skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
> > It would be a very strange operational semantics that considered an O(n)-space program isomorphic to an O(1)-space program.

> Why?

Because the operational semantics is very specifically intended to capture how the program executes as a sequence of state changes happening over time, typically with reference to some stack and heap. It is the denotational semantics whose notion of meaning is what the program calculates, i.e. the "end result of the computation".

> We can have complexity preserving isomorphisms and non-preserving isomorphisms, and it's quite easy to see from the mappings which is which.

Those can't be isomorphisms of operational semantics because part of operational semantics is the complexity. How else would you define complexity other than by reference to operational semantics? Any "isomorphism" of operational semantics by definition preserves the complexity.

> Wouldn't you intuitively consider Euclid's algorithm operating on unary and binary representations of numbers isomorphic

No, not at all. In fact let's make it simpler: I wouldn't even consider addition of unary integers to be operationally isomorphic to addition of binary integers. Denotationally they're the same, of course.

(There's a more subtle point which I think you're not making but I'll mention it all the same: yes, I consider the "Euclid's algorithm" part of "Euclid's algorithm operating on unary integers" to be the same as the "Euclid's algorithm" part of "Euclid's algorithm operating on binary integers".)

> > What is your notion of "isomorphism" here?

> The usual one: bisimulation (or a refinement mapping in both directions, if you like).

I'm not especially familiar with the notion of bisimulation but if you can demonstrate that the addition of unary integers is bisimilar to the addition of binary integers then I would be very interested!
It is not whataboutism. That would be true if I pointed that banks where doing something similar. What I pointed to is that you have absolutely no basis for your accusations.

If you are going to do that with every business, then you can't trust neither of them. Even rating agencies can be shady.
roff is quite horrible to read and write. There's a much better solution than banging your head against an archaic and unforgiving file format: AsciiDoctor's manpage backend [1]. You write in asciidoc, with some required structure that's quite easy to follow, and it spits out a proper roff document for you. Asciidoctor's own manpage [2] is, of course, generated in this way, and it's a pretty good example of the form.

[1] http://asciidoctor.org/docs/user-manual/#man-pages

[2] https://raw.githubusercontent.com/asciidoctor/asciidoctor/ma...
We're all aware that this is an action being taken by the executive branch, not the legislative. However, Executive departments rely on the legislative branch to get relevant legislation passed, to confirm appointees, and for other forms of support for their actions. Administrative departments generally try to avoid angering the relevant standing committees that regulate them.

The website for the US Senate subcomittee on Communications, Technology, Innovation, and the Internet is here
https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/communicati...

There appear to be two relevant subcommittees of the US House of Representatives:

https://energycommerce.house.gov/subcommittee/communications...

and

https://energycommerce.house.gov/subcommittee/digital-commer...

From the looks of the twitter iframes* on both house subcomittee pages, the FCC has significant legislative support for these rules changes.
Who seriously believes it would make a difference? As the Chairman is just a puppet and will if resigned be replaced by another. The USA is not a functioning democracy anymore and you should aim at replacing your complete government and the rules how it's elected.
Crackdown Has Cali Drug Cartel on the Run (1995)
Ask HN: Highest upvoted post without a comment
What is the highest number of upvotes without a comment?
Shorting using futures has nothing to do with buying puts. You can think of buying puts as buying insurance (you pay now for the option to sell your BTC at a guaranteed price later), but buying/selling futures is esentially giving you the same exposure as buying/selling the underlying asset.
My guess would be to be independently wealthy at that point.
Talking about farmscale agriculture, it's hundreds of chickens at least. If it's pastured, they likely need to be moved quite often.

Chickens are likely easiest, but on a scale to produce a living for a family, I don't think any type of farming or ranching is low effort or easy to step away from.
The USA is not a functioning democracy

Thank goodness too! We are a Constitutional Republic. A pure democracy only works when the majority is moral.
I love to do so. I have already joined vanila community.
paswword
Linux is not a mono-culture single entity with no competition. It is infinitely modifiable, and all the modifications compete with each-other, and that is why it dominates.
yea, but we're not talking about the rest of the world in this thread, are we? also seems a little misguided to defend to a generalization with another generalization. no?

lighten up guys. it was kind of funny.
sysistem
Well, the deal is that the Internet will be a less effective platform for supporting freedom and democracy when it is under tighter control of a few corporations.

As a consumer I am not worried very much, although since my family lives in a rural area dependent on DSL, that will be a hit since I expect AT&T to drop DSL support as soon as they can because it is a loss for them - but as a common carrier they do have (or should have) responsibilities. For people living in cities, maybe not so bad until rates start going up.
Paswword
This constitutional republic isn't working either.
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These are all well and good, as long as you remember not to blindly live by them (which you'll often see people do with advice from authority).

> If you've chosen the right data structures and organized things well, the algorithms will almost always be self-evident. Data structures, not algorithms, are central to programming.

I'm not sure what the author wants me to take away from this? Data structures and algorithms should very much both be taken into consideration, although I'd agree that "it all starts with the choice data structure".
Seriously, is this all the plan of one guy? Ajit Pai, if so, how could we give such power to one person. I don't think it's his plan it never it's, his resignation won't mean anything.
Developers don’t use Macs. Mac users love the touch bar because all the typical MC user does is swipe left and right on Grindr all day long.
The current Congressional majority has made clear (including several members making explicit statements) that their legislative actions are motivated by the concerns of major donors, so don't expect any more concern for public opinion from them than the administration.
4chan -- pol in particular -- is an agitprop prototyping board, and about as unreliable a source of information as you can get.

Useful when you want to get a sneak peak at the propaganda campaigns, and internet brigade tactics and talking points that are about to be rolled out against the public (or A/B test some of your own), but not so much for serious debate.

Like 99% of the stuff you see on there is going to be deceptively worded or presented, or just factually incorrect. If you're letting 4chan influence your opinion, you're using it wrong.
You make some great points. I do have one correction though:

> Most of the previous sponsors were drawn into the social cause but not necessarily the practical effectiveness of the ads themselves

This is true for a few of the sponsors, but not the majority. The majority were drawn into Code Sponsor because it can be as effective as Google Ads, while 40% of the marketing funds go back into developers pockets.

Code Sponsor was never presented to sponsors as a charitable organization, nor did we try to present ourselves as such to the community.

Here is the gist that I shared with sponsors to explain how Code Sponsor worked:

https://gist.github.com/cavneb/a86a668063328de2f063ba9c7d078...
Free Books, Why Not?
The main issue with this is that AsciiDoc cannot express semantics. When writing manpages, you can specify that something is a flag or a function parameter, etc.
None of this would really be a problem if the economic system actually worked. If people actually made enough to afford FT care of their children and home stay for the very early years then the economy would seriously employ many more people. But instead people have to essentially win the economic lottery.
I'm surprised no one has mentioned the David Parnas papers: "On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules" is an all-time classic [1]. Much more philosophical than most of the suggestions here so far, but this paper really drove home to me the importance of abstraction in software design. (Also covered in the Morning Paper [2].)

[1] https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc838p/Design/crit....
[2] https://blog.acolyer.org/2016/09/05/on-the-criteria-to-be-us...
For my part I think there is a kind of sophomoric "look at me" quality to most Medium articles that makes them mostly about promoting the author rather than pursuing any type of truth. This is why I stopped reading them, I get a twinge of annoyance every time I see medium, because I feel that I am about to read someone's sales pitch as to why they are the smartest, rather than read a genuine pursuit of truth.
400mg a day, for a healty person, is drug abuse. One can get a better-than-coffee effects from 25mg, actually lower than the recommended dose. And why would anyone take it every day?

But the author is abusing modafinil, and that is problematic. It's like an alcoholic saying "Alcohol is evil because if you have 16 drinks a day your life falls apart and your liver gives out."

It's true in some contexts!
Singapore moves ahead on smart mobility
At some level most traits relevant to success are at least somewhat genetically influenced (intelligence, however measured, is estimated to be over 50% heritable). I'm sure willpower and perseverance are similar, and in that sense being hard working is kinda a roll of the dice, sure.

But if we go that far, then almost everything about you is just random chance. Congratulations, we've realized that we're not special, but products of evolution, and some of us are more fit than others in certain environments. What practical difference should that make?
I really like rule 5. It's can be extremely hard to get data structures right, but you really notice when you do. I had the chance to redo a project, and the biggest chances was to how data was structured and it made a world of difference.
I wish I could use semantic markup to jump to a definition, either of an option or a subcommand.
A lot of people are saying that Github is shutting down Code Sponsor. This is not the case. Github is not forcing Code Sponsor to shut down. They are only forcing us to remove all banners from their README’s. The decision to shut down is because the impact Code Sponsor could have on sustaining open source is minimal without Github’s blessing.
When you see one cockroach there is probably more
Does it make you smarter or increase your performance? "Its cheating" or "they experimented on cats" isn't a good reason not to do it for me.

A reason not to do it for me would be if it had something like a stimulant effect on the brain that pushed it to fatigue faster like coffee. I have found that the performance I gain from drinking coffee at first, I lose later in the day. Its like I only have so much "brain juice" and I can use it faster if I want but it will run out faster and ultimately end up getting less done oftentimes.

Is Modafinil like that? Or does it increase performance all day? I really like cats but I don't see how taking that drug will undo any harm done to them in the past. And I never believe anything about a lack of withdrawal anyway.
No, ending the FCC’s policy of net neutrality has been the general Republican Party position for years.
Seems like you are choosing to downvote people that do not agree with you. I prefer to argue with logic and not downvotes. Its very unfortunate. Good day, Mr. Mcdirmid.
Volkswagen is actually a prime example of German corporate culture. At least in stock listed companies in Germany this seems to be common, since Germany lacks in laws that would execute an appropriate punishment.
SOLID principles made easy
Understanding and living by Rule 5 is, in my book, what separates good and great programmers.
What would you rather own? All the shares of Visa Inc. or every cryptocurrency token in the world?
IRS Virtual Currency Guidance
> Additionally, where's the stagnation we are so worried about here? Any real world examples?

BeOS? Singularity? Plan 9? Hell, just read the last 20 years of OS research and realize that large swathes of it will never get used because anything that gets implemented has to be compatible with the way the Linux kernel does things. (By way of analogy, consider the x86 architecture, also a '70s era technology, and the massive contortions Intel had to go through to maintain compatibility over the years while adding new features and how all the newer alternative architectures died in the marketplace because x86 was too entrenched.)

Fuschia and, ironically, Windows are the last hopes for advancing OS architecture and that's really only possible because the semi-monopolists that created them have enough cash and engineering talent to push them until they take off.
Please enlighten us on how it's not a functioning democracy.
Ask HN: Is there a way to build an alternative internet?
The Hoare attribution is also (at least in part) due to Knuth so it all comes out about even in the end.
“Constitutional republic” and “democracy” are not contradictory. Most democracies are also republics. “Republic” just means “doesn’t have a king or queen”.
This is also part of what Code Sponsor offered. We are currently sponsoring many amazing websites.
Of course you're correct, and this is why such a question only forms a part of such an interview. I'm much more interested in what someone has built. We'll have a good discussion about any software they've built, and what they found interesting or difficult about that. Or basically anything where they showed creativity.

Still, in my area of CS, algorithmic thinking is an important aspect of the sort of systems we design, so this sort of question does help me build up a picture of the person's skills and approach to problems.

I have found though that there's pretty good correlation between how someone goes about answering this question (the mental process they follow, not whether they can jump to a solution), and how interesting the systems they've previously built are. And, although my sample size is small, the people who did best on this question also did best over the next few years on the systems they built and analyzed during their PhD.
Without putting words into w_t_payne's mouth (and at risk of incurring the ire of HNers who are wary of them), unions would be one such form of organization.

Other such organizations might include software engineering guilds but I don't think such guilds generally act to protect the interests of software engineers collectively or individually.

For various historical and professional reasons, software developers have not seriously considered unionization as a means of advancing their interests. However, unions typically do protect their members from arbitrary and unfair work termination.

YMMV

EDIT: change indirect object of first sentence in last paragraph.
Search engine that plants tree with ads revenue
There is a prevailing myth in our culture that when drugs are associated with problems, it is the drug itself that is inherently bad.

Like with any drug, abusing it is where the problem lies. He was taking the drug in a high dosage that created dependency. The same applies to any drug.

I take Modafinil intermittently, on occasions when I would benefit from it. I don't do so in a pattern that creates dependency. I do the same with coffee (i.e. avoid drinking it every day), and likewise with Alcohol - I drink when it's a suitable occasion, not every day. Similarly, I have smoked weed in the past, in moderate dosages, when it fitted the occasion and my lifestyle. It doesn't fit my busy lifestyle now, so I don't smoke weed.

I could have fallen into a pattern of Abuse with Modafinil, but that's the same with any of the other drugs I've mentioned. The usage/abuse pattern of the drug is the issue, not the drug itself.
any idea what host windows OS are supported? I suppose only those with hyper-v.
also impossible, because they're mostly done within the same context.

it's pretty rare to get dedicated cyclist lanes which were created separately to the rest of the road.

it's generally created simultaneously.
Laptops are great, but not during a lecture or a meeting
I'm glad the author is making a conscious health and ethical decision that they think will improve their life, and I would never want to belittle that choice. It's up to all of us to individually make choices that are in line with our convictions and the trade-offs we make in our health.

The basic idea that drugs have side effects that should be understood is a good realization to have. But several years of taking 400 mg a day does not have to be the way to learn that lesson. Most people I know to take modafinil (for non-narcolepsy reasons) take half that, at most. Never have I ever seen it suggested to take that amount, for that long, especially without breaks. The smallest amount of research would've shown not to do that.

And even with all of this, the arguments against the drug are:

> Gaining weight (modafinil suppresses appetite by the way)

> Not sleeping enough.

> It’s cheating; I relied too much on the pill

Okay, fair enough. But that is no "Terrible Truth". All of those are personal issues, that can be reduced or eliminated by not taking a 400mg dose, or not taking it every day. The problem isn't the pill, it's your abuse of it.
As a technical person, if I wanted to hire a technical co-founder, I'd probably:

- get started on my own without them

- if I was lucky enough to find someone I actually wanted to partner with, I'd make sure we'd be able & willing to own code both of us had written

- not get too attached to my pre-founder code (probably a good idea in general)

- offer them a nominal hourly rate for a week or two just to validate skills & compatibility while they decide for themselves if they really wanna do a startup with me

- when they fully committed, offer them the same comp package I offered myself, including number of shares

- hope it all works out!
and what happens when you allow the land you live on to be traded as an asset in the global marketplace, suddenly your not competing against your neighbor for that big house down the street, your competing against 8 billion. Land should be for locals only (exception the business district).
I assume this is December? It should be on the title. I know it's mathematically the only month left, but it would be a much clearer title (especially if you read it, like me, on a Saturday morning, pre-caffeine :D).
Exactly, you can't emulate another OS without a hypervisor.
Also a republic is a form of democracy. He never said pure democracy. I remember Fox and Rush types trying to confuse their listeners by portraying a republic as not a democracy without using the term "pure," or "direct." several years ago.

We occasionally have instances of pure democracy through referendums.
So I have 2 questions still:

- On a windows server can I run a Linux container?

- On Windows server can I run a Windows container and a Linux container side by side?
I find it weird that the author links research from 1967 in his reasons for not using modafinil.
So, GitHub isn't shutting down Code Sponsor, just taking action that makes it impossible for you to function effectively which is, as a practical matter, forcing you to shut down.

That seems to an extremely fine distinction, bordering on one without any difference at all.
... which is kind of weird, considering they promised low emission cars since the 1980s and have not been able to deliver on that.

And now all of a sudden the invest marginal sums (lower than what gets invested for new car models usually) to make electric cars work, and suddenly bankers think they'll make it work?

I seriously doubt it.
There is a very simple solution to that: large pull requests -> automatic fail.

One project I worked on some guy presented me with his masterpiece, a ridiculously large refactoring of the entire code base and clean-up of old code that was no longer used. He was really pissed off when I categorically rejected the request and asked him to break it up into manageable pieces.

Quite sad because obviously he put a lot of effort into it but he did not keep in mind that it's one thing to do this, it is an impossibility to actually review it.

When coding keep in mind the job of the people coming after you: review, QA, eventual long term maintainers and so on.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/08/lobbyists-euro...
Where does the 50/50 come from? Do other cryptocurrencies also have 50/50 chance of becoming digital gold?
Edge didn't work for me :)
Interesting survey. Though I think the survey demographic is not representative of the general population.

Most people who run, or consider themselves runners or joggers don’t run 4.5 days per week and/or average 29.5 miles per week.

Interesting nonetheless thanks for sharing.
I was a diehard Apple user back in the 80s but PCs were clearly better in a lot of ways they were cheaper and because of the number of PC manufacturers more versatile.

After Windows 95 came out and before MacOS 10.1,Windows was better than Mac OS. Except for very brief windows, x86 was faster than the current 680x0 and PPC processors.
How IoT Is Revolutionizing Mobile App Development
That will rather be interesting as with the enactment of the GDPR the most promising part is not punishment by arresting people but by cashing in 4% of global revenue for breaking privacy and consumer protection laws in EU.

And in the end, it's the money that hurts. Jails breaks can be made nice with cash in every country.
His resignation will be a an important sign.

Suppose for the sake of my argument that this petition is successful and Ajit Paid has to resign, and the newly put in place chairman the removes net neutrality anyway.

It will then be obvious that there are powers in place that want net neutrality to fall even at the cost of having to replace the chairman.

Given that it's unlikely that net neutrality can be upheld in the current political climate, this would be a victory.
I take it occasionally. Usually a 200mg dose. By occasionally one bottle has lasted a year.

My focus is intense when I’m on it. I get a ton of shit done and when I check over my previous day’s work it’s always on par.

Now, if I stop focusing on work, I hallucinate like crazy.

Not LSD goblins and dragons hallucinating but, “my the leaves are really pretty” MDMA hallucinating.

It’s as if all of my senses get extremely sharp.

If I have orange juice, “it’s the best tasting orange juice.”

If I go for a swim or a run, “the water or air has never felt so good.”

Recently I had my wife look at my color scheme in Atom as I’d gotten a little obsessed over “how pretty it was” and wanted to show her.

She asked if I was on modafinil. :D

All around good drug. Two thumbs up, would do again.