price. So, they just got out.
Reading Tesla’s Colorado Springs Lab Notes, he spent a good deal of time trying to develop an efficient RF rectifier/detector. So while he could generate huge amounts of RF, he could not detect it well.
RPCS3 (PlayStation 3 Emulator) 2017 wrap-up: a stunning year of progress
> In general I'd say the best tactic is to learn as much as you can yourself (while remembering to be honest with yourself) and pursue general purpose coping strategies across the board (for example, mindfulness based cognitive therapy).

Yup, that's exactly what I've been doing for years now. I've read through quite a bit of stuff ranging from Freud, Jung, B.F. Skinner to Edward de Bono and countless others in addition to lots of Wikipedia surfing and study reading.

A rather common theme among a lot of them: Many of them went into studying psychology as an attempt to diagnose their own issues and often it feels more like reading philosophy rather than actual medical science.

I wonder if we will ever be able to articulate something like a "Grand Unified Theory of the mind"? Considering how much of this is subjective to the individual and atop of that the individual's brain physiology, it seems like an impossible task.

But then I see stuff like talks by Joscha Bach on C3 [0] [1] [2] and it's quite inspirational as it gives me hope that creating strong AI might actually help us understand what's going on under our own hoods a little bit better.

[0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKQ0yaEJjok

[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRdJCFEqFTU

[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5nJ5l6dl2s
Person 1: Life is easier if you budget properly

Person 2: But what if you're a diabetic blind one legged cancer patient?
Do you think Bitcoin will recover?
50% off the highs now

I bought at 11.000 :(
Saving the Money Tree
Might be missing something, but I'm fairly certain that Mapbox requires you to include attribution here. They also prohibit printing for commercial purposes, although that's lifted for enterprise plans, which you might have.
Why?

I drink Coors Light all the time when I'm working out in the shop
token.com sold for more this year.

Historically domains like this have been bad investments; I almost purchased bitcoin.com for $2,000 in 2010, (beat out for $5k offer). The domain changed hands a number of times, eventually bought out by Roger Ver for over $1mm.

None of the purchases beat the bitcoin-denominated price I offered: $2,000 in Bitcoins was around 4,000 BTC if I recall correctly, or more than $40mm in today's dollars.
It doesn't necessarily follow that the most profitable path will be taken by middle managers, they often have perverse incentives, real or imagined, to cut costs short term even when the company would be better off if the insured stay healthy!
> but there is a social aspect to grocery shopping

What are you talking about? I have never in my life had any meaningful social interactions with grocery store employees.
As a CS undergrad aspiring to get their masters, the claims this author writes do worry me to some degree. I can't say that I haven't sipped the 'kool-aid': one factor in my motivation for getting this BSc was this push for more code-adept citizens promoted by SV and the government.

Over the years and having learned a bit more about the skepticism behind SV & U.S. government's motives, I can't help but be concerned for myself -- and for others, who are banking on coding and tech jobs to help rise up from economic inequality. Perhaps my second, non-STEM degree might serve as a better backup than I thought. :/

I know these concerns aren't baseless, but could this be a possible overreaction? I'd be grateful if anyone could elaborate against what the author proposes, and give a full picture of the other side of the debate.
ECommerce Marketing Apprenticeship
FT Investigations: Inside the charity fundraiser where hostesses are put on show
Sours are interesting. I've had some amazing ones, and some ... bad ones (to me at least). However I'm absolutely glad I've tried them out. Like drinking yogurt beer :)
Isn't 25 tx/sec extremely low for something aiming to be a global payment system? I am not bashing BCH...they tried -- it just seems like something not based off of BTC might be the answer.
Also, they are fairly self-driving!
I really enjoy using this library. Thank you team!
Build a DeepLens-Style Camera Using Completely Open Source Tools
2018 Diaries Printing for Sale South Africa from Only R29 Each
I built one, and it said “connect it to a pipe”. I had a piece of pipe in my room, and it frustratingly did nothing. They never said “an earth connected pipe.

Now I’m an RF engineer; go figure.
This is a really great insight. It certainly bolsters the argument that these are dead in jobs. As in, the professional social graph literally dead ends.

On the other hand, I know a couple of people who started driving for Lyft recently to supplement income when their other freelance work slows. They've found pretty creative ways to make the most of the gig. One guy in particular is doing some social/influencer type stuff around it and has found some clients for his primary work as a content writer.

Going in the other direction, my wife is a lawyer and is always chatting with drivers and giving them her business card. She helped a driver with some questionable traffic tickets. Nothing major, just a short phone call and some free advice that got the tickets throw out. When his brother got hit by someone running a red light, she got the case.

There's always value generated when people connect. Sure, two Lyft drivers don't have a lot of reason to connect, but a Lyft driver has the opportunity to connect with people who do other things. Maybe there's some value in that that is just now being explored.
https://www.wickedweedbrewing.com/locations/funkatorium/ would be up your alley.
I always thought someone would put a tiny rover, perhaps a couple of kg, there and make it work. Using non-space-rated electronics, and making it up on the shielding is pretty risky, not NASA style but I figured for sure someone would roll the dice.
One thing about beer that the article didn't touch on is that it's a fragile product which has its quality harmed by the standard supply chain. It's both temperature and light sensitive.

This makes many smaller producers compared to few large producers more attractive than in a more easily transported good eg. phones. One big factory with all of the quality standards and efficiency gains that allows works great for the iPhone, not so much beer.

I don't know enough about weed to be able to say where it falls on the fragility of product spectrum, but it's a factor worth considering and I'd be interested to hear from people who do know enough.
Jack had an all-star team around him.

If he has to choose, why not go with the winner?

I’m surprised this story isn’t bigger news.
> When the sheriff arrived, the bank manager immediately called their attorney to call the client's attorney (my friend) and tell him they're writing a check.

I've always wondered what happens if you say too bad so sad, you had your chance - I don't believe you that the check is "in the mail". Will the Sheriff still let you collect assets?

If so, I'd absolutely cause them as much pain as possible. Typically in these cases you've already lost tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees and lost time, so the goal isn't recovering your money - it's simply extracting as much pain as possible.
A good crystal detector is very sensative, and still useful in the RF lab. Some will burn out with as little as 1 mW.
i love the design of the movfuscator. Most obfuscation tools tries to add more complexity and branching, in the hope that it will fool the decompiler. But it turns out, having absolutely no branching, and no 'features' makes it so much more of a nightmare to reverse!
No, the author didn't win $8000, because the judgement is suspended for 30 days, where Equifax can appeal (which they most certainly will, especially since the judgement was from a Pro Tem). There will likely be a new case in superior court, in front of an actual judge, who will realize the plaintiff could not prove any actual damage.

Also, taking a photo of yourself during a court hearing to post on your blog promoting your company is probably not a good idea considering photography is banned and it can get you charged for contempt, even after the fact.

Update: Author has taken the photo down, although it would be nice for him to provide an update to his readers saying as with all small claims cases, the judgement is suspended for 30 days and as such, he didn't actually win anything yet.
Yeah, farmer's markets are bullshit.
There's the NASA CubeQuest challenge. Cubesats on the EM-1 mission.

https://www.nasa.gov/cubequest/details
> Comparatively, you can tell something is changing in the US causing a drop.

The reported numbers from other countries, or the reported numbers from the US, could also be flawed. Just because numbers have changed relative to one another, doesn't mean that countries have done so as well. You are assuming a particular causal relationship when there are several plausible alternative theories available.

> more often, there's truth in the metrics

Metric isn't the right word. It would make sense for tangible qualities like area, population, and even GNP. But the measured quality here is "innovation," with an amalgam of other characteristics taken as the one true proxy thereof. It's a ranking, but it's not actually measuring innovation.

> clearly the score change is due to real realities changing.

It could also be a change in reported numbers. Or even random noise that tends to revert. These numbers may not even be relevant to the true seeds of innovation.
Most gold ends up in jewelry. I can't find a good source, but only a small fraction of the world's 187,000 tons of gold is held in gold reserves.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserve
I think so, there is a lot of negative sentiment driving the price down at the moment I believe. But after tax season and some governments around the world making decisions on exchanges and taxes I think we will see good growth upward again.
If you shop in a neighborhood store, and your neighbors also shop there, you run into people you know at the grocery store. Not employees, but customers.
This is the comment I'm responding to:

>Consider how much time, energy, and expertise it takes even to research disability insurance and buy the appropriate product.

This is in the context of a discussion about starting your own business. If you're on the tier of hierarchy of needs where you're struggling for food, then sure, maybe you shouldn't be starting your own business at this point. However, if you have the intellectual capacity to buy car insurance, and also are in a position to be starting your own business, you almost certainly have the cognitive ability to purchase disability insurance.
Here's an analysis of methane synthesized with water, CO2, and electricity:

http://www.sgc.se/ckfinder/userfiles/files/SGC284_eng.pdf

They put it at 52% energetic efficiency from electricity. They're starting with a concentrated CO2 stream as a byproduct of a biological waste digester. If they were starting with a more dilute CO2 source like seawater or ordinary air there would also be an energy cost for concentrating the CO2. In my estimation, a reasonable rule of thumb is that it would take 2-4 megajoules of electricity to make one megajoule of common small hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, ethylene, propylene, benzene...)

For example, a megawatt hour of electricity is 3600 MJ. If it were used to synthesize the hydrocarbon commodity ethylene at 1/3 efficiency, it would yield about 24 kilograms of ethylene. Bulk ethylene prices in the US in July were $645/tonne, or $15.38 for 24 kilograms. Today a megawatt hour of renewable electricity might cost $30 in a favorable location. So the electricity cost alone of renewable ethylene would be nearly double the all-in cost of petro-ethylene. Probably renewable ethylene would be closer to 4x the cost of petro-ethylene once you add other costs. But, notably, not 100x or even 10x the cost; disposable polyethylene packaging might become too expensive for routine use, absent fossils, but durable goods incorporating polyethylene parts would still be affordable. Higher-value materials synthesized starting from ethylene, like detergents and coolant fluids, would also see a relatively modest price increase.

There's a lot of literature on producing liquid fuels and chemicals starting from natural gas and coal. Most schemas proceed through an intermediate called synthesis gas, ("syngas") a mixture of CO/H2 that can be converted into many different products depending on the catalysts used. To get the overall energetic efficiency you'd combine the extant huge literature on synthesis gas conversion with the assumption that synthesis gas is made from the reverse water gas reaction of CO2 with electrolytic hydrogen from water. (Not hard if you're fluent with chemistry and units conversion, otherwise may be challenging. I'd do a table of examples myself if I thought this comment would be more visible.)

Here's a presentation that has a schematic view synthesizing renewable hydrocarbons without biomass -- see particularly the slide "Combining Technologies" where it shows that methanol, gasoline, diesel, and methane can all be produced from the same syngas intermediate:

http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/51542760/Production_of_Green_Natur...
Efficient doesn't always equate to good.

Which is why we came up with the word “ruthless”.
Right, because no single country can take more than 5% of the resident visa in a given year.

That's a good thing no? Diversity of immigrants? Otherwise 80%+ of all immigrants would be Indian/Chinese.

Doesn't seem unreasonable to me. Gives other countries a chance to immigrate.
Hacker News karma as years
For some time now, I'v paid attention to when my HN karma number matched some significant year. Year I was born, year I graduated, year I got married, year my daughter was born, year my father passed. Karma hit 2112 today. I hadn't really noticed when karma moved into the future, but that date got my attention (thinking now of the Priests of the Templates of Syrinx) and am now for the first time in a while trying to envision our actual world at such future dates.
Too much incentive for 1 of 20 to break ranks. The cities won’t have a good way to punish the scab
I also had to log in at one point (FileVault I guess) and then the login progress bar froze halfway for a while and I guess it continued installing something.

I wonder if there are firmware updates / touchbar updates in here.
Or transmit high-def video back to earth from over an area of 500 meters. ( I always assumed the 'traveled' part was fungible )
Actually the checkout experience is a small factor in Amazon's success (in online retailing). The main factors are 1) Big selection 2) Fast and convenient delivery 3) Low prices. The checkout experience just a small subset of point #2.
I think you just defined a moat. A tiny low population country that is one of the most hard to reach major countries in the world kind of proves that point, does it not?

Basically no one is competing in NZ because no one cares about the NZ market. It's simply not large enough. Until it is.

I do think there is a lot to be said about not trying to build these giant world-eating companies that require you selling your soul to the devil. Companies like Craigslist I have a ton of respect for. A lifestyle company should be the dream of most, not the crazy disconnected-from-reality VC world we're seeing today.

I simply think anyone betting on their market being small enough to fly under the radar is making a very tenuous bargain.
Oregon probably has the friendliest laws of any US state to "small" entrepreneurs (licensing fees and residency requirements).

Places like Florida and West Virginia are more "big-money" oriented.
Being from the US I think we deserve to be off this list.

We aren’t making America great nor are we doing anything to better the world or our own people. We emphasize the wrong attributes of success which.
You’d probably like Invention and Technology magazine. It ceased publication several years ago, but it was awesome. Great reading if you can find old issues.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_of_Inventi...
I love this! Great use of technology to build a great product.

Can you talk more about the procurement pipeline? Who actually does the printing and shipping/handling? Did you outsource that to someone else, and if so, who?
The "Gigablock Initiative" has tested it to 7000 tx/s with larger blocks - about the same transaction throughput as VISA.
HTTP probably helps admins of large networks cache downloads for their 5000 computers that are all updating at once (if they're not running Apple's update cache server)
Hopefully this isn't too off topic, but could you explain how to even start approaching this from a RE/malware analysis perspective?
I'm guessing there's no drag-and-drop de-obfuscate tool like there is for some of the common .NET obfuscators.
Do you just rely on behavioral/dynamic methods?
> I will spend thousands before I give them a dime of my money.

I want to avoid giving them money but Equifax handles my W2 for some reason.
What service do you use for printing? Been interested in prototyping some similar ideas with on demand printed work
Haha that's what it is.

There's more tricks too, I'm able to close my nose by a muscle somewhere in the back of my throat. I've asked my friends if they could, but they al say they can't. Anyone else have that?
That is very cool. These are the kinds of fun novel ideas that got me interested in making web applications.
A little late to the party stripe. Bitcoin has been slow forever. Why now? It is just about to launch lightning or whatever.
The X Prizes have a fairly lousy track record so far. Disappointing, and rather damning for the "moonshot" approach to innovation (as opposed to good old fashioned incremental engineering)