skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
That goes to the core of the problem though. The term isn't at all inherently tied to the constitution. It's an American-centric trope. I'm neither American nor live there so the constant clawing of the phrase back to that is tiring.
Offline search is the obvious alternative. Every cell in your body has its own data and search engine. It doesn't need a Google, Microsoft, Yandex, and Baidu. How come?

Downloading a dump of Wikipedia or Stackoverflow and indexing it however you like on mid range hardware is trivial today. Look at what Kiwix or Zeal(offline doc browser) do today. It's just a matter of time before people start packaging up data and indexes customized to your info needs downloadable like a song from iTunes.
Ask HN: Does anyone regularly spend a lot of their day in VR? What do you do?
Great news! With this and Gerbil, Scheme has a very bright future.
Actually, it's more like a function that maps a huge (maybe infinite) vector of very large numbers to a single concept in a human brain when interpreted in a very specific manner.

Think about how many ways you can encode a single song: there are dozens of formats, each with varying bitrates and other attributes. But no matter which "number" of that song you play, a human will hear interpret them all the same.
The AS/400 nowadays is called "IBM i". The note says IBM i is affected: "AIX and i operating system patches will start to become available February 12".

Since the mid-1990s it has run on POWER so if POWER is affected it obviously would be too.
Though Elsevier's hold onto the prestige/impact factor is tenuous, as shown by several mass resignations of editorial boards that subsequently established competing journals that effectively "took over". (Journal of Algorithms -> ACM Transactions on Algorithms, Topology -> Journal of Topology, etc.)
Skype for Business. Much worse than the free Skype.
Fair enough, mu apologies for getting all Reddit-y.

I'm in the camp that at some point, everyone needs help. The unfortunate fact is, a lot of people aren't going to get the same amount of help, or even help at the right time, and they're going to fail as a result. Worse, they're not going to realize they could have done better.

When we're talking about continuing to try, and being positive and always working towards a solution, part of the conversation should ideally be that getting to that place involves something different for different people. Fair?
Don’t think they’ve changed at all. The imac Pro and HomePod are entirely new products and they’ve always been happy to preannounce those.
Excellent. I rate it pretty much as high as the git man page generator! Thanks for posting, and please, PLEASE, all of you, do continue to uniquely develop performance based scrums, it is essential to this company's future!

[0]: https://git-man-page-generator.lokaltog.net/
English translation from Google Translate:

• Participating institutions: all institutions entitled to participate in alliance and national licenses in Germany.

• The DEAL facilities have permanent full-text access to the entire title portfolio (e-journals) of the selected publishers.

• All publications of authors from German institutions are automatically switched to open access (CC-BY, including peer review).

• Reasonable pricing according to a simple, future-oriented calculation model based on the publication volume.
Another question is whether it is actually exploitable from OS/i userspace.
> Postgres’s MVCC implementation with immutable tuples means every write (even updates to a column not in any indexes) to a table touches every index on that table.

The parenthetical comment is not true. If no indexed columns are updated, and there's space on the same page, a so called "HOT" update is performed. Basically a redirection is inserted triggering index scans to follow the update chain to the newest version:

https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f...
WOW this just makes it one of the best implementation of scheme, though i would love to see the chez backend version to produce executable binaries like chicken scheme or current raco compiler does. The current chez scheme supports only fasl binaries which require a scheme interpreter to be distributed. The only hacky way currently is chez-exe.
You can get to the article using Google:

https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=gdp+mea...
Wondering if anybody would be up for adding this to uppy.io
Yes it does. What of it?
> Why isn’t the rate of vacuuming in Postgres determined by the rate of churn instead of things like wall clock time?

It is determined by the rate of churn.
> Elsevier does provide a service.

Mediocre service, as you say yourself. Furthermore, they earn way above market returns on equity. It's really not a competitive enterprise, but extracting rent (from the tax payer via university library budgets).
Yes, from what I've read on the LKML, the IBRS has to be enabled and disabled by the kernel at the appropriate moments, and there will be a kernel command line flag to disable it (or leave it enabled all the time).
While I completely agree that set theory is not special nor the foundation of mathematics (there is no such thing; foundation of mathematics is a name given to any formal language that can express all or most of mathematics), you are also repeating a common misrepresentation of set theory. While it is true that people often present, say, the natural numbers as some arbitrary encoding in sets, that is not how the natural numbers must be represented in set theory, and set theory can nicely capture the idea of an abstract inductive definition of the natural numbers, as well as the isomorphism between different representation. Many set theories employ Hilbert's epsilon (choice) operator, that allows one to "choose" some set that satisfies a proposition[1]. The question of the members of the set is completely unanswerable, and so can be reasonably said to be nonexistent. You do not work with a particular encoding, and you can't even if you wanted to, because the choice operator does not "reveal" what it is.

It is true that the fact that "there exists" (in a very nonconstructive sense) some unknowable, impenetrable encoding may offend the aesthetical sensibilities of some people, but type theory does not really "resolve" that in any way (and it is certainly not superior, just different, or rather, it is superior in some ways and inferior in others[2]); it simply constructs its axioms at a higher level of abstraction. The axiomatic existence of inductive data types in type theory is just a theorem about well-founded sets in set theory, but those sets are really defined in exactly the same abstract way.

[1]: So the natural numbers can be defined as "epsilon set N, s.t. N is the minimal set s.t. an element zero exists in N and there exists a function succ in the set N -> N, such that for all n in N, succ(n) is in n, and there is no n in N s.t. succ(n) = zero".

[2]: For example, because most type theories are based on the lambda calculus, they are on the precipice of inconsistency due to Curry's paradox, which makes some aspects of working with them extremely unpleasant compared to set theory.
That's just not true. Having access to the microcode isn't going to help you here, there won't be a line of code you can point to and say 'this is a bug!' Rather, it's the assumptions that all chip-makers have chosen that were wrong, and those choices have been out in the open and known about for all this time. No-one was demanding that speculative execution should be hardened against timing attacks because no-one had discovered that timing attacks were even possible.
Work on the front end for OpenEMR, especially as you have a medical background. It's a open source project and the lead devs posted on HN last month asking specifically for help modernizing their front end with react. They said explicitly that any experience levels are welcome

OpenEMR is in my opinion a much needed project. They have a good amount of users esp in the developing world, so your work would be used to help many people in need. The us healthcare system also needs an open emr

Learn a marketable tech you're interested in, work on an impactful open source project, and save your $10k :)
What Twitter's New Statement About Not Banning Trump Really Means
Largely through undo logging.
Ask HN: What services do you use to send email for small scale apps?
Services like Sendgrid and Mailgun offer free tiers up to a certain number of emails sent per month (about 10k). But beyond the free allotment, the cost of sending emails begins to add up, especially when running an app that doesn't generate revenue.

How does the use of these, or similar, email services compare to using Gmail or Fastmail's SMTP servers to send all your app's emails, assuming they're mostly transactional?

What other options do you recommend for sending transactional emails at small scale (0 - 50k / month)?
To put it in another perspective, US is so inefficient in using resources that they spend relatively more amount of money to get an almost equivalent or in someways inferior quality of life.
So, basically the already-existing Visibility Map?

Indexes in postgres point to the page, not the tuple. The VM keeps two bits per page: "does this page have any 'dead' tuples?", and "does this page need to be touched for xid wraparound?"

Vacuuming doesn't touch a page unless the VM indicates it's necessary.
The fact the president of the United States made an inflammatory public statement is news whether you like it or not. Foreign governments make decisions and tailor their own rhetoric based off of the Twitter messages made by the president.

“Ignore him and he’ll go away” was fantastic advice I wish the media used in 2015 and 2016; a different candidate would have won the Republican primary were it not for the president’s overwhelming media coverage.

That advice no longer holds true. I agree that sensationalizing public statements is destructive to society.
Do not ever take an action (such as rejecting other offers) based on a verbal/provisional/anything. Only a letter in hand is any good, and even then you should probably respond quickly if you plan to accept.
Interesting to read about Pāṇini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini), but you shouldn't be completely dismissive of the article because of the omission.
Enterprise Releases for Server and Data Center Versions of Jira and Confluence
Content aside I wish Twitter could have at least gotten the English grammar correct on their post. Whoever wrote it doesn't know how to use commas.
That must be only Spectre, where did you read Meltdown...? This title is wildly inaccurate!
This was the cover I had as a very young girl.

I remember reading these and watching them take me to fantastical worlds. Good memories.
German teens are drinking less on average
“Special” is a human concept which may not exist objectively, empirically. Distinct, unique, etc... are probably more honest, assuming that we don’t exist in a multiverse.
It must feel weird to create an operating system that runs on a CPU inside a bigger CPU.
>Griffiths

Yes!

I actually jumped in this thread to recommend Griffiths' Electrodynamics.

Even the review sections on how to think about things like divergence and curl is particularly well done by Griffiths.
No, I'm just not exhaustively listing the advantages of computers, because (i) not what this thread is about (ii) by and large we're aware of them.
uMatrix is a wonderful way to do this :)

It has a small learning curve if you understand a bit of how the web works.
Yeah, unfortunately there were a ton of compromises as NASA had to get funding support from other agencies, which resulted in a design that didn't meet their original goals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process is an interesting read.
Thanks. I did indeed miss critical parts of the post. I will review again.
More of an anti-tax, anti funding government culture in the US.
Yeah, I could see that. Mostly, you need to be really comfortable with multivariable integration.
Its called IBM System i nowadays, and hasn't been called AS/400 since 2000 [1].

FTA: "We will provide further communication on supported generations prior to POWER7+, including firmware patches and availability."

POWER7+ is used in since 2012. They all seem to be based on POWER architecture these days (first devices using PowerPC/POWER3 in 1997).

Also of note, the firmware patches will be available on jan 9 but they also require OS patches. The Linux patches will be available on jan 9 and the AIX patches arrive on feb 12. They don't mention IBM i (OS/400) at all.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System_i
A large part of Greece's problem is that they're in the Eurozone and don't have any control over their monetary policy.
Well, if you consider PASE lets you run AIX binaries, if it is exploitable on AIX the same exploit would probably work on IBM i. (PASE only supports a subset of AIX system calls though.)

Also, if it is exploitable from Java, nowadays the IBM i JVM is J9, almost the same as AIX. (This used to be different – the "Classic JVM" was integrated into the TIMI infrastructure, so quite different from JVMs on other platforms.)
I'm Canadian myself and it's not my constitution either. If you're going to get mad when people react to that term then maybe ask yourself if you could sway more opinions by finding an alternative way to express the same thing.

To me this is the same as a UX problem. Don't get mad at the user for the way they interpret your interface.
Show HN: HurnJS – Lorem Ipsum Generator for Yung Hurn Lyrics
Even the roll of a die could be called non-random, since the numbers that come up are actually the result of a number of forces acting together on the die, including the force of the rollers hand, gravity, air gusts, the surface they fall on, etc.

Same principle would apply to all the other methods you mentioned since there's always a definite seed value, regardless of how difficult it is for you or another observer to capture it.

All the approaches you listed would result in quality pseudo-random numbers, however, a genuine random number at the source has no apparent cause or series of events leading up to it. Cesium is one such source of genuine, uninspired and uninfluenced source of randomness. Cosmic radiation is probably another although that's probably a lot harder to capture.

Here's a more detailed explanation of why radiation from radioactive decay is bona fide random.

https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/2009/03/30/real-ra...

https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/can-a-com...

The NeuG is best described as a high quality PRNG as are most others unless they truly capture some random, cosmic phenomena, like echoes from the big bang detectable as cosmic background radiation.. Allegedly nothing tops the big bang as a random number generator.
This is why I was never good at biology and hated both classes the classes I took in it. Coming from a CS background, it was so frustrating not to be able to reason from first principles about the nature of our observations.
In particular this resonates painfully, “This is a cozy home for believers in bootstrapping and meritocracy, proponents of shallow libertarianism.“

And then...

VENTURE CAPITALISTS HAVE SPEARHEADED massive innovation in the past few decades, not least of which is their incubation of this generation’s very worst prose style. The internet is choked with blindly ambitious and professionally inexperienced men giving each other anecdote-based instruction and bullet-point advice. 10 Essential Start-up Lessons You Won’t Learn in School. 10 Things Every Successful Entrepreneur Knows. 5 Ways to Stay Humble. Why the Market Always Wins. Why the Customer Is Never Right. How to Deal with Failure. How to Fail Better. How to Fail Up. How to Pivot. How to Pivot Back. 18 Platitudes to Tape Above Your Computer. Raise Your Way to Emotional Acuity. How to Love Something That Doesn’t Love You Back.
Sometimes it feels like everyone is speaking a different language — or the same language, with radically different rules. At our all-hands meeting, we are subjected to a pep talk. Our director looks like he hasn’t slept in days, but he straightens up and moves his gaze from face to face, making direct and metered eye contact with everyone around the table. “We are making products,” he begins, “that can push the fold of mankind.”

I wonder if most people in that world understand how bizarre and grotesque it is to everyone else looking in?
Efficient resource recovery while preserving consistency and minimally impacting workload throughput is one of THE central problems in database engine design. You can move the pain around but it never goes away, and a poor solution will very negatively impact the throughput of normal workloads. People have been thinking about this problem for as long as we've been building database engines.

This is not to say vacuum-like mechanisms are necessarily the best method but it was a common architectural idiom for database engines from the 1990s because it works well with sequential storage devices. Newer techniques tend to put resource recovery inline with the workload rather than outside of it but that has other disadvantages.

Indexing all rows in a database by transaction id would cause an extreme loss of throughput. That just creates a continuously mutated (and therefore locking) structure every thread constantly uses that is also paged to disk. And deletion of individual records is a problem for indexes generally.
Terry Pratchett, RIP.
It is my impression that analysis of side channels has been done and professionalized in the intelligence community for a long time before it became an important consideration in the general IT community.
Edited the comment to correct the error in my original understanding; thanks for pointing it out!
I really don't understand the point of this criticism. Isn't GDP the best way we have of measuring the volume of work being done?

If I exchange production of some craft for money in the bank and then exchange that money for some other product I fancy, we've not only moved the money around, but created real quantifiable new value through the production purchased.

GDP - Gross Domestic Product. Producing things. That's what it's all about.
You are correct, I made an error in posting my comment. I so rarely flag comments that I felt like I should explain it.
+1. Meltdown and Spectre are distinct vulnerabilities, and Meltdown only affects Intel processors as far as we know.
Blockchain: Hype, Reality, Opportunities
I don't think anyone is planning their retirement savings based off a 95% chance of the only being 2 trillion to ever live - even at 10 billion living people you're looking at thousands of years for that prediction to be relevant.
confluence is too slow.

workday is difficult to use, doesn't allow selecting multiple positions at once.

webex, improved recently, but has usability issues.
How serverless reduced a startups cost by 70%
I'll take your crypto as payment though. And so will other people. Maybe not everyone, but as long as enough people do to make it a currency it has value.
NOT RELATED TO CURRENT EVENTS
focused on converting our services into AWS Lambda functions and workflows into Step Functions
Ok, we've adjusted the title accordingly.

The submitted title was "IBM POWER impacted by Meltdown/Spectre", which broke the HN guidlines (please read those before submitting: https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html).
Do they? Lots of homes in places like BelAir sit empty, visited once or twice a year. Either as status symbols or a place to hide I'll gotten gains.
Fundamentally, versioned Lambda code doesn’t feel like it belongs in CloudFormation. In the end, the set of versions of a Lambda function is probably going to look like a replica of your repository history.
It's not all that hopeless, actually.

Let's ignore meltdown, which seems solvable in hardware with no obvious performance loss (assuming amd's existence proof is correct), and concentrate on spectre, which everyone thinks means the world is ending.

One thing to note is that compilers have been safely speculating instructions for years. Shocking, i know :)
Processors could too.

They just weren't.
One of the cardinal rules of safe speculation is that you can't speculate an instruction unless you can prove it has no observable side-effects (ie possibly faulting, or in this case, ending up in cache), or that the side-effects are the precisely the same whether you speculate it or not (where "precisely the same" generally includes some notion of ordering of side-effect occurrence. i'm not going to get into all the various intricacies)

IE

a+b -> safe to speculate, has no side effects
load a -> generally unsafe, has possible observable side effects

if foo:
load a
else
load a
-> safe to speculate load a to right above the if, it must always be executed, and in this example, side-effects will be the same.

if foo:
load a
-> not safe to speculate load a above the if, it may not execute

Compilers generally did not speculate loads, mainly because they can fault at that level[1]. The fault comes from the processor though.

So processors were/are assuming that speculation of loads, calls, etc, had no side effects because they could "throw away the results". As the processor controlled the faulting, it could just throw away the fault and pretend it never happened.

These two attacks are just proving that is not true, and the side-effects of computation themselves are observable.

The end result should be the same. Processors speculate more like compilers do: only in safe situations.

The idea that you have to give up all speculative execution seems very wrong.

You only have to give it up in cases where there are possibly observable side-effects and it's not guaranteed they will always happen.

The upshot is the most likely outcome is that both processors and compilers will work harder to speculate.

Compilers will get called upon to do more safe speculation.

Processors will have to grow the logic to determine when speculation is safe (or figure out a way to actually undo all side effects, which is fairly hard).

Now, the downside is the most useful speculation is obviously to hide load/store latency, and those things are the hardest to reason about safety.

But like i said, compilers have been doing it for many years at this point.
Our hardware brethren just found out the hard way that they are likely to start having to do it too, and that there are more observable side-effects than they thought.

[1] Some JITs do it and catch the result in a fault handler if it turns out badly. I expect someone is going to discover ways to exploit all of these basically instantly. These will not be fixed by processor related fixes because they are not processor directed.
safe? Never.
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So we all agree: Elsevier is a vampire squid wrapped around academia (to borrow Matt Taibbi's memorable phrase), extracting tremendous profits (from tax payers via university library funds) for little value provided.

Yeah, they are overcharging, and the problem with individual authors moving to the competition is the prestige/impact factor associated with a journal (ie a prisoners dilemma/coordination problem), and possible solutions are

- concerted action of editorial boards to resign and found a competing journal that "inherits" the prestige (as has happened several times, notably Journal of Algorithms prodded by none other than Don Knuth)

- concerted action of universities/libraries (as in the article)

- government/funding agency intervention to mandate open access publication

- etc.

I hope Elsevier have overextended themselves by refusing to accept half price, and, having their bluff called, receive even less.
The health system is probably several hundred billion more of wasted economic effort.
Don’t you dare inflict the software, the service, the product onto your customers until you have forced your own employees to use it to get their work done, until you’ve bet your own company, your own employees’ success, on its quality. Put your money where your mouth is. Eat your own dog food.